A case of recurrent erythema induratum of Bazin in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome.

We describe a case of erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) that presented recurrently on the extremities during treatment with anti-tuberculosis medications. The anti-tuberculosis medications were effective, so they were continued despite the occurrence of the EIB lesions, and those lesions disappeared 5 months after first appearing. EIB is currently considered a multifactorial disorder with many different causes, with tuberculosis being an example, and it is thought to be a hypersensitive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The clinical manifestations may fluctuate depending on the immune response of the host. Our patient was affected with myelodysplastic syndrome, and we believe that this was a major factor that interfered with a normal immune response. This case illustrates the importance of providing intensive anti-tuberculosis treatment from the start, and in cases where EIB co-presents, to continue this treatment until the end, in order to prevent relapse.

Generalized Verrucosis on a Background of 3C Syndrome Treated With Subcutaneous IgG Supplementation.

This case report describes a man in his 20s with 3C/Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome who presented to the dermatology department after developing multiple skin lesions.

Targeting IL-36 in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are members of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines. IL-36 cytokines are composed of three agonists (IL-36α, IL-36ß, and IL-36γ) and two antagonists (IL-36 receptor antagonist [IL36Ra] and IL-38). These work in innate and acquired immunity and are known to contribute to host defense and to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. In the skin, IL-36α and IL-36γ are mainly expressed by keratinocytes in the epidermis, although they are also produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and dermal fibroblasts. IL-36 cytokines participate in the first-line defense of the skin against various exogenous assaults. IL-36 cytokines play significant roles in the host defense system and in the regulation of inflammatory pathways in the skin, collaborating with other cytokines/chemokines and immune-related molecules. Thus, numerous studies have shown IL-36 cytokines to play important roles in the pathogenesis of various skin diseases. In this context, the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of anti-IL-36 agents such as spesolimab and imsidolimab have been evaluated in patients with generalized pustular psoriasis, palmoplantar pustulosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne/acneiform eruptions, ichthyoses, and atopic dermatitis. This article comprehensively summarizes the roles played by IL-36 cytokines in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of various skin diseases and summarizes the current state of research on therapeutic agents that target IL-36 cytokine pathways.

Multiple diagnostic examinations are effective for the early diagnosis of scrofuloderma.

Although scrofuloderma is the most common subtype of cutaneous tuberculosis, its diagnosis is often delayed. In this case, ciprofloxacin was first administered as only Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected by initial culture tests. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is usually susceptible to quinolone antibiotics, hence the partial improvement in inflammatory symptoms and subsequent delay in diagnosis. Our case serves as a reminder that we should always be aware of the possibility of cutaneous tuberculosis being the cause of an abscess, especially when the abscess is not completely resolved by antibiotics. Moreover, our case reminds us that it is necessary to conduct repeated culture tests, rather than relying purely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, given that cases of PCR-negative acid-fast bacilli (AFB) culture-positive scrofuloderma have been reported. Fine needle aspiration is a less invasive and useful way to collect culture samples.