[NAFLD renaming to MAFLD, MASLD: background, similarities, differences, and countermeasures].

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic stress liver injury due to chronic malnutrition in genetically susceptible individuals. With the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, NAFLD has become the world's number one chronic liver disease, and the flaws of forty years of exclusive disease diagnostic criteria and stigmatized disease terminology are becoming increasingly prominent. To this end, in the past three years, the international consensus group and the three major hepatology societies have suggested that NAFLD be renamed metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and metabolism-associated steatosis liver disease (MASLD). Here is a description of the background of naming NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD, the similarities and differences of the three terms, the existing disputes, and our country's coping strategies.

[Factors influencing the clinical phenotype of hepatolenticular degeneration].

Hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. More than 800 mutations have been identified in the ATP7B gene so far, with significant differences in clinical phenotypes among different mutation sites. Totally different clinical phenotypic mutations can even exist in the same gene. Although copper accumulation due to gene mutation is the basis of the pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration, more and more evidence demonstrates that it is difficult to explain the diversity of clinical manifestations solely from the perspective of gene mutation. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress on the factors influencing genotype, modifier genes, epigenetics, age, gender, diet, and other factors on the phenotype of patients with hepatolenticular degeneration.

[An interpretation of the British Association for the Study of the Liver practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration].

Hepatolenticular degeneration is common among rare diseases. China has a higher incidence rate than Western countries, and it is increasing year by year. The disease is easy to overlook and misdiagnose due to its complexity and non-specific clinical manifestations. Therefore, the British Association for the Study of the Liver has recently issued practice guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration in order to aid clinicians in improving the clinical decision-making process regarding diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow-up management. Herein is a brief introduction and interpretation of the content of the guideline, with aim of facilitating its application in clinical practice.

[Pregnancy management in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration].

Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Women of childbearing age often present with irregular or even absent menstruation. Getting pregnant can be difficult without systematic treatment, and even if someone does become pregnant, miscarriages are common. This article reviews the use of medication during pregnancy in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration and also discusses the mode of delivery, anesthetic drug selection, and breastfeeding safety.

[A cross-sectional study on informatization construction about occupational health in China].

Objective: To understand the current situation of the construction of occupational health information system in China and put forward countermeasures and suggestions for the construction of occupational health information system. Methods: In November 2019 and April 2020, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on the occupational health information systems of national, provincial and some central enterprises. A total of 57 occupational health information systems were investigated, including 4 national systems, 44 provincial systems and 9 industrial systems. The terminal type, main function, construction type, user classification and main authority, computer terminal structure, data collection mode, data transmission mode, data docking are analyzed. Results: The four national level systems all adopt B/S structure, and all transmit network data through computer terminals. The main data acquisition mode is online acquisition and external system docking. Among the 44 provincial-level systems, 41 (93.18%) were self built systems, 75.00% (33/44) were computer terminals, and 90.91% (40/44) were B/s structures; 17 (38.64%) systems used multiple data acquisition methods; 13.64% (6/44) systems used multiple data transmission methodsand the main way of data transmission method is network report (88.64%, 39/44) ; 84.09% (37/44) of the system network access mode was Internet mode. Among the nine industry systems, 66.67% (6/9) of them deployed servers in the form of self built computer rooms, 77.78% (7/9) of them supported docking and reserved ports; 66.67% (6/9) of them used computer terminals, and 100.00% (9/9) of them used B/S structure; 77.78% (7/9) of them used manual filling for data collection. Conclusion: The construction of occupational health information system in China has many problems, such as scattered and separate construction, and lack of effective data sharing between related systems, it＇s urgent to unify the standard and plan as a whole.

[Advances in the treatment of Wilson Disease].

Wilson Disease is kind of an autosomal recessive genetic disease. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are very important for prognosis. This article reviews the treatment of Wilson Disease, focusing on penicillamine, sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and zinc, liver transplantation and gene therapy. At the same time, the problems of medication adherence and follow-up evaluation in patients with Wilson Disease are also discussed.

[Role and mechanism of miRNA-181a in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease].

Objective: To investigate the role and probable mechanism of miRNA-181a in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: HepG2 cells were treated with palmitic acid to construct a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease cell model, and the expression of miR-181a and lipidosis in the cells were measured. Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) was used to examine the effect of miR-181a expression in HepG2 cells. The miR-181a, lipidosis, reduced glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by controlling and regulating the miR-183 expression levels after transfection with miR-181 mimics and inhibitors in HepG2 cells. The miR-181a target genes were predicted by bioinformatics analysis, and verified by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blotting. The independent sample t-test was used for the comparison between the two independent samples, and the comparison between multiple groups were accorded with the normal distribution, homogeneity of variance, and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Lipidosis was significantly increased after palmitic acid treatment in HepG2 cells, and the expression level of miR-181a was significantly increased than control group. After HepG2 cells were transfected with miR-181a inhibitors, the expression of miR-181a, triglycerides and reactive oxygen species were down-regulated, and reduced glutathione, predicting the mRNA and protein expression of target gene silencing information regulator 2 related enzyme 1 were up-regulated. However, the results were contrary to the above changes after transfection with miR-181a mimics. Conclusion: miR-181a participates in lipidosis and promotes lipid peroxidation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. miR-181a may affect the pathogenesis and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting the expression of silencing information regulator 2 related enzyme 1.

[Introduction to the APASL clinical guidelines on the management of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease].

Recently, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease has become the world's highest prevalence of chronic liver disease. Moreover, it is closely related to metabolic syndrome and related diseases, bringing a huge disease burden. Previously, the global expert consensus on renaming for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the diagnostic criteria for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease has increased the certainty of further clinical research and practice. Presently, the research on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is progressing rapidly, and the opinions and data based on clinical evidence are constantly updated. Hepatology international has published the "Asian Pacific Association for the Study of liver diseases' clinical guidelines on the management of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease" , which aims to promote clinical practice and improve the efficiency of clinical research. Here, we have translated the published recommendations into Chinese language, hoping to help most health professionals make clinical decisions.

[Emphasis on clinical study of heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease].

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has a wide spectrum of diseases including simple fatty liver, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The clinical manifestations and disease outcomes of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease vary widely, and are related to the heterogeneity of risk factors, such as heredity, epigenetics, race, gender, age, diet, exercise, alcohol drinking, intestinal microecology, coexisting diseases, and hormone and metabolic status. Emphasizing the study of pathogenesis and clinical heterogeneity of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease will help to layer the management of disease and improve the effectiveness of clinical trials.

[Study of reactive oxygen species and adiponectin for chronic HBV infection combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases].

Objective: To investigate the application value of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adiponectin (ADPN) in the judgment of liver inflammation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: A total of 159 cases with NAFLD (21 cases), chronic hepatitis B virus infection (57 cases), and chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD (81 cases) were collected between June 2016 to December 2018, and the visited patients diagnosis were confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver. ROS and ADPN level retained in serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histopathological examination of liver tissue was used as the gold standard to discuss the diagnostic value of the serum in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD for the occurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. One-way analysis of variance was used for the comparison among multiple groups, and LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparison between groups. Measurement data for non-normal distributions were expressed as M (P25, P75). Comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis H test. Chi-square test was used to compare the count data between groups. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman correlation analysis. Histopathological grouping of liver tissue was used as the gold standard, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the regression formula. Results: (1) In patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD, the levels of ROS in the non-hepatic steatosis group and the mild hepatic steatosis group were significantly lower than those in the moderate and severe hepatic steatosis group, while the ADPN level in the non-hepatic steatosis group was significantly higher than liver steatosis group, P < 0.05. (2) The results of correlation analysis showed that ROS was significantly correlated with NAS score, change in the degree of fatty liver and lobular inflammation (all P < 0.05).There was a significant negative correlation between ADPN and the change in the degree of fatty liver (P < 0.05). (3) Logistic regression analysis results showed that the diagnostic formula for chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was 0.02 × controlled attenuation index + 0.584 × white blood cells/10(9) + 0.587 × ROS-10.982. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the subject was = 0.896. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were 97.1%, 71.2%, 64.2%, and 97.9%. Conclusion: ADPN and ROS have certain reference value in differentiating the change in the degree of fatty liver and inflammation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD and the diagnostic formula has higher application value in the diagnosis and exclusion of chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

[Relationship between liver controlled attenuation parameters and body fat mass and its distribution].

Objective: To explore the relationship between liver controlled attenuation parameters (CAP) and body fat mass and its distribution. Methods: From May to December 2018, 978 adult patients visited at the fatty liver center of the Third People's Hospital of Changzhou were treated. The patient's liver controlled attenuation parameters were measured by transient elastography and the body fat mass and its distribution were measured by bioelectrical impedance technology. Pearson's correlation coefficient was adopted to describe the correlation between liver CAP value and body mass index (BMI), body fat mass index (BFMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI), limbs fat mass index (LFMI) and visceral fat area (VFA). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate BMI, BFMI, TFMI, LFMI and VFA to differentiate the cut-off points and efficacy of CAP for diagnosing grading of fatty liver changes in S0-1 and S2-3. Results: In 653 cases of male, S0 ~ S3 accounted for 4.90%, 3.37%, 22.36% and 69.37%, respectively, and in 325 cases of females, S0 ~ S3 accounted for 7.38%, 6.46%, 13.23% and 72.92%, respectively. Female patients had more visceral, trunk and limbs fat than male (P < 0.01). Body mass, body fat mass, body fat percentage, BMI, BFMI, TFMI, LFMI, and VFA were increased in male and female patients with increasing liver fat grade (P < 0.01). CAP values ​​of male and female patients were positively correlated with BMI, BFMI, TFMI, LFMI and VFA. Percentage of body fat mass increased with increasing liver fat grade (male: F = 13.42, P < 0.001; female: F = 3.22, P = 0.023); while limb fat mass percentage did not increase with liver fat grade (Male: F = 1.13, P = 0.34; female: F = 1.05, P = 0.37). Hepatic steatosis grading (S0 ~ 1 or S2 ~ 3) diagnosed with CAP were distinguished through BMI, BFMI, TFMI, LFMI and VFA. AUC was 0.80 ~ 0.82 in males (P < 0.01), and 0.75 ~ 0.78 in females (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The liver CAP value is positively correlated with the body's limbs, trunk and visceral fat, and has a strong correlation with trunk and visceral fat. BMI, BFMI, TFMI, LFMI and VFA up to some extent can identify the CAP diagnosis of grading of fatty liver changes in S0-1 and S2-3.

[Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF and BACTEC-MGIT 960 for the detection of tuberculosis among pneumoconiosis-associated tuberculosis patients].

Objective: To evaluate the performence of GeneXpert MTB/RIF and BACTEC-MGIT 960 on detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance for pneumoconiosis-associated tuberculosis patients. Methods: The recruited 133 suspected active pneumoconiosis-associated tuberculosis hospitalized cases, morning sputum samples were collected to do modified L-J culture, conventional proportion method drug susceptibility test, GeneXpert MTB/RIF and BACTEC-MGIT 960. Analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the 133 sputum from patients, the positive rates of patients with tuberculosis in GeneXpert MTB/RIF test, BACTEC-MGIT 960 and modified L-J culture were 37.59%, 34.59% and 30.08% respectively. There was no significant difference among the three tests respectively (P>0.05) . According to the modified L-J culture, the sensitivity of GeneXpert MTB/RIF and BACTEC-MGIT 960 in detecting tuberculosis were 92.5% and 95.0% respectively, and specificity in rifampicin resistance were 86.0% and 91.4% respectively. There was no significant difference between GeneXpert MTB/RIF and BACTEC-MGIT 960 (P>0.05) . According to conventional proportion method drug susceptibility test, the sensitivity of GeneXpert MTB/RIF and BACTEC-MGIT 960 in detecting rifampicin resistance were 90.0% and 100%, and specificity were 92.6% and 96.4%. There was no significant difference between GeneXpert MTB/RIF and BACTEC-MGIT 960 (P>0.05) . Conclusion: The GeneXpert MTB/RIF has good performence of detecting tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. It has good application value among pneumoconiosis-associated tuberculosis patients.

[Advances in the study of non-infectious liver diseases and precancerous lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma].

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major disease with a high degree of malignancy, and poor prognosis, which seriously endangers human health. Chronic viral hepatitis (HBV, HCV)-cirrhosis-liver cancer patterns of pathogenesis has been widely accepted. However, the relationship between non-infectious liver disease and HCC is not completely clear; thereby how various non-infectious liver diseases develop through precancerous lesions has attracted widespread attention to HCC. A full understanding of these precancerous lesions is likely to provide new ideas and strategies for the prevention and treatment of non-infectious liver disease-related HCC.

[Prevalence and harm of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease].

Worldwide increasing prevalence of obesity and lifestyle changes has put nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as the most prevalent liver disease of the coming decade. NAFLD not only causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, but also acts as a component of metabolic syndrome together with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and dyslipidemia. Consequently, its mutual cause-and-effect interactions have brought a huge clinical and financial burden to patients and society.

[Clinical research advances in chronic hepatitis B complicated by fatty liver disease].

Chronic hepatitis B and fatty liver disease are two most common chronic liver diseases in China, and with the increasing prevalence of obesity, chronic hepatitis B complicated by fatty liver disease is more and more common in clinical practice. The influence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection on fatty liver disease and lipid metabolism has gradually become a hot topic in clinical research, as well as the influence of fatty liver disease and metabolic factors on the course and treatment of chronic hepatitis B.

Impact of controlled attenuation parameter on detecting fibrosis using liver stiffness measurement.

BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis is often accompanied by steatosis, particularly in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and its non-invasive characterisation is of utmost importance. Vibration-controlled transient elastography is the non-invasive method of choice; however, recent research suggests that steatosis may influence its diagnostic performance. Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) added to transient elastography enables simultaneous assessment of steatosis and fibrosis. AIM: To determine how to use CAP in interpreting liver stiffness measurements. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of data from an individual patient data meta-analysis on CAP. The main exclusion criteria for the current analysis were unknown aetiology, unreliable elastography measurement and data already used for the same research question. Aetiology-specific liver stiffness measurement cut-offs were determined and used to estimate positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV) with logistic regression as functions of CAP. RESULTS: Two thousand and fifty eight patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria (37% women, 18% NAFLD/NASH, 42% HBV, 40% HCV, 51% significant fibrosis ≥ F2). Youden optimised cut-offs were only sufficient for ruling out cirrhosis (NPV of 98%). With sensitivity and specificity-optimised cut-offs, NPV for ruling out significant fibrosis was moderate (70%) and could be improved slightly through consideration of CAP. PPV for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 68% and 55% respectively, despite specificity-optimised cut-offs for cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Liver stiffness measurement values below aetiology-specific cut-offs are very useful for ruling out cirrhosis, and to a lesser extent for ruling out significant fibrosis. In the case of the latter, Controlled Attenuation Parameter can improve interpretation slightly. Even if cut-offs are very high, liver stiffness measurements are not very reliable for ruling in fibrosis or cirrhosis.

Clinical features and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease across the Asia Pacific region-the GO ASIA initiative.

BACKGROUND: The Gut and Obesity Asia (GO ASIA) workgroup was formed to study the relationships between obesity and gastrointestinal diseases in the Asia Pacific region. AIM: To study factors associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced fibrosis, and medical treatment of biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. METHODS: Retrospective study of biopsy-proven NAFLD patients from centres in the GO ASIA Workgroup. Independent factors associated with NASH and with advanced fibrosis on binary logistic regression analyses in a training cohort were used for the development of their corresponding risk score, which were validated in a validation cohort. RESULTS: We included 1008 patients from nine centres across eight countries (NASH 62.9%, advanced fibrosis 17.2%). Independent predictors of NASH were body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 , diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, alanine aminotransferase ≥88 U/L and aspartate aminotransferase ≥38 U/L, constituting the Asia Pacific NASH risk score. A high score has a positive predictive value of 80%-83% for NASH. Independent predictors of advanced fibrosis were age ≥55 years, diabetes mellitus and platelet count <150 × 109 /L, constituting the Asia-Pacific NAFLD advanced fibrosis risk score. A low score has a negative predictive value of 95%-96% for advanced fibrosis. Only 1.7% of patients were referred for structured lifestyle program, 4.2% were on vitamin E, and 2.4% were on pioglitazone. CONCLUSIONS: More severe liver disease can be suspected or ruled out based on factors identified in this study. Utilisation of structured lifestyle program, vitamin E and pioglitazone was limited despite this being a cohort of biopsy-proven NAFLD patients with majority of patients having NASH.

[Research advances of relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and biliary tract diseases].

Recent studies have found that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has great impact on the development of biliary tract diseases. Here in this review, we summarized the relationship between NAFLD and the occurrence and development, risk factors and severity of cholestasis, gallstones, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, primary biliary cirrhosis and bile microbiota, so as to further illuminate the pathogenesis of NAFLD and biliary tract diseases, obtain better diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes on NAFLD and biliary tract diseases.

[Research on the natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease should be taken seriously].

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multi-system disease, and metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD interact as both cause and effect. Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors are the adverse outcome of patients with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and increased deaths caused by liver disease is mainly seen in NASH patients. There is a causal relationship between NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma, and almost 50% of patients with NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma do not have liver cirrhosis. At present, cohort studies on the natural history of NAFLD in China should be enhanced in order to provide a basis for the development of health strategies and prevention and treatment measures. This editorial elaborates on the association of NAFLD with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma from the perspective of clinical epidemiology, in order to emphasize the importance of the natural history of NAFLD.

[A clinical study of the association between hepatic controlled attenuation parameter and metabolic syndrome].

Objective: To investigate the association between hepatic controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the correlation of CAP and its changes with the incidence of MetS. Methods: A total of 2461 subjects who underwent physical examination from July 2013 to September 2015 were enrolled. Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation of CAP with the number of MetS components and each MetS component, and the chi-square test was used to investigate the prevalence rates of MetS and each component under different CAP levels. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the odds ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)) of MetS under different CAP levels. A total of 230 subjects without baseline MetS were selected; in a prospective cohort study, these subjects were divided into groups according to the baseline CAP, change in CAP, and percent change in CAP, and the chi-square test was performed to compare the incidence of MetS. The Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the values of baseline CAP, change in CAP, and percent change in CAP in predicting MetS. Results: CAP was positively correlated with the number of MetS components (r = 0.309, P < 0.01) and significantly correlated with all components. There were significant differences in the prevalence rates of MetS and its components under different CAP levels (< 238 dB/m, 238-258 dB/m, 259-291 dB/m, and ≥292 dB/m) (P < 0.05). After the adjustment for sex and age, with < 238 dB/m as a reference, the odds ratios (95% CI) of MetS in patients with CAP levels of 238-258 dB/m, 259-291 dB/m, and ≥292 dB/m were 1.784 (1.369-2.325), 2.936 (2.292-3.760), and 4.363 (3.435-5.543), respectively (all P < 0.05). Follow-up data showed that 28 patients (12.2%) developed MetS. After the adjustment for related factors, the hazard ratios (95% CI) of MetS in patients with baseline CAP > 238 dB/m, change in CAP > 30 dB/m, and percent change in CAP > 25.0% were 3.337 (1.163-9.569), 7.732 (2.453-24.366), and 11.656 (3.329-40.813), respectively (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: CAP is closely associated with MetS and its components. CAP and its change can be used to predict the risk of MetS.