Acquired methemoglobinemia from phenazopyridine use.

BACKGROUND: Phenazopyridine-induced methemoglobinemia is relatively rare with fewer than ten cases reported over the past 35 years. We describe a case of phenazopyridine-induced methemoglobinemia that is unique in the way the patient presented and how initial workup was completed. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient presented with lethargy, diarrhea, light-headedness, and headaches, with past medical history of breast cancer, seizures, and recent dysuria for which she had been taking phenazopyridine. She was noted to have a persistent hypoxemia despite supplemental oxygen delivery and a shunting process was considered, with pulmonary embolus and methemoglobinemia due to phenazopyridine use being of chief concern. She was stabilized, and confirmation of original diagnosis was made at the main ED and treatment successfully rendered with good effect. CONCLUSIONS: Methemoglobinemia, while rare, can be associated with use of over-the-counter medicines and should be considered as part of a broad differential. This case serves to emphasize the importance of a thorough history and physical-tools especially helpful when at a satellite facility with relatively limited resources.

Catheterization of the carotid artery and jugular vein to perform hemodynamic measures, infusions and blood sampling in a conscious rat model.

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Washing older blood units before transfusion reduces plasma iron and improves outcomes in experimental canine pneumonia.

In a randomized controlled blinded trial, 2-year-old purpose-bred beagles (n = 24), with Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, were exchanged-transfused with either 7- or 42-day-old washed or unwashed canine universal donor blood (80 mL/kg in 4 divided doses). Washing red cells (RBC) before transfusion had a significantly different effect on canine survival, multiple organ injury, plasma iron, and cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) levels depending on the age of stored blood (all, P < .05 for interactions). Washing older units of blood improved survival rates, shock score, lung injury, cardiac performance and liver function, and reduced levels of non-transferrin bound iron and plasma labile iron. In contrast, washing fresh blood worsened all these same clinical parameters and increased CFH levels. Our data indicate that transfusion of fresh blood, which results in less hemolysis, CFH, and iron release, is less toxic than transfusion of older blood in critically ill infected subjects. However, washing older blood prevented elevations in plasma circulating iron and improved survival and multiple organ injury in animals with an established pulmonary infection. Our data suggest that fresh blood should not be washed routinely because, in a setting of established infection, washed RBC are prone to release CFH and result in worsened clinical outcomes.