[Role of superoxide dismutase in acute pancreatitis: from antioxidant protection to gene regulation]. / Rol' superoksiddismutazy pri razvitii ostrogo pankreatita: ot antioksidantnoi zashchity do regulyatsii aktivnosti genov.

We present modern data on the role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in antioxidant protection and gene regulation in acute pancreatitis. Antioxidant enzymes are essential in pathogenesis of numerous diseases. SOD is one of the key enzymes of antioxidant system. In this review, we analyzed activity of this enzyme depending on various factors, mechanisms and role in physiological and pathological processes, in particular, acute pancreatitis. SOD is significantly less active in patients with severe acute pancreatitis accompanied by renal failure, severe circulatory disorders and high mortality. There are some SOD gene polymorphisms, in particular, acute destructive pancreatitis R213G, contributing to acute inflammation. Thus, SOD is not only one of the key antioxidant enzymes, but also potential transcription factor regulating activity of signaling pathways. These aspects can underlie new therapies for diseases.

[Gene expression profiling in melanoma diagnostics: problems and future application in clinical practice]. / Profilirovanie ekspressii genov v diagnostike melanomy: problemy i perspektivy.

Difficulties in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of melanoma in the work of a pathologist include not only conflicting structural and morphological features, but also the insufficient effectiveness of biochemical and some molecular markers in immunohistochemical studies. The review presents modern alternative methods for diagnosing malignant tumors based on the assessment of gene expression, the performance, objectivity and reliability of the determination of which may in the future have clinical application as an addition to histopathological methods in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of various malignant neoplasms, including melanocytic neoplasms, which is changing the paradigm of routine medical practice, introducing diagnostic tests that carry molecular information into it.

[The significance of C-KIT gene mutations in the diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumors]. / Znachenie mutatsii gena C-KIT v diagnostike i prognoze techeniya zlokachestvennykh opukholei.

Mutations in the C-KIT gene encoding type III receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cellular processes, such as differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, are found in some neoplasms: gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mastocytosis, melanoma, breast carcinomas, myeloid leukemias, and a number of others. Tumors that exhibit these mutations are sensitive to therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which makes it necessary to correctly identify the mutation status by C-KIT in order to apply a personalized approach to therapy. This literature review shows that the type and localization of the C-KIT gene mutation are of crucial prognostic value and significance in choosing drugs for antitumor therapy, but traditional diagnostic methods fail to determine accurate mutation characteristics. Routine sequencing techniques focus on identifying the gene mutations associated with specific cellular processes, such as DNA damage and repair. The emergence of next-generation sequencing techniques has solved this problem, making it possible to fully analyze the genome of a malignant neoplasm, with constant screening for new mutations that appear as the tumor develops, affect the prognosis of the disease, and change its sensitivity to the antitumor therapy.

[Changes in the content of catecholamines in blood lymphocytes after food consumption in young men in accordance with pronounced body fat component].

We examined practically healthy young men (81 in the ages from 17 to 21 years), the students living in the city of Krasnoyarsk, for whom we defined their somatotypes according to V.P. Chtetzov scheme (1978) and component content of the body (fat, muscle and bone) by caliperometry technique. Catecholamine content (CC) in blood lymphocytes was analysed by luminescence-histochemical technique. Medical examination was carried out both in the fasted state, and in an hour after food intake (mixed breakfast). On an empty stomach CC content was practically the same in the young men of all the compared somatotypes. After food intake, CC statistically meaningful increase was revealed only in abdominal somatotype youngsters as compared to the same indices on an empty stomach (p=0.026). In abdominal somatotype we also found considerably higher CC content after food intake in comparison with the other somatotypes: chest (р=0.021), muscle (р=0.022) and inexplicit (р=0.029). Also, in abdominal somatotype, we revealed the highest absolute indices of fatty tissue content in body composition as compared to other somatotypes: chest (р=0.00000002), muscle (р=0.0002), inexplicit (р=0.000007). Considering CC level before and after food intake, we didn't mark any statistically relevant difference between the youngsters with different body mass indices (BMI). This finding could be caused by the following peculiarity of the BMI evaluation: on the one hand, the growth/weight ratio was calculated, on the other hand, body fatty tissue pronouncement wasn't. Besides, it is fatty tissue, which makes one of the most massive target tissues for CC, and therefore it greatly influences and regulates adipocyte functions. The research allows making the conclusion on the role of the expressiveness of body fatty tissue content as considerable factor, which influences CC content after food loads.

[Daily calorie and macronutrient consumption in girls of different somatotypes with different shares of body fat, muscle and bone components].

211 practically healthy girls, the students of Krasnoyarsk Medical University in the ages of 16 to 20 years, have been examined. We determined their somatotypes (euriplastic, athletic, subathletic and stenoplastic) and body composition (fat, muscle, bone component). Actual nutrition in these subjects was studied by the method. of 24-hour nutrition recall involving foodstuffs models. Energy consumption in cohorts with different somatotypes did not differ from one another and ranged from 1880 to 2115 kilocalories per day, that corresponded to normal physiological needs in women of this age with the coefficient of physical activity as 1.4 (students). Only the intake of fat (% of calories) exceeded the performance standards. As for macronutrients, the majority of indicators of nutrient intake did not differ significantly among girls with different somatotype, except for fat intake in girls with athletic and stenoplastic somatotypes (p<0.034) and carbohydrate consumption in the objects with euriplastic and subathletic somatotypes (p<0.046). The most significant of the findings is the absence of veracious differences in daily energy consumption between the cohorts with different somatotypes with statistically considerable, differences in both overall dimensions (body mass and length) and the ratios between fat, muscle and bone as somatic components. In general, macronutrient consumption did not show any differences as well. Thus, apart from the energy and macronutrient consumption, definite meaning within the process of the formation of body composition can belong to the characteristics of the changes following nutrition load on lipoid spectrum of blood serum as well 'as the peculiarities of the distribution of substrate flow among cell metabolic paths, appropriate of definite somatotypes.

[The influence of diets on metabolic processes associated with sirtuin1].

Over the last decade the investigations of the sirtuin protein family have become one of the research priorities. It is connected with the fact that sirtuins play an important role as regulators of cell homeostasis in mammals. Sirtuins can regulate metabolism by the influence on some processes in CNS, liver, pancreas, musles, adipose tissue. It emphasizes the importance of sirtuins in the development of heart diseases, cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative and some other diseases. Stress factors in particular calorie restriction alter sirtuins activity, that leads to some significant alterations of intracellular processes: activation of reparation processes, increase of DNA stability, elevation of metabolic rate and the lifespan of cells. In this review, we focus our attention on the influence of calorie restriction on metabolic alterations associated with regulatory role of sirtuin1. Sirtuin1 plays a leading role in regulation of cell homeostasis by controlling some important processes, such as gene transcription, cell differentiation, stress reaction, inflammation, apoptosis, circadian rhythms and life expectancy. We touch briefly on the connection between some alterations of diet and the development of stress reaction and inflammation. In the review the metabolic alterations in liver, pancreas, adipose tissue and central regulatory role of sirtuinl in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis connected with calorie restriction are discussed. Sirtuin1 can be a messenger of some effects of calorie restriction on organism, acting as a cell energy sensor. Thus, sirtuinl plays a central role in control and modulation of metabolic processes under alterations of diet. Having been one of the most important regulator of homeostasis, sirtuinl can be a key element of regulation. The influence on this element gives the opportunities of regulation of metabolism, calorie restriction effects and creation of new pathogenical methods of treatment.

[Alteration of serum lipid profile in young men with different somatotypes after food load].

Serum lipid profiles of 76 men of young age (17-21years) were investigated using thin layer chromatography and determination of somatotypes was realized using the scheme of V.P. Chtetsov et al. (1978). The investigation was conducted on an empty stomach and after one hour after food loads (test meal with energy value of 419 kcal, content of proteins - 17,9 g, fats - 11,9 g, carbohydrates - 60,1 g). Regularities inherent to certain somatotypes were revealed. In young men with the abdominal somatotype (with the most pronounced fat component), changes evidencing membranes rigidity growth were revealed: cholesterol esterification processes inhibition and increase of sphingomyelin after meal (p = 0.001). In young men with muscular somatotype the highest level of phosphatidylcholine and the lowest level of easily-oxidized phospholipid fractions in comparison to other somatotypes [thoracic (p = 0.044), abdominal (p = 0.037) and undetermined (p = 0.021)] were registered. General rule is lowering of the free fatty acids levels after meal in comparison with the indices on the empty stomach for all somatotypes: thoracic (p = 0.0001), muscular (p = 0.012), abdominal (p = 0.041) and undetermined (p = 000018). Definiteness of the effect of lowering of free fatty acids levels after meal for all somatotypes could evidence the importance Of this process for maintaining the homeostatic body constants.

Effect of Food Load on Activities of Enzymes of the Main Metabolic Pathways in Blood Lymphocytes in Girls with Different Anthropometric Parameters.

Changes in enzyme activities reflecting functioning of the basic metabolic pathways in cells (Krebs cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway) were evaluated in blood lymphocytes of girls of different somatotypes with different body composition under conditions of food load. A common regularity was found: a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity after meal in girls of all somatotypes. Specific features of individual somatotypes were also revealed. Only girls of athletic somatotype showed increased lactate dehydrogenase level after food load. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased (more than twice) after food load only in girls of euryplastic somatotype. This somatotype is characterized by maximum values of fat and other components of the body. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway; activation of this pathway accompanies enhancement of synthetic processes, including lipid synthesis. This can contribute to accumulation of the fat component (and other components) due to redistribution of substrate flows between metabolic pathways.