Domestic violence against Latin American women and female mental health during the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak.

We aimed to discuss the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the VAW scenario and how it affects women's mental health. The short communication from secondary data collected from the official websites of seven countries in Latin America was performed. The sample was non-probabilistic, for convenience. The collection took place in January 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increased contact of the victim with the aggressor (if he/she is the spouse), deepening of economic disparities, stressful environment, and loss of social support mechanisms are some of the factors that explain the possible increase in VAW rates. VAW is a sociological phenomenon whose bases are rooted in historical, political, religious, and economic conditions. In addition to the biological dimension of the pandemic, it is necessary to reflect on the long-term impacts of this new social configuration, especially on more vulnerable groups such as women in underdeveloped countries.

The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions associated with severe infections of COVID-19 and other coronaviruses.

INTRODUCTION: It is known that viral infections are epidemiologically prevalent and some of them are harmful to the central nervous system (CNS) due to the development of neuropsychiatric syndromes which affect the cognitive, affective, behavioral and perceptual domains. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a comprehensive analysis of the psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions of COVID-19 based on epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical foundations observed in previous and recent pandemic events, and also to make a proposition about effective therapeutic interventions to help tackle this serious public health problem, more specifically in its neuropsychiatric developments. METHOD: This current literature review has utilized literature reserves and scientific search engines MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science. The search terms included, "SARS-CoV-2", "etiology," "psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions", "severe infections" "COVID-19". Specific choices of unique papers from each of the searches were identified. The inclusion criteria were relevance and availability of full-text. Papers were excluded on the basis of relevance and non-availability of full-text. Papers were identified in the general literature reserve as pertinent to the search terms. RESULTS: The main psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions analyzed were depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, nonspecific neurological symptoms, delirium, cerebrovascular complications, encephalopathies, neuromuscular disorders, anosmia and ageusia. CONCLUSION: The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric symptoms of acute respiratory syndromes can appear during or after the infectious stage. Among the risk factors pointed out for such effects are the female gender, health professionals, presence of avascular necrosis and distressing pain.

COVID-19's Clinical-Pathological Evidence in Relation to Its Repercussion on the Central and Peripheral Nervous System.

INTRODUCTION: Although respiratory symptoms predominate in the disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2, the new coronavirus, the related neurological implications increase with numbers of new infected, requiring new tools and sufficient medical apparatus to improve the patients' prognosis. The purpose of this publication is based on the need to clarify the pathophysiological process of COVID-19 from a neurological perspective. The present study aims to review and describe the main neurological aspects associated with SARS-CoV-2, in addition to presenting proposals for conducting and managing these issues. METHODS: The MEDLINE (through PubMed) and Scopus databases were used for systematic research on the correlation between COVID-19 and the nervous system. The reference period were publications between May 2005 and July 2020. The temporal delimitation was based on the objective of elucidating the pathophysiology of neurological involvement seen in the current pandemic. Thus, in 2005, we found articles that reported different etiologies and mechanisms of action of the antiphospholipid syndrome, which helped to understand its current association with COVID-19. Other articles from years prior to the current one contributed, in the same sense of linking, with description of associated processes, in articles from 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The processes described in times before 2020 and currently correlated with cerebral dysfunction of COVID-19 were distribution of angiotensin II receptors in the brain, inflammation associated with the blood-brain barrier imbalance, and brain barrier function. "SARS-CoV-2 and complications," "neurology," "pathogeny of COVID-19," "stroke," and "encephalopathy" were terms included in the research. The relevance of the articles found was based on congruence with the search terms and on availability of the full text. RESULTS: Recent articles published reported mild neurological symptoms, with, for example, headache and anosmia as part of the set of common symptoms of COVID-19, highlighting the causal link between the disease and neurological complications that may exist during its evolution. It is still unknown whether the neurological clinical expression concomitant with the new coronavirus infection is a consequence or a coincidence. In order to properly treat and monitor these patients from the neurological point of view, it is essential, in times of pandemics, to suspect primary infection by SARS-Cov-2 and diagnose it to proceed with isolation and clinical support. CONCLUSION: The neurological implications of COVID-19 range from initial symptoms, such as headache, to serious complications, such as ischemic stroke. Although the pathogenesis of neurological phenomena requires further studies, targeted management of the patient is feasible, considering agility in recognizing the infection. Therefore, medical precaution and clinical reasoning are emphasized when providing services to the patient.

Anatomopathological Aspects and Clinical Correlation of COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the main morphofunctional changes in the involvement of multiple organs in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, correlating anatomopathological findings with the clinical picture. METHODS: The present study selected articles through electronic search of indexed journals in the PubMed and SciVerse Scopus databases, from December 2019 to May 2020, using the keywords "autopsy," "pathogenicity," and "COVID-19." Two hundred nine articles were identified, and the full texts of 18 articles were reviewed, 5 of them being selected for this review. RESULTS: The ACE2 receptor plays a role in introducing viral material into the cell, having high expression in type II alveoli. Histopathological analyzes of the lungs of patients with COVID-19 show that SARS-CoV-2 produces, in this organ, in addition to an inflammatory process, a diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), which can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Macroscopically, the lungs become heavier, firmer, and redder. The clinical features of these patients are variable; the most common are respiratory symptoms associated with fever, myalgia, or fatigue. CONCLUSION: The observations points to the consensus that the lungs are the main targets of COVID-19, with morphological and functional changes of interest, including important sequels, and presenting diffuse alveolar damage as a substrate for an unfavorable outcome with ARDS. Changes in micro and macroscopic levels corroborate to the clinical progression of the disease and that these alterations are not specific, which ratify, in addition to the anatomopathological examination, a need to use the association of clinical and epidemiological data for diagnostic confirmation.