Prenatal dietary patterns in relation to adolescent offspring adiposity and adipokines in a Mexico City cohort.

Maternal diet during pregnancy has been associated with obesity among offspring. The extent to which trimester-specific dietary patterns are associated with markers of adiposity during adolescence remains unclear. We examined associations between prenatal diet patterns with adolescent offspring measures of adiposity and adipokines in 384 mother-adolescent dyads from the Mexico City ELEMENT cohort. Trimester-specific diet patterns were derived from principal component analysis of food frequency questionnaire data. Adolescent anthropometry and serum leptin and adiponectin were measured at 10-17 years. Three maternal diet patterns were identified: Prudent Diet (PD), high in fish and vegetables, the High Meat and Fat Diet (HMFD), high in pork and processed meats, and the Transitioning Mexican Diet (TMD), high in corn tortillas and sugar-sweetened beverages. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate sex-stratified associations among quartiles of diet patterns with adiposity and adipokines, adjusting for maternal marital status, education, and parity. First trimester TMD was associated with greater anthropometric measures and higher leptin in females, while third trimester HMFD was associated higher body fat percentage, triceps thickness, waist circumference, and leptin, but lower adiponectin among males. Contrary to expectation, there were positive associations between the trimester 1 PD pattern and anthropometric measurements in females, and for trimester 2 HMFD and TMD patterns with adipokines among males. Findings suggest maternal diet patterns may influence offspring adiposity markers during adolescence in a sex-specific manner.

Third-Trimester Maternal Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Sleep Health among Adolescent Offspring in a Mexico City Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Maternal diet during gestation has been linked to infant sleep; whether associations persist through adolescence is unknown. OBJECTIVES: We explored associations between trimester-specific maternal diet patterns and measures of sleep health among adolescent offspring in a Mexico City birth cohort. METHODS: Data from 310 mother-adolescent dyads were analyzed. Maternal diet patterns were identified by principal component analysis derived from FFQs collected during each trimester of pregnancy. Sleep duration, midpoint, and fragmentation were obtained from 7-d actigraphy data when adolescents were between 12 and 20 y old. Unstratified and sex-stratified association analyses were conducted using linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Mean ± SD age of offspring was 15.1 ± 1.9 y, and 52.3% of the sample was female. Three diet patterns were identified during each trimester of pregnancy: the Prudent Diet (PD), high in lean proteins and vegetables; the Transitioning Mexican Diet (TMD), high in westernized foods; and the High Meat & Fat Diet (HMFD), high in meats and fat products. Mean ± SD sleep duration was 8.5 ± 1.5 h/night. Most associations were found in the third trimester. Specifically, PD maternal adherence was associated with shorter sleep duration among offspring (-0.57 h; 95% CI: -0.98, -0.16 h, in the highest tertile compared with the lowest) and earlier sleep midpoint among females (-0.77 h; 95% CI: -1.3, -0.26 h). Adherence to the HMFD and TMD was nonlinearly associated with less fragmented sleep, with the latter only evident among females. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that maternal dietary patterns, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy, may have long-term impacts on offspring sleep.

Sleep Difficulties among Mexican Adolescents: Subjective and Objective Assessments of Sleep.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Self-reported sleep difficulties, such as insomnia symptoms, have been reported among adolescents. Yet, studies of their prevalence and correlates are scarce among Latin Americans. This study sought (1) to describe associations between sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with self-reported sleep difficulties and (2) to examine associations between self-reported sleep difficulties and actigraphy-based sleep. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 477 Mexican adolescents from the ELEMENT cohort. METHODS: Over 7 days, self-reported sleep measures (hard time falling asleep, overall sleep difficulties, and specific types of sleep difficulties) were obtained from daily sleep diaries. Actigraphy-based sleep measures (duration, i.e. sleep onset to morning wake, midpoint, and fragmentation) were concurrently assessed using a wrist actigraph. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 15.9 (2.2) years, and 53.5% were females. Mean (SD) sleep duration was 8.5 (1.2) h/night. Half reported a hard time falling asleep at least 3 days, and 25% had sleep difficulties at least 3 days over 7 days. The 3 types of sleep difficulties commonly reported among the entire cohort were insomnia/restlessness (29%), environmental (27%), and mental/emotional difficulties (19%). Female sex, smoking behavior, and socioeconomic indicators were among the most consistent factors associated with sleep difficulties. Subjective sleep difficulties were associated with shorter sleep duration (ß = -20.8 [-35.3, -6.2] min), while subjective hard time falling asleep was associated with longer sleep duration (ß = 11.3 [4.6, 27.2] min). CONCLUSION: A high proportion of Mexican adolescents in the sample reported sleep difficulties. Findings demonstrate the importance of obtaining subjective and objective sleep measures for a more comprehensive assessment of adolescent sleep.