Brazilin cream from Caesalpinia sappan inhibit periodontal disease: in vivo study.

Background: Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums that is the initial cause of the development of periodontal disease by the activity of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), p38, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α). Unaddressed chronic inflammation can lead to persistent disturbances in other parts of the body. Brazilin is a naturally occurring plant chemical that may have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Treatment based on the natural plant compound, brazilin, is developed in the form of a topical cream for easy application. Objective: The aim is to develop the natural compound brazilin in the form of a topical cream as an anti-inflammatory agent to reduce NF-κB expression through Imunohistochemistry (IHC) methods, and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes IL-1ß, IL-6, p38, and TNF-α. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with gingivitis using P. gingivalis bacteria. The observed groups included rats treated with a single application of brazilin cream and rats treated with two applications of brazilin cream. The treatment was administered for 15 days. On days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, anatomical wound observations and wound histology using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's Trichrome staining were performed. NF-κB protein expression was analyzed using the IHC method. Gingival inflammation gene expression of NF-κB, IL-1ß, IL-6, p38, and TNF-α was measured using q-RTPCR. Results: Single and double applications of brazilin cream increased angiogenesis and decreased NF-κB protein expression, in addition to the IL-1ß, IL-6, p38, and TNF-α gene expressions. Conclusion: In a rat gingivitis model, Brazilin cream may function as an anti-inflammatory agent in the gingival tissue.

Effects of Alkaline Solvent Type and pH on Solid Physical Properties of Carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii.

The effects of alkali type and pH on the physical properties of carrageenan have been extensively studied. However, their effects on certain characteristics of solid-state properties of carrageenan have not been identified. This research aimed to investigate the effect of alkaline solvent type and pH on the solid physical properties of carrageenan isolated from Eucheuma cottonii. Carrageenan was extracted from the algae using NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2 at pHs of 9, 11, and 13. Based on the results of preliminary characterization, including yield, ash content, pH, sulphate content, viscosity, and gel strength, it was found that all samples followed Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) specifications. The swelling capacity of carrageenan based on the type of alkali was KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)2. The FTIR spectra of all samples were in agreement with that of standard carrageenan. The molecular weight (MW) of carrageenan using KOH as the alkali followed the order pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11, while using NaOH, the order was pH 9 > pH 13 > pH 11, and while using Ca(OH)2, the order was pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11. The results of the solid-state physical characterization of carrageenan with the highest MW in each type of alkali showed that the morphology of carrageenan using Ca(OH)2 has a cubic shape and is more crystal-like. The order of crystallinity of carrageenan using different types of alkali was Ca(OH)2 (14.44%) > NaOH (9.80%) > KOH (7.91%), while the order of density was Ca(OH)2 > KOH > NaOH. The order of solid fraction (SF) of the carrageenan was KOH > Ca(OH)2 > NaOH, while the tensile strength when using KOH was 1.17, when using NaOH it was 0.08, and while using Ca(OH)2, it was 0.05. The bonding index (BI) of carrageenan using KOH = 0.04, NaOH = 0.02, and Ca(OH)2 = 0.02. The brittle fracture index (BFI) of the carrageenan was KOH = 0.67, NaOH = 0.26, and Ca(OH)2 = 0.04. The order of carrageenan solubility in water was NaOH > KOH > Ca(OH)2. These data can be used as the basis for the development of carrageenan for excipients in solid dosage forms.