RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Titanium is widely used in biomedicine. Due to biotribocorrosion, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) can be released from the titanium implant surface, enter the systemic circulation, and migrate to various organs and tissues including the brain. A previous study showed that 5â¯nm TiO2 NPs reached the highest concentration in the brain. Even though TiO2 NPs are believed to possess low toxicity, little is known about their neurotoxic effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of 5â¯nm TiO2 NPs on a human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line. METHODS: Cell cultures were divided into non-exposed and exposed to TiO2 NPs for 24â¯h. The following were evaluated: reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, cellular antioxidant response, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. RESULTS: Exposure to TiO2 NPs induced ROS generation in a dose dependent manner, with values reaching up to 10 fold those of controls (pâ¯<â¯0.001). Nrf2 nuclear localization and autophagy, also increased in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis increased by 4- to 10-fold compared to the control group, depending on the dose employed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that TiO2 NPs cause ROS increase, induction of ER stress, Nrf2 cytoplasmic translocation to the nucleus and apoptosis. Thus, neuroblastoma cell response to TiO2 NPs may be associated with an imbalance of the oxidative metabolism where endoplasmic reticulum-mediated signal pathway seems to be the main neurotoxic mechanism.