Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensory impairment and is caused by a broad range of inherited to environmental causes. Inherited HL consists 50-60% of all HL cases. The inherited form of HL is further classified to different categories. More than 300 syndromes and 40 genes have been identified to result in different levels of HL. Although several diagnostic or screening tests have been developed, yet there are controversies around their use.
Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/diagnosis , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology , Genetic Testing/methods , Hearing Loss , Inheritance Patterns/genetics , Environmental Illness/diagnosis , Environmental Illness/etiology , Environmental Illness/physiopathology , Gene-Environment Interaction , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/physiopathology , Hearing Loss/classification , Hearing Loss/diagnosis , Hearing Loss/epidemiology , Hearing Loss/genetics , Hearing Loss/physiopathology , Humans , Pedigree , Syndrome
To enhance efficacy of forthcoming type 1 diabetes (T1D) clinical trials, combination therapies (CTs) are envisaged. In this study, we showed that efficacy of a CT, using anti-CD3 antibody and glutamic acid decarboxylase of 65 kd (GAD65)-expressing plasmid, to reverse new-onset T1D was dependent upon the genetic background. Synergism between both treatments was only observed in the RIP-LCMV-GP but not in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) or RIP-LCMV-NOD models. Efficacy was associated with an expansion of bystander suppressor regulatory T cells (Tregs) recognizing the C-terminal region of GAD65 and secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In addition, we found that frequency and epitope specificity of GAD65-reactive CD4(+) T cells during antigen priming at diabetes onset and Tregs detected after CT correlated. Consequently, NOD mice harbored significantly lower levels of GAD65-reactive CD4(+) T cells than RIP-LCMV-GP before and after treatment. Our results demonstrate that antigen-specific T cells available at treatment may differ between various major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and genetic backgrounds. These cells play a major role in shaping T-cell responses following antigen-specific immune intervention and determine whether a beneficial Tregs response is generated. Our findings hold important implications to understand and predict the success of antigen-based clinical trials, where responsiveness to immunotherapy might vary from patient to patient.
Antibodies/physiology , CD3 Complex/immunology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Glutamate Decarboxylase/physiology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Animals , Antibodies/genetics , Antibodies/immunology , CHO Cells , Cell Proliferation , Cells, Cultured , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics , Immunohistochemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
