[Detection of some markers of the early phase of the inflammatory and reparative process in mechanical skin injuries]. / Vyyavlenie nekotorykh markerov rannei fazy vospalitel'no-reparativnogo protsessa pri mekhanicheskikh povrezhdeniyakh kozhi.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the applicability of IHC staining method: with TGF-ß1 antibodies (serial examination, statistically processed results) and with mast cell tryptase antibodies for injuries vitality determination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 261 skin autopsy samples with mechanical injuries from 29 persons were divided to 3 groups (87 in each group): vital injuries, postmortal injuries, control non-injured samples. A routine histological examination using standard H&E stain and IHC both with TGF-ß1 and mast cells tryptase antibodies was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The positive TGF-ß1 staining (score 2-3) was found in keratinocytes in vitally injured skin and the negative or weak one (score 0-1) was found in control postmortally injured and non-injured samples. Additionally, dermal TGF-ß1 expression was found in some vitally injured skin samples. The difference between vitally injured skin and control samples was statistically significant (p<0.05). No significant difference of dermal mast cells density in groups 1, 2, 3 was found.

[Staging of COVID-19 morphological manifestations in lungs depending on disease duration]. / Stadiinost' morfologicheskikh proyavlenii COVID-19 v legkikh v zavisimosti ot davnosti zabolevaniya.

OBJECTIVE: To determine morphological alterations in lung tissues in the case of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the aspect of process staging with consideration to disease duration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The number of COVID-19-related deaths of patients aged 55-65 years equal 17 were investigated. Serial cuts of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin, obtained from several lung fragments of each corpse, were analyzed. Morphological features previously described in literature sources were taken into account. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It has been established, that processes in lungs have a phasic character, furthermore they are not clearly delimited in time. In addition, there were no morphological features specific to COVID-19. Obtained results may allow forensic medical experts-histologists to predict the COVID-19 duration.

[TGFß1 antibodies application for IHC determination of injuries vitality. The experimental results]. / Rezul'taty eksperimental'nogo primeneniya antitel k TGFß1 dlya immunogistokhimicheskoi otsenki prizhiznennosti povrezhdenii.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Is to examine the applicability of IHC staining method with TGFß1 antibodies for injuries vitality determination. 72 skin autopsy samples with mechanical injuries from 12 persons were divided to 3 groups (n=24 in each group): vital injuries, postmortal injuries, control non-injured samples. A routine histological examination using standard H&E stain and IHC with TGFß1 antibodies was performed. We concluded the positive TGFß1 staining was in keratinocytes in vitally injured skin and the negative one in postmortally injured and control non-injured samples. The role of TGFß1 in the injuries healing process and the further examinations of the TGFß1 staining method application for determination of injuries vitality are discussed.

[Forensic pathological diagnostics of rare T-cell leukemia in re-examination]. / Sudebno-gistologicheskaya diagnostika redkogo T-kletochnogo leikoza pri proizvodstve povtornoi ekspertizy.

A forensic pathological case of rare T-cell leukemia is reported. Autopsy samples (paraffine blocks and slides) from 32 years old female with long-term existing anemia and leukopenia, number of chronic inflammatory diseases, died from fulminant pneumonia, were presented for forensic pathological re-examination. A routine histological examination was done using standard H&E stain. Additionally, we used IHC stain with antibodies to CD3 and CD20 when examining bone marrow and liver samples. The T-cell infiltration in bone marrow (interstitial and intrasinusoidal type) were found. The next step was IHC bone marrow examination with CD4, CD5, CD8, CD56 antibodies. We concluded that the patient had unrecognized T-cell leukemia, based on anamnestical, clinical data and results of our histological and IHC examination. In this case, the T-cell leukemia was not found neither vitally nor at primary forensic pathological examination after autopsy. The necessity of minimal IHC stain sets usage in primary forensic pathology units and IHC's decisive role in bone marrow pathological examination are discussed.

[Role of Kraevsky cells in forensic histological diagnostics]. / Znachenie kletok Kraevskogo v sudebno-gistologicheskoi diagnostike.

The study objective is to establish the role of light hepatocytes (Kraevsky cells) for forensic histological diagnosis of glycogen depletion in the liver due to various conditions, including shock. A standard histological examination of liver samples of persons who died from various causes was performed; routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin and additional staining by the PAS method was used. Histotopographic comparison of cross sections was performed to clarify the localization of light hepatocytes with different PAS staining results. It was shown that light hepatocytes have different morphological features, localization, and results of PAS staining, regardless of the cause of death, and are not related to glycogen depletion in them. Light hepatocytes (Kraevski cells) cannot be used as a sign of glycogen depletion and/or shock.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of the heart in sudden death of children under 1 year of age in the forensic medical aspect]. / Morfofunktsional'naya kharakteristika serdtsa pri vnezapnoi smerti detei do 1 goda v sudebno-meditsinskom aspekte.

The aim of this study is to describe the morphological and functional characteristics of the cardiac in sudden infants death syndrome (SIDS) in children under one year of age. Twenty eight cases of SIDS were studied histologically and immunohistochemically. Histological examination of the sectional material was carried out using standard and additional stains. The study of cardiac muscle tissue with routine staining with haematoxylin-eosin revealed interstitial oedema, uneven plethora of blood vessels: dystonia and weak plethora of part of the coronary arteries, excess of red blood cells in the veins as well as microcirculatory plethora with stasis of the erythrocytes. An immunohistochemical study revealed a mild over expression of p53 in cellular elements, small-focal expression of CD68 in cardiomyocytes apoptosis intramural areas, activation of mast cells (CD117), expression of ki-67 in macrophages, proliferation of fibroblasts. Additional forensic criteria for the diagnosis of SIDS were determined in the form of atrial endocardial fibrosis and interventricular septum; the expression of CD68, CD117 in fibroblasts, mast cells and lymphocytes; apoptosis of cardiomyocytes (expression of p53), proliferation of fibroblasts and remodeling of the heart (expression of ki-67).

[Sudden death in school-aged children at physical exercise: forensic diagnosis]. / Vnezapnaya smert' detei shkol'nogo vozrasta pri fizicheskoi nagruzke: sudebno-meditsinskaya diagnostika.

OBJECTIVE: Acomprehensive forensic study of cases of sudden death of school-age children during physical exertion and sports. Investigated 9 cases of sudden death of children aged 8 to 17 years that occurred during exercise. It was studied anthropometric indicators, histological and biochemical studies to identify changes in internal organs and the cardiovascular system. The forensic medical characteristics of sudden death cases of schoolchildren are given. Along with the constitutional features, the characteristic changes in some tissues and internal organs in particular the heart and blood vessels were determined. The data obtained make it possible to develop an algorithm and propose a methodological approach for diagnosing sudden death of school-age children. The results of the study can be used as additional forensic criteria for assessing the risk of sudden death of children during physical activity.

[Reliability of the immunohistochemical estimation of vitality and injury age: analysis and perspectives for study]. / Dostovernost' immunogistokhimicheskoi otsenki prizhiznennosti i davnosti povrezhdenii: analiz i perspektivy issledovanii.

This review summarizes the literature data on the applicability of various immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of vitality and injury age. Current state of the problem of the reliability of the estimation of injury vitality, and the most promising immunohistochemical markers for further study are also considered.

[Application of immunohistochemical study for the verification of diffuse axonal injury and determination of cause-and-effect relationships]. / Primenenie immunogistokhimicheskogo issledovaniia dlia verifikatsii diffuznogo aksonal'nogo povrezhdeniia i ustanovleniia prichinno-sledstvennykh sviazei.

Aim of this study is to establish a possibility of finding morphologic signs of diffuse axonal injury early after the injury. Use of immunohistochemical examination of the brain to detect protein ß-APP made it possible not only to diagnose this condition correctly, but also to reasonably and categorically answer the question of a causal relationship between causing damage and the onset of death.

[The role of the immunohistochemical investigations in the documentation of intravitality and severity of the gunshot injuries to the soft tissues]. / Rol' immunogistokhimicheskogo issledovaniia v ustanovlenii prizhiznennosti i vyrazhennosti ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii miagkikh tkanei.

The objective of the present study was to determine intravitality and severity of a gunshot-inflicted trauma making use of the immunohistochemical (IGH) methods for the evaluation of the injury to the soft tissues of the wound canal. The immunohistochemical methods were employed to estimate the expression of fibrinogen and vimentin. The positive immunohistochemical reaction was obtained in the fibrinogen assay whereas the reaction in the zone of necrosis was negative. These findings give evidence of the thermal impact produced by the firearm projectile on the soft tissues. Deformation of the cytoskeleton registered in the IGH test for vimentin suggests its disintegration and therefore the severity of the injury. It is concluded that the investigations with the use of the immunohistochemical methods, make it possible to identify the affected parts of the wound canal.

[The detection of the biomolecular markers of the axonal damage resulting from the craniocerebral injury by the immunohistological methods]. / Immunogistokhimicheskaia detektsiia biomolekuliarnykh markerov aksonal'nogo povrezhdeniia pri cherepno-mozgovoi travme.

The objective of the present study was to define and evaluate the parameters of validity of the diagnostic signs of the diffuse axonal damage resulting from the craniocerebral injury with the use of the immunohistological reaction for the presence of amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in the brain tissue associated with the craniocerebral injury. Both histological and immunological methods were used. The positive beta-APP reaction was documented in 2 of the six cases. It is concluded that the positive results of the immunohistological reaction for the presence of beta-APP protein provide an additional information about the mechanism behind the damage and confirm the diagnosis of the craniocerebral injury in the cases when its macroscopic signs are either absent or unapparent.

[The importance of marker proteins of the nervous tissue for morphological diagnostics of the craniocerebral injury]. / Znachenie belkov-markerov nervnoi tkani dlia morfologicheskoi diagnostiki cherepno-mozgovoi travmy.

The present review of the literature involves 50 publications concerning various substrates of importance as the biological markers of axonal damages with special reference to the secondary molecular and cellular mechanisms on which to base in vitro and in vivo modeling of the craniocerebral injury. The results of the investigations with the application of mass-spectrometry for the identification of the proteins specifically synthesized in response to the injury are presented; their biological functions are described. The use of the sequential microscopic imaging technique and the immunohistochemical methods made it possible to determine that the majority of the marker proteins are involved in the specific intracellular processes that are triggered in response to the traumatic impact including apoptosis, proliferation, formation of lamellipodia, axon regeneration, actin remodeling, cell migration and inflammation. In addition, a rise in the amount of intracellular actin-associated proteins has been observed. It is concluded that the investigations into the properties and the physiological role of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) are of special value for the characteristic of nervous tissue damages and morphological diagnostics of the craniocerebral injury.

[The interstitial disease of the lungs revealed by a histological study]. / Interstitsial'noe zabolevanie legkikh, ustanovlennoe gistologicheskim issledovaniem.

The authors report a case of the interstitial disease of the lungs revealed by a histological study that demonstrated intravital diagnostic faults in the patient in question. Moreover, a postmortem diagnostic error occurred; namely, the macroscopic study of the thoracic organs had shown the 0.5 cm long linear rupture of the adhesion in the right lung root region that was considered to be the cause of hemothorax and anemia of the internal organs which supposedly resulted in the patient's death. The definitive diagnosis of interstitial disease of the lungs was established based on the results of the histological study. The histological picture of the process is illustrated.

[The prospects for the application of the immunohistochemical methods for the establishment of intravitality and prescription of the mechanical injuries in forensic medical practice].

The objective of the present work was the analysis of the literature concerning the application of the immunohistochemical methods for the improvement of diagnostics of intravitality and prescription of the mechanical injuries in forensic medical practice. Special attention is given to the examples of publication dealing with the methods for addressing this issue. The most promising areas of the application of immunohistochemical methods are considered. They are exemplified by the use of specific antibodies for the establishment of intravitality and prescription of the mechanical injuries. The possibility of using the presence of fibrinogen in the pulmonary alveoli as the marker of prolonged strangulation is illustrated. The results of this literature review provided a basis for the conclusion about good prospects of the application of the immunohistochemical methods with the purpose of establishing intravitality and prescription of the mechanical injuries in forensic medical practice.

[Bone mineral density as a sign of age-related involution of human bones].

This review of the literature analyzes the current state of a problem of application of various morphological methods for the investigation of age-related involution of human bone system and their use in the course of forensic personality identification. The difficulties of the application of the available methods of quantitative morphology in determination of biological age, are emphasized. The possibilities of the practical use of radiological methods to study the skeleton, including the determination of the bone mineral density as an indicator of age-related changes of bone tissue, are analyzed. An ambiguity of the research results obtained is noted, and the possible reasons for and the factors contributing to the results variability are considered. It is concluded that the application of computer tomogram densitometry to the various regions of the bone skeleton in complex with some other methods, is promising for the determination of age interval in forensic identification examinations.

[Pathology of the heart conducting system in the thanatogenesis of sudden death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease].

The present literature review is focused on the contribution of various pathological changes in the heart conducting system to the tanatogenesis of sudden death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease viewed from the perspective of a forensic medical expert. The currently available data on the disorders in the heart conducting system in the subjects with these diseases are presented. Various aspects of pathology of the heart conducting system are considered in the modern and historical contexts. The prospects for the further investigations into the tanatogenic mechanisms of sudden death by reason of alcoholic cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease are outlined.

[Determination of the human age based on the characteristics of the bone tissue].

The principal characteristics of the investigations concerning estimation of the human age are presented. The new high-precision methods for the microosteometric determination of the biological age of man have been developed. The methodological basis for the application of microosteomeric data to the computer-assisted analysis of the images has been created. Taken together, the results of the present study guarantee the high accuracy of the measurements, save labour time, and expand the possibilities for the documentation and control of the experts' work.

[The forensic medical assessment of tanatogenesis in the victims of a mechanical and thermal injury].

This paper presents the data on tanatogenesis and pathomorphological changes in the patients suffering mechanical and thermal injuries arranged according to their duration (from 1 day to 2 months). The study included 65 deceased men and 25 women at the age from 15 to 89 years. The results obtained allowed to identify the immediate causes of death from the traumas of different origin. The death on day 1 resulted from destructive cerebral oedema, shock, and pulmonary oedema. These factors were aggravated on days 2-3 by pulmonary tanatogenesis in the form of pneumonia associated with respiratory distress syndrome of the adults. On days 4-7, the clinical condition of the patients was prevailed by coagulopathy in the form of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome. The death after day 7 was preceded by the development of pyoseptic processes.

[The principal mechanisms of age-related involution of wrist bones].

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the general mechanisms underlying age-specific changes in the bone tissue of the wrists by the assessment of the signs of their ageing on X-ray images. Roentgenograms of the left wrist of 261 men and 333 women at the age varying from 18 to 90 years were analysed by the planigraphic technique with the use of a scoring system for the estimation of the severity of the signs of ageing (osteoporosis, osteophytes). The study has shown that the signs of ageing in wrist bones become apparent approximately 4-6 years after the completion of ossification. The age-specific changes in the bones are characterized by a strong sexual dimorphism while both the rate of appearance and the intensity of expression of the markers of bone ageing depend on their localization on the radius and phalanges.