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1.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) ; 17(8)2024 Aug 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39204150

RESUMEN

Moringa oleifera Lam. (horseradish tree) leaves demonstrate high nutritional value, are rich in proteins, and are widely used in folk medicine and food. This study investigated the presence of secondary metabolites and antinutritional proteins in leaf extract (LE) and the protein-rich fraction (PRF) derived from M. oleifera leaves, as well as the cytotoxicity to human cells, hemolytic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity and genotoxicity in mice. The flavonoids rutin and vitexin as well as trypsin inhibitors and lectins were detected in LE and PRF. Neither sample demonstrated toxicity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and both showed low hemolytic action. In vivo, LE and PRF did not show antinutritional effects and caused no death. The hematological parameters of the animals in the treated group were similar to those of the control. A significant increase in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and a discrete leukocyte infiltration with cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes in the liver were detected in LE-treated animals. The preparations were not genotoxic or mutagenic. This study shows that LE and PRF are not antinutritional agents and presented low acute toxicity and no genotoxicity or mutagenicity. The present study contributes to the determination of the safety of using M. oleifera leaf proteins.

2.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 49(2): 157-166, 2024 Feb 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37816257

RESUMEN

Maternal protein malnutrition during developmental periods might impair the redox state and the brain's excitatory/inhibitory neural network, increasing central sympathetic tone. Conversely, moderate physical exercise at an early age reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Thus, we hypothesized that a moderate training protocol could reduce the harmful effects of a low-protein maternal diet on the brainstem of young male offspring. We used a rat model of maternal protein restriction during the gestational and lactation period followed by an offspring's continuous treadmill exercise. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups according to the protein content in the diet: normoprotein (NP), receiving 17% of casein, and low protein (LP), receiving 8% of casein until the end of lactation. At 30 days of age, the male offspring were further subdivided into sedentary (NP-Sed and LP-Sed) or exercised (NP-Ex and LP-Ex) groups. Treadmill exercise was performed as follows: 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/day at 50% of maximal running capacity. The trained animals performed a treadmill exercise at 50% of the maximal running capacity, 60 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. Our results indicate that a low-protein diet promotes deficits in the antioxidant system and a likely mitochondrial uncoupling. On the other hand, physical exercise restores the redox balance, which leads to decreased oxidative stress caused by the diet. In addition, it also promotes benefits to GABAergic inhibitory signaling. We conclude that regular moderate physical exercise performed in youthhood protects the brainstem against changes induced by maternal protein restriction.


Asunto(s)
Tronco Encefálico , Caseínas , Embarazo , Femenino , Ratas , Animales , Masculino , Humanos , Ratas Wistar , Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Dieta con Restricción de Proteínas/efectos adversos , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos
3.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 11: 588502, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33329394

RESUMEN

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common forms of liver disease, which is associated with several etiological factors, including stress and dysfunction in oxidative metabolism. However, studies showed that aerobic exercise training (AET) can combat the oxidative stress (OS) and improves mitochondrial functionality in the NAFLD. To test the hypothesis that AET improves oxidative metabolism and antioxidant defense in the liver of ob/ob mice. Male ob/ob mice with eight weeks old were separated into two groups: the sedentary group (S), n=7, and the trained group (T), n=7. The T mice were submitted to an 8-week protocol of AET at 60% of the maximum velocity achieved in the running capacity test. Before AET, no difference was observed in running test between the groups (S=10.4 ± 0.7 min vs. T= 13 ± 0.47 min). However, after AET, the running capacity was increased in the T group (12.8 ± 0.87 min) compared to the S group (7.2 ± 0.63 min). In skeletal muscle, the T group (26.91 ± 1.12 U/mg of protein) showed higher citrate synthase activity compared with the S group (19.28 ± 0.88 U/mg of protein) (p =0.006). In the analysis of BW evolution, significant reductions were seen in the T group as of the fourth week when compared to the S group. In addition, food intake was not significant different between the groups. Significant increases were observed in the activity of enzymes citrate synthase (p=0.004) and ß-HAD (p=0.01) as well as in PGC-1α gene expression (p=0.002) in the liver of T group. The levels of TBARs and carbonyls, as well as SOD, CAT and GST were not different between the groups. However, in the nonenzymatic antioxidant system, we found that the T group had higher sulfhydryl (p = 0.02), GSH (p=0.001) and GSH/GSSG (p=0.02) activity. In conclusion, the AET improved body weight evolution and the aerobic capacity, increased the response of oxidative metabolism markers in the liver such as PGC-1α gene expression and citrate synthase and ß-HAD enzyme activities in ob/ob mice. In addition, AET improved the non-enzymatic antioxidant defense and did not change the enzymatic defense.


Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Leptina/fisiología , Hígado/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/terapia , Estrés Oxidativo , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Obesos
4.
Life Sci ; 232: 116579, 2019 Sep 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31252001

RESUMEN

AIMS: We sought to evaluate the effects of maternal protein restriction (LP) on oxidative balance and transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis in the hearts of young female rats of both the first (F1) and second (F2) generation. MAIN METHODS: We evaluated oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation), enzymatic antioxidant defense (activity of superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase-GST), nonenzymatic antioxidant defense (reduced glutathione-GSH and sulfhydryl groups) and gene expression of AMPK, PGC-1α and TFAM. KEY FINDINGS: Interestingly, lipid peroxidation was decreased (49%, p < 0.001) in the LP-F1 group and 59% (p < 0.001) in LP-F2. In enzymatic defense, we observed increases in SOD activity in the LP-F1 group (79%, p = 0.036) and in CAT activity (approximately 40%, p = 0.041). GSH was increased in F2 in both groups (LP 546%, p < 0.0001 and in NP 491.7%, p < 0.0001). With respect to mitochondrial biogenesis gene transcription, we observed a decrease in AMPK (60%, p < 0. 0001) and an increase in PGC-1α (340%, p < 0.001) in LP compared to NP in the F1 generation. TFAM was decreased in LP-F2L compared to NP-F2L (42%, p = 0.0069) and increased in LP-F2 compared to LP-F1 (160%, p = 0.0037). SIGNIFICANCE: Our study contributes to knowledge of inheritance, showing that despite the potential mitochondrial 'inheritance' of cardiovascular damage caused by maternal malnutrition, that damage is not cross-generational and can be eliminated with proper nutrition in the F1 generation.


Asunto(s)
Miocardio/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Femenino , Glutatión/metabolismo , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Corazón/fisiología , Herencia/genética , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Biogénesis de Organelos , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo
5.
J Cell Biochem ; 120(5): 7341-7352, 2019 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30368910

RESUMEN

Overweight and obesity are established factors underpin several metabolic impairments, including the cardiovascular. Although the diversity of factors involved in overweight/obesity-induced cardiovascular diseases, mitochondria has been highlighted due to its role in cardiac metabolism. As obesity can be originated in early postnatal life, the current study evaluates the effects of neonatal overfeeding on the cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative balance in rats that underwent an ischemia-reperfusion insult. Seventy-two hours after delivery, Wistar rat litters were randomly assigned into the control (C; nine pups per mother) and the Overfed (OF; three pups per mother) groups throughout the lactation period. At weaning, male offspring were fed with laboratory chow ad libitum until sacrifice at 30 and 60 days of life. Mitochondrial heart bioenergetics and oxidative balance showed to be deeply affected by neonatal overfeeding at both ages. Interestingly, after ischemia-reperfusion insult I/R (Langendorff or mineral oil incubation), most parameters evaluated in OF animals were not influenced by additional ischemic-reperfusion injury. Our findings demonstrated that suckling overfeeding deregulates cardiac mitochondrial alike to ischemia-reperfusion insult by disengaging electrical mitochondrial coupling and potentiate oxidative stress, wherein the neonatal overfeeding shows to be so detrimental as I/R. Our findings support the concept that nutritional insults in the critical development periods increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and mitochondria impairments throughout life while oxidative damage change between molecular targets.

6.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 41(12): 1271-1277, 2016 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27863203

RESUMEN

Carthamus tinctorius L. (common name: safflower) is an herb whose extracted oil (safflower oil) has been employed in both alternative and conventional medicine in the treatment of disease. Overnutrition during early postnatal life can increase the lifetime risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here we investigate the effect of safflower oil supplementation given during a critical early developmental stage on the eventual occurrence of metabolic disease in overnourished rats. Groups of overnourished or adequately nourished rats were randomly assigned into 2 additional groups for supplementation with either safflower oil (SF) or vehicle for 7 to 30 days. Murinometric data and weights were examined. Serum was collected for measurement of glucose, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Heart and liver oxidative status were also measured. Overnutrition for 7-30 days induced a significant increase in body weight and in values for abdominal circumference, thoracic circumference, body length, and body mass index. SF supplementation did not attenuate the effect of overnutrition on any of these parameters. In addition, overnutrition increased levels of glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipid compared with normal controls, but SF supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Measures of oxidative status in heart or liver were not influenced by overnutrition. However, oxidative measures were altered by SF supplementation in both of these organs. The present study reveals that nutritional manipulation during early development induces detrimental effects on metabolism in the adult that are not ameliorated by supplemental SF.


Asunto(s)
Carthamus tinctorius/química , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/uso terapéutico , Hígado/metabolismo , Miocardio/metabolismo , Hipernutrición/dietoterapia , Estrés Oxidativo , Aceite de Cártamo/uso terapéutico , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/efectos adversos , Femenino , Hiperglucemia/etiología , Hiperlipidemias/etiología , Lactancia , Masculino , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/prevención & control , Hipernutrición/sangre , Hipernutrición/metabolismo , Hipernutrición/fisiopatología , Preparaciones de Plantas/efectos adversos , Preparaciones de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Embarazo , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Wistar , Aceite de Cártamo/efectos adversos , Destete , Aumento de Peso
7.
Brain Res ; 1642: 553-561, 2016 07 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27109594

RESUMEN

Mitochondrial bioenergetics dysfunction has been postulated as an important mechanism associated to a number of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. One of the hypotheses is that this is caused by the metabolic challenge generated by the mismatch between prenatal predicted and postnatal reality. Perinatal low-protein diet produces several effects that are manifested in the adult animal, including altered sympathetic tone, increased arterial blood pressure and oxidative stress in the brainstem. The majority of the studies related to nutritional programming postulates that the increased risk levels for non-communicable diseases are associated with the incompatibility between prenatal and postnatal environment. However, little is known about the immediate effects of maternal protein restriction on the offspring's brainstem. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that a maternal low-protein diet causes tissue damage immediately after exposure to the nutritional insult that can be assessed in the brainstem of weaned offspring. In this regard, a series of assays was conducted to measure the mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brainstem, which is the brain structure responsible for the autonomic cardiovascular control. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed ad libitum with normoprotein (NP; 17% casein) or low-protein (LP; 8% casein) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation periods. At weaning, the male offsprings were euthanized and the brainstem was quickly removed to assess the mitochondria function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane electric potential (ΔΨm), oxidative biomarkers, antioxidant defense and redox status. Our data demonstrated that perinatal LP diet induces an immediate mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the protein restriction induced a marked increase in ROS production, with a decrease in antioxidant defense and redox status. Altogether, our findings suggest that LP-fed animals may be at a higher risk for oxidative metabolism impairment throughout life than NP-fed rats, due to the immediate disruption of the mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative status caused by the LP diet.


Asunto(s)
Tronco Encefálico/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Dieta con Restricción de Proteínas/efectos adversos , Desnutrición/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Animales , Citrato (si)-Sintasa/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Lactancia , Masculino , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Oxidativo , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Destete
8.
Nutr Neurosci ; 19(8): 369-375, 2016 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26035485

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Studies in humans and animal models have established a close relationship between early environment insult and subsequent risk of development of non-communicable diseases, including the cardiovascular. Whereas experimental evidences highlight the early undernutrition and the late cardiovascular disease relation, the central mechanisms linking the two remain unknown. Owing to the oxidative balance influence in several pathologies, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of maternal undernutrition (i.e. a low-protein (LP) diet) on oxidative balance in the brainstem. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male rats from mothers fed with an LP diet (8% casein) throughout the perinatal period (i.e. gestation and lactation) showed 10× higher lipid peroxidation levels than animals treated with normoprotein (17% casein) at 100 days of age. In addition, we observed the following reductions in enzymatic activities: superoxide dismutase, 16%; catalase, 30%; glutathione peroxidase, 34%; glutathione-S-transferase, 51%; glutathione reductase, 23%; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 31%; and in non-enzymatic glutathione system, 46%. DISCUSSION: This study is the first to focus on the role of maternal LP nutrition in oxidative balance in a central nervous system structure responsible for cardiovascular control in adult rats. Our data observed changes in oxidative balance in the offspring, therefore, bring a new concept related to early undernutrition and can help in the development of a new clinical strategy to combat the effects of nutritional insult. Wherein the central oxidative imbalance is a feasible mechanism underlying the hypertension risk in adulthood triggered by maternal LP diet.


Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Dieta con Restricción de Proteínas/efectos adversos , Lactancia , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Tronco Encefálico/enzimología , Femenino , Glutatión/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido , Masculino , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Neuronas/enzimología , Oxidación-Reducción , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/metabolismo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/fisiopatología , Deficiencia de Proteína/etiología , Deficiencia de Proteína/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Proteína/fisiopatología , Ratas Wistar
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