Views of French oocyte donors at least 3 years after donation.

RESEARCH QUESTION: The study aimed to evaluate the percentage of oocyte donors who regretted their donation at least 3 years later. DESIGN: Between December 2018 and January 2019, this single-centre study sought to contact by telephone all women who had donated oocytes during the 6-year period from 2010 to 2015 at the Lille Centre for the study and storage of eggs and spermatozoa (CECOS). RESULTS: Among 118 women, 72 responded to the questionnaire by telephone and were included in the study. The response rate was 61%. No woman regretted having donated an oocyte, and 89% said that they would do it again in the same situation. The survey distinguished two types of donors: 'relational' (58%) and 'altruistic' (42%); some of their responses differed. Ninety per cent of the women had talked about the donation to family and friends. Among them, 74% felt supported by their family and friends, and 72% by their partner. The donation was something that 76% of the women sometimes thought about; 83% felt that this donation was something useful that they had accomplished. Finally, most donors felt that oocyte donation should remain unremunerated and anonymous. CONCLUSIONS: None of the donors we interviewed regretted their donation. In France, the current principles governing this donation appear satisfactory to oocyte donors.

[Current conditions of gamete donation in France]. / Conditions actuelles du don de gamètes en France.

The current conditions of gamete donation in france. Law of bioethics and assisted reproductive technology legislation control gamete donation in France. Candidates for the gamete donation are still too few to date, not allowing to meet the needs of couples receiving gametes on French territory. This shortage leads to significant waiting times for these couples. The information provided to the candidates of gamete donation (oocytes and spermatozoa) is channeled through general practitioners as foreseen by the law. A good knowledge of recruitment rules for candidates and of the attribution conditions of the gamete donations allows the practitioners to disseminate the information and to support the recruitment of new candidates.

Conditions actuelles du don de gamètes en France. Le don de gamètes en France est réglementé par la loi de bioéthique ainsi que par le guide de bonne pratique en assistance médicale à la procréation. Les candidats au don de gamètes sont à ce jour encore trop peu nombreux, ne permettant pas de répondre aux besoins des couples receveurs de don de gamètes sur le territoire français. Cette pénurie entraîne des délais d'attente importants pour ces couples. L'information des candidats au don de gamètes (ovocytes et spermatozoïdes) passe par les médecins traitants comme le prévoit la loi. Une bonne connaissance des règles de sélection des candidats ainsi que des conditions d'attribution des dons de gamètes permet aux praticiens de diffuser l'information et d'aider au recrutement de nouveaux candidats.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytes down-regulate microglial MMP-2 secretion in CNS tuberculosis via TNFα, NFκB, p38 and caspase 8 dependent pathways.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a deadly disease characterized by extensive tissue destruction, driven by molecules such as Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) which targets CNS-specific substrates. In a simplified cellular model of CNS TB, we demonstrated that conditioned medium from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected primary human monocytes (CoMTb), but not direct infection, unexpectedly down-regulates constitutive microglial MMP-2 gene expression and secretion by 72.8% at 24 hours, sustained up to 96 hours (P < 0.01), dependent upon TNF-α. In human CNS TB brain biopsies but not controls the p38 pathway was activated in microglia/macrophages. Inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase pathway resulted in a 228% increase in MMP-2 secretion (P < 0.01). In contrast ERK MAP kinase inhibition further decreased MMP-2 secretion by 76.6% (P < 0.05). Inhibition of the NFκB pathway resulted in 301% higher MMP-2 secretion than CoMTb alone (P < 0.01). Caspase 8 restored MMP-2 secretion to basal levels. However, this caspase-dependent regulation of MMP-2 was independent of p38 and NFκB pathways; p38 phosphorylation was increased and p50/p65 NFκB nuclear trafficking unaffected by caspase 8 inhibition. In summary, suppression of microglial MMP-2 secretion by M.tb-infected monocyte-dependent networks paradoxically involves the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, p38 MAP kinase and NFκB in addition to a novel caspase 8-dependent pathway.