Evolutionary analysis of indeterminate cytology and risk of malignancy in a thyroid nodule unit.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution in the diagnosis and management of indeterminate thyroid nodules over three time periods. METHODS: 3020 patients with thyroid nodules underwent cytological evaluation during three periods (2006-2008, 2012-2014, 2017-2019). Distribution of diagnostic cytologies, risk of malignancy, diagnostic performance indices of FNA, and cytologic-histologic correlation in indeterminate cytologies were analyzed. RESULTS: only 2.2% of cytology tests were insufficient for a diagnosis. 86.9% cytologies were benign, 1.7% malignant, and 11.4% indeterminate. Indeterminate cytology rates were 15.9% (2006-2008), 10.1% (2012-2014), and 10% (2017-2019). Surgery was performed in 13% of benign cytology, result-ing in malignant histology in 2.7%. All malignant and suspicious cytologies underwent surgery: malig-nancy confirmed in 98% and 77% of cases, respectively. All 'indeterminate with atypia' cytologies (2006-2008) and Bethesda IV (2012-2014; 2017-2019) un-derwent surgery, with malignancy confirmed in 19.6%, 43.8%, and 25.7%, respectively. In the 'inde-terminate without atypia' category (2006-2008) and Bethesda III (2012-2014; 2017-2019), diagnostic surgery was performed in 57.7%, 78.6%, and 59.4%, respectively, with malignancy confirmed in 3.3%, 20.5%, and 31.6%. The FNA sensitivity was 91.6% with a negative predictive value greater than 96% in all periods. The specificity exceeded 75% in the last two periods. CONCLUSION: Bethesda system reduces indeterminate cytologies and improves the accuracy of FNA diagnosis. We reported a higher proportion of malignancy than expected in Bethesda III, underscoring the importance of having institution-specific data to guide decision-making. However, there is a need for risk stratification tools that allow for conservative management in low-risk cases.

The Hybrid Closed-Loop System Tandem t:slim X2™ with Control-IQ Technology: Expert Recommendations for Better Management and Optimization.

Technological advances in the management of diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes (T1D), have played a main role in significantly improving glycemic control of these patients in recent years. Undoubtedly, the most important advance has been the commercialization of hybrid closed-loop systems (HCL). Their effectiveness places them in the different guidelines from scientific societies as the gold standard for the treatment of people with T1D. However, obtaining the maximum performance from these systems requires a degree of expertise from the professionals who care for these patients. Specifically, the Tandem X2:slim with Control-IQ technology system, due to its features and configuration options and adjustments, allows T1D patients to better adapt the management of diabetes to multiple circumstances in their day-to-day life. It is necessary, however, to follow a systematic process to start the system and also for the subsequent follow-up, which allows its optimization in the shortest possible time. This expert recommendation reviews the main features of this HCL system, suggesting how to implement it and optimize its use after gaining experience treating many patients.

Comprehensive approach to people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To provide practical recommendations for the comprehensive approach of people with type 2 diabetes according to evidence-based medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. METHODS: The recommendations were formulated according to the degrees of evidence of the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. After reviewing the available evidence and formulating recommendations by the authors of each section, several rounds of comments were developed incorporating the contributions and voting on controversial points. Finally, the final document was sent to the rest of the members of the area for review and incorporation of contributions, to finally carry out the same process with the members of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition Board of Directors. CONCLUSIONS: The document establishes practical recommendations based on the latest available evidence for the management of people with type 2 diabetes.

Influence of Factors Altering Gastric Microbiota on Bariatric Surgery Metabolic Outcomes.

Little is known about the influence of gastric microbiota on host metabolism, even though the stomach plays an important role in the production of hormones involved in body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and Helicobacter pylori alter gut microbiota, but their impact on gastric microbiota in patients with obesity and the influence of these factors on the metabolic response to bariatric surgery is not fully understood. Forty-one subjects with morbid obesity who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were included in this study. The H. pylori group was established by the detection of H. pylori using a sequencing-based method (n = 16). Individuals in whom H. pylori was not detected were classified according to PPI treatment. Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained during surgery and were analyzed by a high-throughput-sequencing method. Patients were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. ß-Diversity measures were able to cluster patients according to their gastric mucosa-associated microbiota composition. H. pylori and PPI treatment are presented as two important factors for gastric mucosa-associated microbiota. H. pylori reduced diversity, while PPIs altered ß-diversity. Both factors induced changes in the gastric mucosa-associated microbiota composition and its predicted functions. PPI users showed lower percentages of change in the body mass index (BMI) in the short term after surgery, while the H. pylori group showed higher glucose levels and lower percentages of reduction in body weight/BMI 1 year after surgery. PPIs and H. pylori colonization could modify the gastric mucosa-associated microbiota, altering its diversity, composition, and predicted functionality. These factors may have a role in the metabolic evolution of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota has been shown to have an impact on host metabolism. In the stomach, factors like proton pump inhibitor treatment and Helicobacter pylori haven been suggested to alter gut microbiota; however, the influence of these factors on the metabolic response to bariatric surgery has not been fully studied. In this study, we highlight the impact of these factors on the gastric microbiota composition. Moreover, proton pump inhibitor treatment and the presence of Helicobacter pylori could have an influence on bariatric surgery outcomes, mainly on body weight loss and glucose homeostasis. Deciphering the relationship between gastric hormones and gastric microbiota and their contributions to bariatric surgery outcomes paves the way to develop gut manipulation strategies to improve the metabolic success of bariatric surgery.

Oxidized LDL Increase the Proinflammatory Profile of Human Visceral Adipocytes Produced by Hypoxia.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effects of hypoxia on scavenger receptors (SRs) levels in adipocytes. We analyzed the effect of morbid obesity and hypoxia on SRs and inflammation markers in human visceral adipocytes and whether ox-LDL modify the inflammatory profile produced by hypoxia. METHODS: We studied in 17 non-obese and 20 subjects with morbid obesity (MO) the mRNA expression of HIF-1α, SRs (LOX-1, MSR1, CL-P1 and CXCL16), IL6 and TNFα in visceral adipocytes and the effect of hypoxia with or without ox-LDL on visceral in vitro-differentiated adipocytes (VDA). RESULTS: HIF-1α, TNFα, IL6, LOX-1, MSR1 and CXCL16 expression in adipocytes was increased in MO when compared with those in non-obese subjects (p < 0.05). The expression of most of the inflammatory markers and SRs gene correlated with HIF-1α. In VDA, hypoxia increased TNFα, IL6, MSR1, CXCL16 and CL-P1 (p < 0.05) in non-obese subjects, and TNFα, IL6, MSR1 and CXCL16 (p < 0.05) in MO. Silencing HIF-1α prevented the increase of TNFα, IL6, LOX-1, MSR1, CL-P1 and CXCL16 expression (p < 0.05). The combination of hypoxia and ox-LDL produced higher TNFα expression (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Morbid obesity and hypoxia increased SRs and inflammatory markers in visceral adipocytes. In a hypoxic state, ox-LDL increased the proinflammatory response of visceral adipocytes to hypoxia.

Variables Associated with Short-Term Weight Loss in a Cohort of Patients with Morbid Obesity According to Age and Three Types of Bariatric Surgery.

Background The percentage of excess weight lost (%EWL) after bariatric surgery (BS) shows great discrepancies from one individual to another. Objective To evaluate the %EWL one year after BS and to determine the existence of baseline biomarkers associated with weight loss. Methods We studied 329 patients with morbid obesity undergoing three types of BS (biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG)), depending on the %EWL one year after surgery: good responders (GR) (%EWL≥50%) and non-responders (NR) (%EWL <50%). Results The GR presented a higher percentage of change in anthropometric and biochemical variables compared to the NR group, even within each type of BS. There was a greater percentage of GR among those who underwent RYGB. The patients who underwent SG showed the lowest decrease in biochemical variables, both in GR and NR. Within the GR group, those with a lower age showed greater improvement compared to the other age groups. A %EWL ≥50% was negatively associated with the age and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and positively with the type of BS (RYGB). Conclusions The GR group was associated with lower age and AIP and undergoing RYGB. Additionally, those patients who underwent SG showed a lower metabolic improvement.

Change in serum polyamine metabolome pattern after bariatric surgery in obese patients with metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Recent works have reported that bariatric surgery has remarkable effects on the metabolome, which might be potentially associated to the metabolic improvement of this procedure in patients with obesity. Serum polyamines, metabolites derived from amino acid metabolism, have been recently related to the metabolic status in obese individuals. However, the impact of bariatric surgery on the circulating levels of polyamines remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery on serum polyamine levels and to evaluate the association of changes in these molecules with metabolic improvement in patients with morbid obesity. SETTING: Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Malaga, Spain. METHODS: This study included 32 morbidly obese patients (weight index ≥40 kg/m2) with metabolic syndrome, who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. Serum levels of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), acetylpolyamines, and polyamine-related amino acids (arginine and ornithine) were assessed at baseline and 6 months after bariatric surgery, and were analyzed in an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform. RESULTS: Our metabolomic analysis revealed a significant rise in several metabolites related to the polyamine metabolism, such as putrescine and acetyl derivatives of spermidine and spermine in serum samples from morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery. Changes in serum levels of both putrescine and acetylputrescine were associated to the resolution of metabolic syndrome after surgery. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that bariatric surgery affects the serum polyamine pattern and the resolution of metabolic syndrome after bariatric surgery is associated to specific changes in the serum polyamine metabolome.

Documento de abordaje integral de la diabetes tipo 2 / Document on a comprehensive approach to type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: El tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) es complejo y su propósito es reducir la morbimortalidad, por lo que su manejo tiene que incluir: un control glucémico individualizado precoz (mediante una adecuada educación diabetológica, modificaciones del estilo de vida y tratamiento farmacológico), el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (CV), la detección y tratamiento precoz de las complicaciones y la evaluación de las comorbilidades asociadas. El objetivo fue elaborar un documento para unificar los aspectos necesarios para el abordaje integral de las personas con DM2. Participantes: Miembros del Grupo de trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la evidencia disponible relativa a cada aspecto del manejo de la diabetes: objetivos de control glucémico, dieta y ejercicio, tratamiento farmacológico, tratamiento y control de factores de riesgo, detección de complicaciones y manejo del paciente frágil con DM2. Las recomendaciones se formularon según los grados de evidencia recogidos en los Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2018. Tras la formulación de las recomendaciones el documento fue consensuado por los miembros del Grupo de trabajo de Diabetes Mellitus de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Conclusiones: El objetivo de este documento es proporcionar, desde el punto de vista del endocrinólogo clínico, unas recomendaciones prácticas basadas en la evidencia acerca de todos los aspectos necesarios para el abordaje integral de la DM2

Objective: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is complex and is intended to decrease morbidity and mortality. Management should therefore include adequate diabetes education, lifestyle changes, drug treatment to achieve early blood glucose control and reduction of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, early detection and treatment of complications, and assessment of associated comorbidities. The objective was to prepare a document including all aspects required for a comprehensive approach to T2DM. Participants: Members of the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology. Methods: The available evidence regarding each aspect of diabetes management (blood glucose control goals, diet and exercise, drug treatment, risk factor management and control, detection of complications, and management of frail patients) was reviewed. Recommendations were formulated based on the grades of evidence stated in the 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Recommendations were discussed and agreed by the working group members. Conclusions: This document is intended to provide evidence-based practical recommendations for comprehensive management of T2DM by clinical endocrinologists

Document on a comprehensive approach to type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Documento de abordaje integral de la diabetes tipo 2.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is complex and is intended to decrease morbidity and mortality. Management should therefore include adequate diabetes education, lifestyle changes, drug treatment to achieve early blood glucose control and reduction of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, early detection and treatment of complications, and assessment of associated comorbidities. The objective was to prepare a document including all aspects required for a comprehensive approach to T2DM. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology. METHODS: The available evidence regarding each aspect of diabetes management (blood glucose control goals, diet and exercise, drug treatment, risk factor management and control, detection of complications, and management of frail patients) was reviewed. Recommendations were formulated based on the grades of evidence stated in the 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Recommendations were discussed and agreed by the working group members. CONCLUSIONS: This document is intended to provide evidence-based practical recommendations for comprehensive management of T2DM by clinical endocrinologists.

A Pilot Study of Serum Sphingomyelin Dynamics in Subjects with Severe Obesity and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis after Sleeve Gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is present in a high percentage of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A significant proportion of patients still present NASH even after considerable weight loss and metabolic improvements after surgery. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the changes in the serum lipidome after sleeve gastrectomy could be used to discriminate obese patients with NASH patients to those with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). METHODS: This study involved 24 patients with grade 3 obesity diagnosed with either NAFL (n = 8) or NASH (n = 16) using the non-invasive OWLiver assay. All patients suffering from NASH were re-evaluated 6 months after bariatric surgery using the OWLiver test to confirm NASH resolution. Serum lipid extracts were assessed at baseline and 6 months post surgery and were analyzed in an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS)-based platform. RESULTS: Lipidomic analysis revealed a differential sphingomyelin profile in patients with NASH resolution after sleeve gastrectomy. Certain serum sphingomyelin species were significantly higher at baseline in NASH patients in comparison to those with NAFL. Sphingomyelin profile of subjects with NASH resolution was similar to that for obese subjects with NAFL before bariatric surgery. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that the serum sphingomyelin levels could be related to the status of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and that certain sphingomyelin species may be used for the follow-up of obese patients with NASH after sleeve gastrectomy.

Consenso sobre tratamiento con insulina en la diabetes tipo 2 / Consensus on insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes

No disponible

Evaluation of a New Digital Automated Glycemic Pattern Detection Tool.

BACKGROUND: Blood glucose meters are reliable devices for data collection, providing electronic logs of historical data easier to interpret than handwritten logbooks. Automated tools to analyze these data are necessary to facilitate glucose pattern detection and support treatment adjustment. These tools emerge in a broad variety in a more or less nonevaluated manner. The aim of this study was to compare eDetecta, a new automated pattern detection tool, to nonautomated pattern analysis in terms of time investment, data interpretation, and clinical utility, with the overarching goal to identify early in development and implementation of tool areas of improvement and potential safety risks. METHODS: Multicenter web-based evaluation in which 37 endocrinologists were asked to assess glycemic patterns of 4 real reports (2 continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII] and 2 multiple daily injection [MDI]). Endocrinologist and eDetecta analyses were compared on time spent to analyze each report and agreement on the presence or absence of defined patterns. RESULTS: eDetecta module markedly reduced the time taken to analyze each case on the basis of the emminens eConecta reports (CSII: 18 min; MDI: 12.5), compared to the automatic eDetecta analysis. Agreement between endocrinologists and eDetecta varied depending on the patterns, with high level of agreement in patterns of glycemic variability. Further analysis of low level of agreement led to identifying areas where algorithms used could be improved to optimize trend pattern identification. CONCLUSION: eDetecta was a useful tool for glycemic pattern detection, helping clinicians to reduce time required to review emminens eConecta glycemic reports. No safety risks were identified during the study.

Mi experiencia con liraglutida en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2: del ensayo clínico a la práctica clínica / My experience with liraglutide in patients with T2DM: from clinical trials to clinical practice

El tratamiento integral de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DM2) debería estar dirigido al control de todas las comorbilidades asociadas e incluir como eje fundamental la pérdida de peso, especialmente la de grasa visceral. En aquellos pacientes en que no se han conseguido los objetivos de control glucémico con metformina, fármaco de elección en primera línea en el tratamiento de la DM2, es necesario asociar un segundo fármaco. Entre los fármacos de segunda línea están las terapias basadas en incretinas (agonistas del receptor del péptido 1 similar al glucagón GLP-1 [ARGLP-1] e inhibidores de la dipeptidilpeptidasa 4 [DPP-4]). En este artículo se revisan brevemente los efectos del ARGLP-1 liraglutida sobre la diabetes y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y los datos comparativos con los inhibidores de la DPP-4. Se propone que el tratamiento con liraglutida debería iniciarse preferentemente en las fases tempranas de la DM2

The comprehensive treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) should be targeted to control all associated comorbidities and include weight loss, especially visceral fat. In patients not achieving the goals of glycaemic control with metformin–the drug of choice in first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes–a second associated drug will be needed. Among second-line drugs are incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 receptor agonists [GLP-1-RA] and DPP-4 inhibitors). This article briefly reviews the effects of the GLP-1-RA, liraglutide, on diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors and the comparative data with DPP-4inhibitors. It is proposed that treatment with liraglutide should preferably be initiated in the early stages of type 2 diabetes

Mi experiencia con liraglutida en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 de corta evolución / My experience with liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at early Stages

El tratamiento integral de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DM2) debería estar dirigido al control de todas las comorbilidades asociadas e incluir como eje fundamental la pérdida de peso, especialmente la de grasa visceral. En aquellos pacientes en que no se han conseguido los objetivos de control glucémico con metformina, fármaco de elección en primera línea en el tratamiento de la DM2, es necesario asociar un segundo fármaco. Entre los fármacos de segunda línea están las terapias basadas en incretinas (agonistas del receptor del péptido1 similar al glucagón GLP-1 [ARGLP-1] e inhibidores de la dipeptidilpeptidasa 4 [DPP-4]). En este artículo se revisan brevemente los efectos del ARGLP-1 liraglutida sobre la diabetes y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y los datos comparativos con los inhibidores de la DPP-4. Se propone que el tratamiento con liraglutida debería iniciarse preferentemente en las fases tempranas de la DM2

The comprehensive treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) should be targeted to control all associated comorbidities and include weight loss, especially visceral fat. In patients not achieving the goals of glycaemic control with metformin–the drug of choice in first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes-a second associated drug will be needed. Among second-line drugs are incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 receptor agonists [GLP-1-RA] and DPP-4 inhibitors). This article briefly reviews the effects of the GLP-1-RA, liraglutide, on diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors and the comparative data with DPP-4inhibitors. It is proposed that treatment with liraglutide should preferably be initiated in the early stages of type 2 diabetes

Consensus statement for use and technical requirements of thyroid ultrasound in endocrinology units. / Criterios sobre la utilización y requerimientos técnicos de la ecografía tiroidea en los servicios de endocrinología y nutrición.

Thyroid nodule detection has increased with widespread use of ultrasound, which is currently the main tool for detection, monitoring, diagnosis and, in some instances, treatment of thyroid nodules. Knowledge of ultrasound and adequate instruction on its use require a position statement by the scientific societies concerned. The working groups on thyroid cancer and ultrasound techniques of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition have promoted this document, based on a thorough analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and expert consensus, in order to set the requirements for the best use of ultrasound in clinical practice. The objectives include the adequate framework for use of thyroid ultrasound, the technical and legal requirements, the clinical situations in which it is recommended, the levels of knowledge and learning processes, the associated responsibility, and the establishment of a standardized reporting of results and integration into hospital information systems and endocrinology units.

Criterios sobre la utilización y requerimientos técnicos de la ecografía tiroidea en los servicios de endocrinología y nutrición / Consensus statement for use and technical requirements of thyroid ultrasound in endocrinology units

La ecografía se ha convertido en un instrumento imprescindible en la asistencia a los pacientes con enfermedades tiroideas. La detección de los nódulos tiroideos se ha incrementado con el uso generalizado de la misma, siendo la herramienta principal para su detección, orientación diagnóstica, seguimiento y, en ocasiones, también terapéutica. Los Grupos de Trabajo de Cáncer de Tiroides y de Técnicas ecográficas de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición han promovido este documento en el que se resumen los requisitos necesarios para la mejor práctica clínica posible con esta técnica. Los objetivos del trabajo incluyen encuadrar su utilización dentro de la especialidad, los requisitos técnicos y legales necesarios, las situaciones clínicas de su aplicación, los niveles de conocimiento y aprendizaje, la responsabilidad asociada, la comunicación estandarizada de resultados e integración en los sistemas de información hospitalarios, posicionando la técnica ecográfica dentro de la cartera de servicios en las actuales unidades de Endocrinología y Nutrición (AU)

Thyroid nodule detection has increased with widespread use of ultrasound, which is currently the main tool for detection, monitoring, diagnosis and, in some instances, treatment of thyroid nodules. Knowledge of ultrasound and adequate instruction on its use require a position statement by the scientific societies concerned. The working groups on thyroid cancer and ultrasound techniques of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition have promoted this document, based on a thorough analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and expert consensus, in order to set the requirements for the best use of ultrasound in clinical practice. The objectives include the adequate framework for use of thyroid ultrasound, the technical and legal requirements, the clinical situations in which it is recommended, the levels of knowledge and learning processes, the associated responsibility, and the establishment of a standardized reporting of results and integration into hospital information systems and endocrinology units (AU)

Perfil de seguridad renal de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 y otros datos de seguridad / Renal safety profile of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and other safety data

Los inhibidores del SGLT2 tienen como efecto principal una acción glucosúrica y logran revertir el efecto deletéreo del aumento de la reabsorción tubular de glucosa en las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). En términos de eficacia producen una reducción de HbA1c promedio del 0,8%, aunque si se parte de una HbA1c más elevada se pueden tener reducciones mayores. Además de los efectos glucémicos, como efectos complementarios se obtiene la reducción de peso y de presión arterial sin aumentar las hipoglucemias. Por su mecanismo de acción independiente de la insulina se pueden utilizar en monoterapia, en pacientes intolerantes a la metformina o en combinación con otros medicamentos hipoglucemiantes, incluyendo la insulina. Los efectos secundarios son pocos y los más frecuentes están relacionados con su mecanismo de acción. Destacan las infecciones genitourinarias, las más frecuentes son las micóticas. Por otro lado, su perfil cardiovascular (CV) es adecuado y queda por aclarar la aparición de cetoacidosis (CAD), en posible relación a su uso en pacientes insulinopénicos. En un ensayo clínico aleatorizado de un iSGLT2 en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedad CV de base, se ha podido observar que el uso de este en asociación a la terapia estándar logra enlentecer la progresión del daño renal y disminuir eventos renales relevantes, como la duplicación de los valores de creatinina sérica y el inicio de diálisis. Estos efectos, probablemente se fundamentan en sus efectos favorables sobre la hemodinámica glomerular disminuyendo la hiperfiltración, en la reducción de la toxicidad tubular de la glucosa, así como sus efectos beneficiosos sobre la glucemia, la presión arterial, el peso y la uricemia (AU)

The main effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is their glycosuric action. These drugs reverse the deleterious effect of increased glucose reabsorption by the renal tubule in persons with DM2. In terms of efficacy, SGLT2 inhibitors produce a mean HbA1c reduction of 0.8%, although higher initial HbA1c levels can show a larger decrease. In addition to these glycaemic effects, this drug class also favours weight loss and blood pressure control, without increasing hypoglycaemic episodes. Due to their insulin-independent mechanism of action, SGLT2 inhibitors can be used in monotherapy, in patients with metformin intolerance, or in combination with other glucose-lowering drugs, including insulin. These drugs have few secondary effects and most are related to their mechanism of action. The most frequent adverse effects are genitourinary infections, usually mycotic infections. SGLT2 inhibitors have an adequate cardiovascular safety profile. The development of ketoacidosis remains to be elucidated, and may be related to use in patients with insulinopenia. A randomised clinical trial of an SGLT2 inhibitor in patients with DM2 and underlying cardiovascular disease showed that its use in association with standard therapy slowed the progression of renal damage and reduced significant renal events such as doubling of serum creatinine values and initiation of dialysis. These effects are probably due to the favourable effects of SGLT2 inhibition on glomerular haemodynamics, by reducing hyperfiltration, to the reduction of glucose-induced tubular toxicity, as well as its beneficial effects on glycaemia, blood pressure, weight, and uricaemia (AU)

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on the differentiation and metabolism of human adipocytes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients and cause weight loss in obese subjects by as yet unknown mechanisms. We recently demonstrated that the GLP-1 receptor, which is present in adipocytes and the stromal vascular fraction of human adipose tissue (AT), is up-regulated in AT of insulin-resistant morbidly obese subjects compared with healthy lean subjects. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of in vitro and in vivo administration of GLP-1 and its analogues on AT and adipocyte functions from T2D morbidly obese subjects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We analysed the effects of GLP-1 on human AT and isolated adipocytes in vitro and the effects of GLP-1 mimetics on AT of morbidly obese T2D subjects in vivo. KEY RESULTS: GLP-1 down-regulated the expression of lipogenic genes when administered during in vitro differentiation of human adipocytes from morbidly obese patients. GLP-1 also decreased the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes in AT explants and mature adipocytes, while increasing that of lipolytic markers and adiponectin. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, GLP-1 decreased free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). GLP-1-induced responses were only partially blocked by GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin (9­39). Moreover, administration of exenatide or liraglutide reduced adipogenic and inflammatory marker mRNA in AT of T2D obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of GLP-1 are associated with changes in the adipogenic potential and ability of AT to expand, via activation of the canonical GLP-1 receptor and an additional, as yet unknown, receptor.

Renal safety profile of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and other safety data. / Perfil de seguridad renal de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 y otros datos de seguridad.

The main effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is their glycosuric action. These drugs reverse the deleterious effect of increased glucose reabsorption by the renal tubule in persons with DM2. In terms of efficacy, SGLT2 inhibitors produce a mean HbA1c reduction of 0.8%, although higher initial HbA1c levels can show a larger decrease. In addition to these glycaemic effects, this drug class also favours weight loss and blood pressure control, without increasing hypoglycaemic episodes. Due to their insulin-independent mechanism of action, SGLT2 inhibitors can be used in monotherapy, in patients with metformin intolerance, or in combination with other glucose-lowering drugs, including insulin. These drugs have few secondary effects and most are related to their mechanism of action. The most frequent adverse effects are genitourinary infections, usually mycotic infections. SGLT2 inhibitors have an adequate cardiovascular safety profile. The development of ketoacidosis remains to be elucidated, and may be related to use in patients with insulinopenia. A randomised clinical trial of an SGLT2 inhibitor in patients with DM2 and underlying cardiovascular disease showed that its use in association with standard therapy slowed the progression of renal damage and reduced significant renal events such as doubling of serum creatinine values and initiation of dialysis. These effects are probably due to the favourable effects of SGLT2 inhibition on glomerular haemodynamics, by reducing hyperfiltration, to the reduction of glucose-induced tubular toxicity, as well as its beneficial effects on glycaemia, blood pressure, weight, and uricaemia.

[Update of recommendations for evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions. Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology]. / Actualización de las recomendaciones para la evaluación y tratamiento de la osteoporosis asociada a enfermedades endocrinas y nutricionales. Grupo de trabajo de osteoporosis y metabolismo mineral de la SEEN.

OBJECTIVE: To update previous recommendations developed by the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition for the evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to different endocrine and nutritional diseases. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. METHODS: Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (Pubmed) using the following terms associated to the name of each condition: AND "osteoporosis", "fractures", "bone mineral density", and "treatment". Papers in English with publication date between 18 October 2011 and 30 October 2014 were included. The recommendations were discussed and approved by all members of the Working Group. CONCLUSIONS: This update summarizes the new data regarding evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions.