Corrigendum: Coexpression of HHLA2 and PD-L1 on tumor cells independently predicts the survival of spinal chordoma patients.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797407.].

Coexpression of HHLA2 and PD-L1 on Tumor Cells Independently Predicts the Survival of Spinal Chordoma Patients.

Background: Immunotherapy only achieves efficacy in some cancer patients, and less is known about other immune checkpoint molecules in chordoma. Here, we aimed to determine the expression of PD-L1, HHLA2, B7H3, IDO-1 and Galectin-9 in spinal chordoma and evaluated their association with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients. Methods: Using multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), we simultaneously measured the levels of five different immune checkpoint molecules and major TIL subsets in 92 human spinal chordoma samples. Results: Tumor HHLA2 and PD-L1 were positive in 80.0% and 86.0% of cases, respectively. However, B7H3, IDO-1 and Galectin-9 positivity on tumor cells were only seen in 21.0% of cases, despite all showing predominantly stromal expression. Coexpression of these QIF markers in the tumor compartment was scarcely detected except for PD-L1 and HHLA2, which was observed in 69.6% of cases. While tumoral HHLA2 and stromal B7H3 expressions were associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype, suppressive immune response (specifically including elevated PD-1+ TILs level and decreased CD8+ TIL density) and poor prognosis, stromal levels of PD-L1 and Galectin-9 predicted the opposite outcomes. Importantly, HHLA2 and PD-L1 coexpression on tumor cells independently predicted both worse local recurrence-free survival and overall survival. Conclusion: These data provide a better understanding of the immunosuppressive mechanism in chordoma and may be useful for the development of combination or novel immunotherapy approaches aiming to improve therapeutic efficacy and survival.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes after exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications are used by increasing numbers of reproductive-age women. The safety of these medications during pregnancy has not been well described. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify potential studies for inclusion. RESULTS: Eight cohort studies that estimated adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes associated with exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy were included. Exposure to ADHD medication was associated with an increased risk of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission compared with no exposure at any time (risk ratio (RR) 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-2.08) and compared with women with exposure either before or after pregnancy (RR 1.38; 95% CI, 1.23-1.54; P < 0.001). Exposure to methylphenidate (MPH) was marginally associated with an increased risk for cardiac malformation (RR 1.27; 95% CI, 0.99-1.63; P = 0.065) compared with no exposure. However, exposure to ADHD medication was not associated with an increased risk for other adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. This analysis was limited by the small number of studies included and the limited adjustments for the possible confounders in the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to ADHD medication during pregnancy does not appear to be associated with adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. Given the few studies included, further larger, prospective studies that control for important confounders are needed to verify our findings.

Analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a normalized cDNA library and isolation of EST simple sequence repeats from the invasive cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis.

The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, is a serious and invasive pest. At present, genetic resources for studying P. solenopsis are limited, and this negatively affects genetic research on the organism and, consequently, translational work to improve management of this pest. In the present study, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were analyzed from a normalized complementary DNA library of P. solenopsis. In addition, EST-derived microsatellite loci (also known as simple sequence repeats or SSRs) were isolated and characterized. A total of 1107 high-quality ESTs were acquired from the library. Clustering and assembly analysis resulted in 785 unigenes, which were classified functionally into 23 categories according to the Gene Ontology database. Seven EST-based SSR markers were developed in this study and are expected to be useful in characterizing how this invasive species was introduced, as well as providing insights into its genetic microevolution.

Rapid spread of a recently introduced virus (tomato yellow leaf curl virus) and its vector Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Liaoning Province, China.

In Liaoning Province, China, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was first detected in 2009 and in only four counties. To quantify the spread of TYLCV and to identify potential factors influencing its spread in Liaoning Province, we assayed for TYLCV within 1,055 whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) complex) from 74 populations and 29 counties in 2011. The B. tabaci species of these individuals was determined based on molecular markers. TYLCV was found in 13 counties (Donggang, Liaoyang, Kazuo, Lingyuan, Heishan, Liaozhong, Kaiyuan, Taian, Dawa, Dashiqiao, Beizhen, Linghai, and Xingcheng) and was most frequently detected in the central plain. In addition, the percentage of whiteflies with TYLCV was significantly higher in B. tabaci Q than in B. tabaci B but was unrelated to the hosts (pepper, eggplant, tomato, cucumber, and kidney bean) on which the whiteflies had been collected. These results demonstrate that TYLCV has spread rapidly in Liaoning Province since its first detection and suggest that its spread is more closely associated with the introduction of B. tabaci Q than with the species of host plant. These findings also indicate that controls are now needed to reduce the further spread of TYLCV and that these controls should include the management of B. tabaci Q populations.

Airway management in pediatric patients undergoing suspension laryngoscopic surgery for severe laryngeal obstruction caused by papillomatosis.

OBJECTIVES: To review perioperative airway management and ventilation strategy during the surgical removal of papilloma under suspension laryngoscopy in pediatric patients with severe airway obstruction. METHODS: Seventy pediatric patients with degree III and IV laryngeal obstruction who underwent suspension laryngoscopy to remove laryngeal papillomatosis, between July 2005 and March 2009, were included in the study. All patients were intubated initially to secure the airway. Controlled ventilation through an endotracheal (ET) tube was used during the papilloma debulking near the glottis vera. Spontaneous ventilation or apneic technique was adopted based on the stage of the surgical procedure and the location of the remaining tumor. Hemodynamic parameters, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), and CO(2) were closely monitored, and adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: The duration of the surgical operation and the duration of the extubation period were 5-35 min and 5-20 min, respectively. Thirty cases with degree III and twenty cases with degree IV laryngeal obstruction received inhalation induction. Sixteen cases with degree III laryngeal obstruction were given an intravenous induction. Four patients admitted with a comatose status were emergently intubated without any anesthetics. The ET tube size was determined by assessing the opening through the tumor mass or glottic aperture under direct laryngoscopy. SpO(2) was maintained above 97% after the airway was secured and sufficient ventilation established. Controlled ventilation was used in all children during the bulk removal of tumor. Spontaneous respiration and apneic technique were adopted for the removal of the remaining tumor in the hypolarynx or trachea in 16 and 28 cases, respectively. Three patients had to be re-intubated postoperatively because of persistent desaturation or laryngospasm. CONCLUSION: Key points of perioperative airway management in pediatric patients with papillomatosis-induced severe laryngeal obstruction include careful preoperative airway evaluation; the proper choice of induction methods, and ET tube size; maintenance of an adequate depth of anesthesia; and flexible ventilation strategy, continuous and close monitoring during the extubation and postextubation period; and prompt management of adverse events.

[Wolbachia endosymbionts and their effects on the fitness of the arthropod hosts].

Wolbachia are common and maternally inherited bacteria found in reproductive tissue of a wide range of arthropod species. A tremendous amount of progress on their manipulating reproduction of their host has been made over the past 30 years. Recent surveys have found that they could effect the fitness of their hosts. The recent advances on Wolbachia distribution, locality and their effects on the fitness of hosts are reviewed, and the significance and potential implications of the fields are discussed.