Synthesis of (-)-Cannabidiol (CBD), (-)-Δ9- and (-)-Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinols, Encapsulation of CBD with Nanoparticles for Controlled Delivery and Biological Evaluation.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is garnering increasing interest due to its significant biological activity. This natural compound is one of the major cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. In this work, we describe the encapsulation of CBD in solid and hollow pH-sensitive poly(4-vinylpyridine) (solid@p4VP and hollow@p4VP) nanoparticles, and temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (solid@pNIPAM and hollow@pNIPAM) nanoparticles for transport and release CBD in a controlled manner. The CBD loading into these smart polymeric systems was effective and their release profiles, solubility and resistance to stomach and intestinal conditions were evaluated, showing satisfactory properties and improved bioavailability with respect to free CBD. Finally, the A549 human lung cancer cell line was used as lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cellular model to carry out preliminary assays of the in vitro activity of the vehiculized CBD. For all these studies, synthetic CBD was employed, for which a new efficient and scalable synthesis of cannabinoids has been developed.

Magnetic Nanoparticles with On-Site Azide and Alkyne Functionalized Polymer Coating in a Single Step through a Solvothermal Process.

Background/Objectives: Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) are becoming more important every day. We prepared MNPs in a simple one-step reaction by following the solvothermal method, assisted by azide and alkyne functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG400) polymers, as well as by PEG6000 and the polyol ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD), which played a crucial role as electrostatic stabilizers, providing polymeric/polyol coatings around the magnetic cores. Methods: The composition, morphology, and magnetic properties of the nanospheres were analyzed using Transmission Electron and Atomic Force Microscopies (TEM, AFM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray Diffraction Diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). Results: The obtained nanoparticles (@Fe3O4-PEGs and @Fe3O4-ßCD) showed diameters between 90 and 250 nm, depending on the polymer used and the Fe3O4·6H2O precursor concentration, typically, 0.13 M at 200 °C and 24 h of reaction. MNPs exhibited superparamagnetism with high saturation mass magnetization at room temperature, reaching values of 59.9 emu/g (@Fe3O4-PEG6000), and no ferromagnetism. Likewise, they showed temperature elevation after applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF), obtaining Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values of up to 51.87 ± 2.23 W/g for @Fe3O4-PEG6000. Additionally, the formed systems are susceptible to click chemistry, as was demonstrated in the case of the cannabidiol-propargyl derivative (CBD-Pro), which was synthesized and covalently attached to the azide functionalized surface of @Fe3O4-PEG400-N3. Prepared MNPs are highly dispersible in water, PBS, and citrate buffer, remaining in suspension for over 2 weeks, and non-toxic in the T84 human colon cancer cell line, Conclusions: indicating that they are ideal candidates for biomedical applications.

Evaluation of cytotoxic effect of siphonochilone from African ginger: an in vitro analysis.

Plants provide a wide array of compounds that can be explored for potential anticancer properties. Siphonochilone, a furanoterpene that represents one of the main components of the African plant Siphonochilus aethiopicus, shows numerous health benefits. However, to date, its antiproliferative properties have not been tested. The aim of this study was to analyze the cytotoxic effects of siphonochilone on a panel of cancer cell lines and its underlying mechanism of action. Our results demonstrated that siphonochilone exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on pancreatic, breast, lung, colon, and liver cancer cell lines showing a IC50 ranging from 22 to 124 µM at 72 h of treatment and highlighting its cytotoxic effect against MCF7 and PANC1 breast and pancreas cancer cell lines (22.03 and 39.03 µM, respectively). Cell death in these tumor lines was mediated by apoptosis by the mitochondrial pathway, as evidenced by siphonochilone-induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, siphonochilone treatment involves the generation of reactive oxygen species that may contribute to apoptosis induction. In this work, we described for the first time the cytotoxic properties of siphonochilone and provided data about the molecular processes of cell death. Although future studies will be necessary, our results support the interest in this molecule in relation to their clinical application in cancer, and especially in breast and pancreatic cancer.

Isolation and Antitumoral Effect of a New Siphonochilone Derivative from African Ginger.

A new eusdesmane sesquiterpenoid, characterized as 3,5,8a-trimethyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-5-yl acetate (1), has been isolated from the rhizomes of the South African variety of wild ginger (Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf) B. L. Burtt). The compound was obtained by silica gel column chromatography. Its structure was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass-spectrometric (MS) analyses, including 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HR-LCMS. We also investigated the cytotoxic effect of 1 on a panel of cancer cell lines, human breast, pancreas, lung, colon, and central nervous system cancer lines. The data are not encouraging since its antitumor effect is poor. Nonetheless, the discovery of new molecules may provide a source of new compounds with important biological effects applicable to the field of medicine.

n-Tuples on Scaffold Diversity Inspired by Drug Hybridisation to Enhance Drugability: Application to Cytarabine.

A mathematical concept, n-tuples are originally applied to medicinal chemistry, especially with the creation of scaffold diversity inspired by the hybridisation of different commercial drugs with cytarabine, a synthetic arabinonucleoside derived from two marine natural products, spongouridine and spongothymidine. The new methodology explores the virtual chemical-factorial combination of different commercial drugs (immunosuppressant, antibiotic, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer) with the anticancer drug cytarabine. Real chemical combinations were designed and synthesised for 8-duples, obtaining a small representative library of interesting organic molecules to be biologically tested as proof of concept. The synthesised library contains classical molecular properties regarding the Lipinski rules and/or beyond rules of five (bRo5) and is represented by the covalent combination of the anticancer drug cytarabine with ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, folic acid, sulfasalazine, ciprofloxacin, bortezomib, and methotrexate. The insertion of specific nomenclature could be implemented into artificial intelligence algorithms in order to enhance the efficiency of drug-hunting programs. The novel methodology has proven useful for the straightforward synthesis of most of the theoretically proposed duples and, in principle, could be extended to any other central drug.

Improved antitumor activity through a tyramidyl maslinic acid derivative. Design and validation as drug-loaded electrospun polymeric nanofibers.

Among the most harmful tumors detected in the human body, such as breast, colon, brain or pancreas, breast (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are the first and third most frequent cancer worldwide, respectively. The current existing chemotherapeutic treatments present serious side effects due to their intravenous administration can induce cytotoxicity in healthy cells. Thus, new treatment methods based on drug-loaded polymeric nanofibers (NFs) have gained significant potential for their use in localized cancer chemotherapy. Here, a deep in vitro comparative analysis between maslinic acid (MA) and a tyramine-maslinic acid (TMA) derivative is initially performed. This analysis includes a proliferation, and a cell cycle assay, and a genotoxicity, antiangiogenic and apoptosis study. Then, the TMA derivative has been incorporated into electrospun polymeric NFs obtaining an implantable dressing material with antitumor activity. Two types of patches containing TMA-loaded polymeric NFs of poly(caprolactone) (PCL), and a mixture of polylactic acid/poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PLA/PVP) were fabricated by the electrospinning technique. The characterization of the drug-loaded NFs showed an encapsulation capacity of 0.027 mg TMA/mg PCL and 0.024 mg TMA/mg PLA/PVP. Then, the cytotoxic activity of both polymeric systems was tested in CRC (T84), BC (MCF-7) and a no tumor (L929) cell lines exposed to TMA-loaded NFs and blank NFs for 48 h. Moreover, cell cycle assay, genotoxicity, angiogenesis and apoptosis tests were carried out to study the mechanism of action of TMA. Blank NFs showed no-toxicity in all cell lines tested and both drug-loaded NFs significantly reduced cell proliferation (relative proliferation of ≈44 % and ≈25 % respectively). Therefore, TMA was less genotoxic than maslinic acid (MA), and reduced VEGFA expression in MCF-7 cells (1.32 and 2.12-fold for MA and TMA respectively). These results showed that TMA-loaded NFs could constitute a promising biocompatible and biodegradable nanoplatform for the local treatment of solid tumors such as CRC or BC.

Isolation of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Macroalgae and a Marine Lichen by High-Performance Countercurrent Chromatography: A Strategy to Obtain Biological UV-Filters.

Marine organisms have gained considerable biotechnological interest in recent years due to their wide variety of bioactive compounds with potential applications. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing secondary metabolites with antioxidant and photoprotective capacity, mainly found in organisms living under stress conditions (e.g., cyanobacteria, red algae, or lichens). In this work, five MAAs were isolated from two red macroalgae (Pyropia columbina and Gelidium corneum) and one marine lichen (Lichina pygmaea) by high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC). The selected biphasic solvent system consisted of ethanol, acetonitrile, saturated ammonium sulphate solution, and water (1:1:0.5:1; v:v:v:v). The HPCCC process for P. columbina and G. corneum consisted of eight separation cycles (1 g and 200 mg of extract per cycle, respectively), whereas three cycles were performed for of L. pygmaea (1.2 g extract per cycle). The separation process resulted in fractions enriched with palythine (2.3 mg), asterina-330 (3.3 mg), shinorine (14.8 mg), porphyra-334 (203.5 mg) and mycosporine-serinol (46.6 mg), which were subsequently desalted by using precipitation with methanol and permeation on a Sephadex G-10 column. Target molecules were identified by HPLC, MS, and NMR.

Diastereoselective C-alkylation of aldimines, derived from chiral α-carbon heteroatom-substituted aldehydes, with triethylborane. Application to the synthesis of benzylisoquinolines.

The one-pot reaction of a chiral aldehyde, p-methoxyaniline or p-fluoroaniline, and triethylborane produces the corresponding alkylated chiral amine with high yields and diastereoisomeric ratios. Stereocontrol is induced by the presence of a heteroatom in the α-position to the aldehyde. In the case of alkylation of imines derived from chiral aliphatic amines, good yields and moderate to high diastereoselectivity are obtained: yields are significantly better when the preformed imine is used in the reaction with triethyl borane, and diastereoselectivity of the reactions largely depends on the structure of the chiral aliphatic amine. The methodology is successfully applied to the synthesis of romneine, a natural benzylisoquinoline.