Resveratrol Protects against Skin Inflammation through Inhibition of Mast Cell, Sphingosine Kinase-1, Stat3 and NF-κB p65 Signaling Activation in Mice.

Inflammation is pathogenic to skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD) and eczema. Treatment for AD remains mostly symptomatic with newer but costly options, tainted with adverse side effects. There is an unmet need for safe therapeutic and preventative strategies for AD. Resveratrol (R) is a natural compound known for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, animal and human R studies have yielded contrasting results. Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune skin-resident cells that initiate the development of inflammation and progression to overt disease. R's effects on MCs are also controversial. Using a human-like mouse model of AD development consisting of a single topical application of antigen ovalbumin (O) for 7 days, we previously established that the activation of MCs by a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) initiated substantial skin remodeling compared to controls. Here, we show that daily R application normalized O-mediated epidermal thickening, ameliorated cell infiltration, and inhibited skin MC activation and chemokine expression. We unraveled R's multiple mechanisms of action, including decreased activation of the S1P-producing enzyme, sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), and of transcription factors Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) and NF-κBp65, involved in chemokine production. Thus, R may be poised for protection against MC-driven pathogenic skin inflammation.

Skin Mast Cell-Driven Ceramides Drive Early Apoptosis in Pre-Symptomatic Eczema in Mice.

Atopic dermatitis (AD or eczema) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder worldwide. Ceramides (Cer) maintain skin barrier functions, which are disrupted in lesional skin of AD patients. However, Cer status during the pre-lesional phase of AD is not well defined. Using a variation of human AD-like preclinical model consisting of a 7-day topical exposure to ovalbumin (OVA), or control, we observed elevation of Cer C16 and C24. Skin mRNA quantification of enzymes involved in Cer metabolism [Cer synthases (CerS) and ceramidases (Asah1/Asah2)], which revealed augmented CerS 4, 5 and 6 and Asah1. Given the overall pro-apoptotic nature of Cer, local apoptosis was assessed, then quantified using novel morphometric measurements of cleaved caspase (Casp)-3-restricted immunofluorescence signal in skin samples. Apoptosis was induced in response to OVA. Because apoptosis may occur downstream of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we measured markers of ER stress-induced apoptosis and found elevated skin-associated CHOP protein upon OVA treatment. We previously substantiated the importance of mast cells (MC) in initiating early skin inflammation. OVA-induced Cer increase and local apoptosis were prevented in MC-deficient mice; however, they were restored following MC reconstitution. We propose that the MC/Cer axis is an essential pathogenic feature of pre-lesional AD, whose targeting may prevent disease development.

The mast cell/S1P axis is not linked to pre-lesional male skin remodeling in a mouse model of eczema.

Atopic dermatitis (AD, eczema) is an inflammatory skin condition whose histopathology involves remodeling. Few preclinical AD studies are performed using male mice. The histopathological mechanisms underlying AD development were investigated here in male mice at a pre-lesional stage using a human AD-like mouse model. Hypodermal cellular infiltration without thickening of skin layers was observed after one epicutaneous exposure to antigen ovalbumin (OVA), compared to controls. In contrast to our previous report using female mice, OVA treatment did not activate skin mast cells (MC) or elevate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels while increasing systemic but not local levels of CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5 chemokines. In contrast to the pathogenic AD mechanisms we recently uncovered in female, S1P-mediated skin MC activation with subsequent local chemokine production is not observed in male mice, supporting sex differences in pre-lesional stages of AD. We are proposing that differential involvement of the MC/S1P axis in early pathogenic skin changes contributes to the well documented yet still incompletely understood sex-dimorphic susceptibility to AD in humans.

Functional Tissue Engineering: A Prevascularized Cardiac Muscle Construct for Validating Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Engraftment Potential In Vitro.

The influence of somatic stem cells in the stimulation of mammalian cardiac muscle regeneration is still in its early stages, and so far, it has been difficult to determine the efficacy of the procedures that have been employed. The outstanding question remains whether stem cells derived from the bone marrow or some other location within or outside of the heart can populate a region of myocardial damage and transform into tissue-specific differentiated progenies, and also exhibit functional synchronization. Consequently, this necessitates the development of an appropriate in vitro three-dimensional (3D) model of cardiomyogenesis and prompts the development of a 3D cardiac muscle construct for tissue engineering purposes, especially using the somatic stem cell, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). To this end, we have created an in vitro 3D functional prevascularized cardiac muscle construct using embryonic cardiac myocytes (eCMs) and hMSCs. First, to generate the prevascularized scaffold, human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs) and hMSCs were cocultured onto a 3D collagen cell carrier (CCC) for 7 days under vasculogenic culture conditions; hCMVECs/hMSCs underwent maturation, differentiation, and morphogenesis characteristic of microvessels, and formed dense vascular networks. Next, the eCMs and hMSCs were cocultured onto this generated prevascularized CCCs for further 7 or 14 days in myogenic culture conditions. Finally, the vascular and cardiac phenotypic inductions were characterized at the morphological, immunological, biochemical, molecular, and functional levels. Expression and functional analyses of the differentiated progenies revealed neo-cardiomyogenesis and neo-vasculogenesis. In this milieu, for instance, not only were hMSCs able to couple electromechanically with developing eCMs but were also able to contribute to the developing vasculature as mural cells, respectively. Hence, our unique 3D coculture system provides us a reproducible and quintessential in vitro 3D model of cardiomyogenesis and a functioning prevascularized 3D cardiac graft that can be utilized for personalized medicine.

A Novel Human Tissue-Engineered 3-D Functional Vascularized Cardiac Muscle Construct.

Organ tissue engineering, including cardiovascular tissues, has been an area of intense investigation. The major challenge to these approaches has been the inability to vascularize and perfuse the in vitro engineered tissue constructs. Attempts to provide oxygen and nutrients to the cells contained in the biomaterial constructs have had varying degrees of success. The aim of this current study is to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) model of vascularized cardiac tissue to examine the concurrent temporal and spatial regulation of cardiomyogenesis in the context of postnatal de novo vasculogenesis during stem cell cardiac regeneration. In order to achieve the above aim, we have developed an in vitro 3-D functional vascularized cardiac muscle construct using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived embryonic cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-ECMs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). First, to generate the prevascularized scaffold, human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs) and hMSCs were co-cultured onto a 3-D collagen cell carrier (CCC) for 7 days under vasculogenic culture conditions. In this milieu, hCMVECs/hMSCs underwent maturation, differentiation, and morphogenesis characteristic of microvessels, and formed extensive plexuses of vascular networks. Next, the hiPSC-ECMs and hMSCs were co-cultured onto this generated prevascularized CCCs for further 7 or 14 days in myogenic culture conditions. Finally, the vascular and cardiac phenotypic inductions were analyzed at the morphological, immunological, biochemical, molecular, and functional levels. Expression and functional analyses of the differentiated cells revealed neo-angiogenesis and neo-cardiomyogenesis. Thus, our unique 3-D co-culture system provided us the apt in vitro functional vascularized 3-D cardiac patch that can be utilized for cellular cardiomyoplasty.

Nitric Oxide Modulates Postnatal Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free-radical gas molecule, which is highly diffusible and can activate a wide range of downstream effectors, with rapid and widespread cellular effects. NO is a versatile signaling mediator with a plethora of cellular functions. For example, NO has been shown to regulate actin, the microfilament, dependent cellular functions, and also acts as a putative stem cell differentiation-inducing agent. In this study, using a wound-healing model of cellular migration, we have explored the effect of exogenous NO on the kinetics of movement and morphological changes in postnatal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cellular migration kinetics and morphological changes of the migrating MSCs were measured in the presence of an NO donor (S-Nitroso-N-Acetyl-D,L-Penicillamine, SNAP), especially, to track the dynamics of single-cell responses. Two experimental conditions were assessed, in which SNAP (200 µM) was applied to the MSCs. In the first experimental group (SN-1), SNAP was applied immediately following wound formation, and migration kinetics were determined for 24 h. In the second experimental group (SN-2), MSCs were pretreated for 7 days with SNAP prior to wound formation and the determination of migration kinetics. The generated displacement curves were further analyzed by non-linear regression analysis. The migration displacement of the controls and NO treated MSCs (SN-1 and SN-2) was best described by a two parameter exponential functions expressing difference constant coefficients. Additionally, changes in the fractal dimension (D) of migrating MSCs were correlated with their displacement kinetics for all the three groups. Overall, these data suggest that NO may evidently function as a stop migration signal by disordering the cytoskeletal elements required for cell movement and proliferation of MSCs.

Left-right analysis of mammary gland development in retinoid X receptor-α+/- mice.

Left-right (L-R) differences in mammographic parenchymal patterns are an early predictor of breast cancer risk; however, the basis for this asymmetry is unknown. Here, we use retinoid X receptor alpha heterozygous null (RXRα+/-) mice to propose a developmental origin: perturbation of coordinated anterior-posterior (A-P) and L-R axial body patterning. We hypothesized that by analogy to somitogenesis-in which retinoic acid (RA) attenuation causes anterior somite pairs to develop L-R asynchronously-that RA pathway perturbation would likewise result in asymmetric mammary development. To test this, mammary glands of RXRα+/- mice were quantitatively assessed to compare left- versus right-side ductal epithelial networks. Unlike wild-type controls, half of the RXRα+/- thoracic mammary gland (TMG) pairs exhibited significant L-R asymmetry, with left-side reduction in network size. In RXRα+/- TMGs in which symmetry was maintained, networks had bilaterally increased size, with left networks showing greater variability in area and pattern. Reminiscent of posterior somites, whose bilateral symmetry is refractory to RA attenuation, inguinal mammary glands (IMGs) also had bilaterally increased network size, but no loss of symmetry. Together, these results demonstrate that mammary glands exhibit differential A-P sensitivity to RXRα heterozygosity, with ductal network symmetry markedly compromised in anterior but not posterior glands. As TMGs more closely model human breast development than IMGs, these findings raise the possibility that for some women, breast cancer risk may initiate with subtle axial patterning defects that result in L-R asymmetric growth and pattern of the mammary ductal epithelium.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.

A New Image Analysis Method Based on Morphometric and Fractal Parameters for Rapid Evaluation of In Situ Mammalian Mast Cell Status.

Apart from their effector functions in allergic disorders, tissue-resident mast cells (MC) are gaining recognition as initiators of inflammatory events through their distinctive ability to secrete many bioactive molecules harbored in cytoplasmic granules. Activation triggers mediator release through a regulated exocytosis named degranulation. MC activation is still substantiated by measuring systemic levels of MC-restricted mediators. However, identifying the anatomical location of MC activation is valuable for disease diagnosis. We designed a computer-assisted morphometric method based on image analysis of methylene blue (MB)-stained normal mouse skin tissue sections that quantitates actual in situ MC activation status. We reasoned MC cytoplasm could be viewed as an object featuring unique relative mass values based on activation status. Integrated optical density and area (A) ratios were significantly different between intact and degranulated MC (p<0.001). The examination of fractal characteristics is of translational diagnostic/prognostic value in cancer and readily applied to quantify cytoskeleton morphology and vasculature. Fractal dimension (D), a measure of their comparative space filling capacity and structural density, also differed significantly between intact and degranulated MC (p<0.001). Morphometric analysis provides a reliable and reproducible method for in situ quantification of MC activation status.

Applying fractal dimension and image analysis to quantify fibrotic collagen deposition and organization in the normal and hypertensive heart.

Hearts of mice with reduction of function mutation in STAT3 (SA/SA) develop fibrotic collagen foci and reduced systolic function with hypertension. This model was used to determine if fractal dimension and image analysis can provide a quantitative description of myocardial fibrosis using routinely prepared trichome-stained material. Collagen was characterized by relative density [integrated optical density/area (IOD/A)] and fractal dimension (D), an index of complexity. IOD/A of collagen in wild type mice increased with hypertension while D decreased, suggesting tighter collagen packing that could eventually stiffen the myocardium as in diastolic heart failure. Reduced STAT3 function caused modest collagen fibrosis with increased IOD/A and D, indicating more tightly packed, but more disorganized collagen than normotensive and hypertensive controls. Hypertension in SA/SA mice resulted in large regions where myocytes were lost and replaced by fibrotic collagen characterized by decreased density and increased disorder. This indicates that collagen associated with reparative fibrosis in SA/SA hearts experiencing hypertension was highly disorganized and more space filling. Loss of myocytes and their replacement by disordered collagen fibers may further weaken the myocardium leading to systolic heart failure. Our findings highlight the utility of image analysis in revealing importance of a cellular protein for normal and reparative extracellular matrix deposition.

Morphometric and fractal dimension analysis identifies early neoplastic changes in mammary epithelium of MMTV-cNeu mice.

Fractal dimension has emerged as a clinically useful tool in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine if fractal dimension can be applied for the analysis of a pre-clinical breast cancer mouse model, MMTV-cNeu. Using fractal dimension in conjunction with conventional morphometric measurements, the ductal epithelial networks of pubertal-stage MMTV-cNeu mice were quantitatively compared with those of wild-type mice. Significant alterations in ductal epithelial network growth and organization were detected during early neoplasia in MMTV-cNeu mice. Moreover, the left-side networks were significantly more affected relative to their wild-type counterparts than were the right-side networks, a finding that is consistent with elevated left-side tumor incidence reported for breast cancer patients. Taken together these results demonstrate that combined fractal dimension and morphometric analysis is an objective and sensitive approach to quantitatively identify ductal epithelial aberrancies that precede overt mammary carcinoma formation.

Role of STAT3 in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling revealed by mice lacking STAT3 serine 727 phosphorylation.

STAT3 is involved in protection of the heart provided by ischemic preconditioning. However, the role of this transcription factor in the heart in chronic stresses such as hypertension has not been defined. We assessed whether STAT3 is important in hypertension-induced cardiac remodeling using mice with reduced STAT3 activity due to a S727A mutation (SA/SA). Wild type (WT) and SA/SA mice received angiotensin (ANG) II or saline for 17 days. ANG II increased mean arterial and systolic pressure in SA/SA and WT mice, but cardiac levels of cytokines associated with heart failure were increased less in SA/SA mice. Unlike WT mice, hearts of SA/SA mice showed signs of developing systolic dysfunction as evidenced by reduction in ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In the left ventricle of both WT and SA/SA mice, ANG II induced fibrosis. However, fibrosis in SA/SA mice appeared more extensive and was associated with loss of myocytes. Cardiac hypertrophy as indexed by heart to body weight ratio and left ventricular anterior wall dimension during diastole was greater in WT mice. In WT+ANG II mice there was an increase in the mass of individual myofibrils. In contrast, cardiac myocytes of SA/SA+ANG II mice showed a loss in myofibrils and myofibrillar mass density was decreased during ANG II infusion. Our findings reveal that STAT3 transcriptional activity is important for normal cardiac myocyte myofibril morphology. Loss of STAT3 may impair cardiac function in the hypertensive heart due to defective myofibrillar structure and remodeling that may lead to heart failure.

c-Myc is required for proper coronary vascular formation via cell- and gene-specific signaling.

OBJECTIVE: Although significant research has detailed angiogenesis during development and cancer, little is known about cardiac angiogenesis, yet it is critical for survival following pathological insult. The transcription factor c-Myc is a target of anticancer therapies because of its mitogenic and proangiogenic induction. In the current study, we investigate its role in cardiac angiogenesis in a cell-dependent and gene-specific context. METHODS AND RESULTS: Angiogenesis assays using c-Myc-deficient cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts demonstrate that c-Myc is essential to vessel formation, and fibroblast-mediated vessel formation is dependent on c-Myc expression in fibroblasts. Gene analyses revealed that c-Myc-mediated gene expression is unique in cardiac angiogenesis and varies in a cell-dependent manner. In vitro 3-dimensional cultures demonstrated c-Myc's role in the expression of secreted angiogenic factors, while also providing evidence for c-Myc-mediated cell-cell interactions. Additional in vivo vascular analyses support c-Myc's critical role in capillary formation and vessel patterning during development and also in response to a pathological stimulus where its expression in myocytes is required for angiogenic remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that proper c-Myc expression in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes is essential to cardiac angiogenesis. These results have the potential for novel therapeutic applications involving the angiogenic response during cardiac remodeling.

Modulation of the migration and differentiation potential of adult bone marrow stromal stem cells by nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible free radical, which serves as a pluripotent intracellular messenger in numerous cell systems. NO has been demonstrated to regulate actin dependent cellular functions and functions as a putative inductive agent in directing stem cells differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous NO on the kinetics of movement and morphological changes in adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a wound healing model of cellular migration. Cellular migration and morphological changes were determined by measurement of changes in the area and fractal dimension of BMSCs monolayer as a function of time in the presence of an NO donor (S-Nitroso-N-Acetyl-D,L-Penicillamine, SNAP) compared to untreated BMSCs. Response of the BMSCs' actin cytoskeleton and desmin to NO was assessed by determining changes in their integrated optical density (IOD) and fractal dimension at 24 h and 7 days. NO suppressed BMSCs' migration accompanied by a reduction in cell size, with maintenance of their stellate to polygonal morphology. In response to NO, the actin cytoskeleton expressed an increase in randomness but maintained a constant amount of F-actin relative to the cell size. The presence of NO also induced an increase in randomly organized cytoplasmic desmin. These data suggest that NO has an apparent inductive effect on adult BMSCs and is capable of initiating phenotypic change at the gross cellular, cytoskeletal and molecular levels. It is apparent, however, that additional factors or conditions are required to further drive the differentiation of adult BMSCs into specific phenotypes, such as cardiomyocytes.

The mechanical coupling of adult marrow stromal stem cells during cardiac regeneration assessed in a 2-D co-culture model.

Postnatal cardiomyocytes undergo terminal differentiation and a restricted number of human cardiomyocytes retain the ability to divide and regenerate in response to ischemic injury. However, whether these neo-cardiomyocytes are derived from endogenous population of resident cardiac stem cells or from the exogenous double assurance population of resident bone marrow-derived stem cells that populate the damaged myocardium is unresolved and under intense investigation. The vital challenge is to ameliorate and/or regenerate the damaged myocardium. This can be achieved by stimulating proliferation of native quiescent cardiomyocytes and/or cardiac stem cell, or by recruiting exogenous autologous or allogeneic cells such as fetal or embryonic cardiomyocyte progenitors or bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells. The prerequisites are that these neo-cardiomyocytes must have the ability to integrate well within the native myocardium and must exhibit functional synchronization. Adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been shown to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, BMSCs may potentially play an essential role in cardiac repair and regeneration, but this concept requires further validation. In this report, we have provided compelling evidence that functioning cardiac tissue can be generated by the interaction of multipotent BMSCs with embryonic cardiac myocytes (ECMs) in two-dimensional (2-D) co-cultures. The differentiating BMSCs were induced to undergo cardiomyogenic differentiation pathway and were able to express unequivocal electromechanical coupling and functional synchronization with ECMs. Our 2-D co-culture system provides a useful in vitro model to elucidate various molecular mechanisms underpinning the integration and orderly maturation and differentiation of BMSCs into neo-cardiomyocytes during myocardial repair and regeneration.

Activation of brain endothelium by soluble aggregates of the amyloid-ß protein involves nuclear factor-κB.

Cerebrovascular accumulation of amyloid-ß protein (Aß) aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is proposed to contribute to disease progression and brain inflammation as a result of Aß-induced increases in endothelial monolayer permeability and stimulation of the endothelium for cellular adhesion and transmigration. These deficiencies facilitate the entry of serum proteins and monocyte-derived microglia into the brain. In the current study, a role for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the activation of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells by Aß is explored.Quantitative immunocytochemistry is employed to demonstrate that Aß(1-40) preparations containing isolated soluble aggregates elicit the most pronounced activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. This rapid and transient response is observed down to physiological Aß concentrations and parallels phenotypic changes in endothelial monolayers that are selectively elicited by soluble Aß(1-40) aggregates. While monomeric and fibrillar preparations of Aß(1-40) also activated NF-κB, this response was less pronounced, limited to a small cell population, and not coupled with phenotypic changes. Soluble Aß(1-40) aggregate stimulation of endothelial monolayers for adhesion and subsequent transmigration of monocytes as well as increases in permeability were abrogated by inhibition of NF-κB activation. Together, these results provide additional evidence indicating a role for soluble Aß aggregates in the activation of the cerebral microvascular endothelium and implicate the involvement of NF-κB signaling pathways in Aß stimulation of endothelial dysfunction associated with AD.

A 3-D cardiac muscle construct for exploring adult marrow stem cell based myocardial regeneration.

Adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are capable of differentiating into cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro and contribute to myocardial regeneration in vivo. Consequently, BMSCs may potentially play a vital role in cardiac repair and regeneration. However, this concept has been limited by inadequate and inconsistent differentiation of BMSCs into cardiomyocytes along with poor survival and integration of neo-cardiomyocytes after implantation into ischemic myocardium. In order to overcome these barriers and to explore adult stem cell based myocardial regeneration, we have developed an in vitro model of three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac muscle using rat ventricular embryonic cardiomyocytes (ECMs) and BMSCs. When ECMs and BMSCs were seeded sequentially onto a 3-D tubular scaffold engineered from topographically aligned type I collagen-fibers and cultured in basal medium for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days, the maturation and co-differentiation into a cardiomyocyte lineage was observed. Phenotypic induction was characterized at morphological, immunological, biochemical and molecular levels. The observed expression of transcripts coding for cardiomyocyte phenotypic markers and the immunolocalization of cardiomyogenic lineage-associated proteins revealed typical expression patterns of neo-cardiomyogenesis. At the biochemical level differentiating cells exhibited appropriate metabolic activity and at the ultrastructural level myofibrillar and sarcomeric organization were indicative of an immature phenotype. Our 3-D co-culture system sustains the ECMs in vitro continuum of differentiation process and simultaneously induces the maturation and differentiation of BMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Thus, this novel 3-D co-culture system provides a useful in vitro model to investigate the functional role and interplay of developing ECMs and BMSCs during cardiomyogenic differentiation.

Fractal and image analysis of the microvasculature in normal intestinal submucosa and intestinal polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice.

Tumors are supported by the development of a unique vascular bed. We used fractal dimension (Db) and image analysis to quantify differences in the complexity of the vasculature in normal intestinal submucosa and intestinal polyps. Apc(Min/+) mice and wild-type mice were perfused with a curable latex compound, intestines sectioned, and images collected via confocal microscopy. The images were analyzed and area (A), perimeter (P), and integrated optical density (IOD) of the normal and tumor vascular beds were measured. The Db, a quantitative descriptor of morphological complexity, was significantly greater for the polyp vasculature from Apc(Min/+) mice than controls. This indicates that the polyp microvasculature is more chaotic than that of the controls, while the IOD and average vascular density values displayed no differences. This suggests the mass of blood volume is equivalent in normal and polyp microvasculature. The lower vascular area-perimeter ratios expressed by the polyp microvasculature suggest it is composed of smaller, more tortuous vessels. These data demonstrate that fractal analysis is applicable for providing a quantitative description of vascular complexity associated with angiogenesis occurring in normal or diseased tissue. Application of Db, IOD, and average density provides a clearer quantification of the complex morphology associated with tissue microvasculature.

Differential uptake and selective permeability of fusarochromanone (FC101), a novel membrane permeable anticancer naturally fluorescent compound in tumor and normal cells.

The differential accumulation of fluorescent molecules in tumorigenic versus normal cells is a well-reported phenomenon and is the basis for photodiagnostic therapy. Through the use of confocal microscopy, the kinetic uptake and accumulation of fusarochromanone (FC101) was determined in two lines of living tumorigenic cells of mesenchymal-epithelial origin and normal fibroblast cells. Like other fluorescent cationic molecules, FC101 showed increased accumulation in tumorigenic cells; however, unlike other molecules, it appeared to be accumulated in a time-dependent manner. Also, unlike traditional fluorescent cationic molecules, FC101, a potent inhibitor of cell growth, showed preferential inhibition of tumorigenic B-16 melanoma cells and MCF7 cells derived from breast cancer adenocarcinoma when compared to normal cardiac fibroblasts. Further analysis of FC101's physicochemical properties using both experimentally obtained and simulated values revealed the likelihood of membrane permeation and oral bioavailability of the compound. These physicochemical properties of FC101 were also used to predict its intracellular localization lending credence to data observed by confocal microscopy.

The role of interleukin-6 in the formation of the coronary vasculature.

The formation and the patterning of the coronary vasculature are critical to the development and pathology of the heart. Alterations in cytokine signaling and biomechanical load can alter the vascular distribution of the vessels within the heart. Changes in the physical patterning of the vasculature can have significant impacts on the relationships of the pressure-flow network and distribution of critical growth and survival factors to the tissue. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates several biological processes, including vasculogenesis. Using both immunohistological and cardioangiographic analyses, we tested the hypothesis that IL-6-loss will result in decreased vessel density, along with changes in vascular distribution. Moreover, given the impact of vascular patterning on pressure-flow and distribution mechanics, we utilized non-Euclidean geometrical fractal analysis to quantify the changes in patterning resulting from IL-6-loss. Our analyses revealed that IL-6-loss results in a decreased capillary density and increase in intercapillary distances, but does not alter vessel size or diameter. We also observed that the IL-6-/- coronary vasculature had a marked increase in fractal dimension (D value), indicating that IL-6-loss alters vascular patterning. Characterization of IL-6-loss on coronary vasculature may lend insight into the role of IL-6 in the formation and patterning of the vascular bed.

IL-6 loss causes ventricular dysfunction, fibrosis, reduced capillary density, and dramatically alters the cell populations of the developing and adult heart.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine responsible for many different processes including the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, differentiation, and survival in various cell types and organs, including the heart. Recent studies have indicated that IL-6 is a critical component in the cell-cell communication between myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. In this study, we examined the effects of IL-6 deficiency on the cardiac cell populations, cardiac function, and interactions between the cells of the heart, specifically cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes. To examine the effects of IL-6 loss on cardiac function, we used the IL-6(-/-) mouse. IL-6 deficiency caused severe cardiac dilatation, increased accumulation of interstitial collagen, and altered expression of the adhesion protein periostin. In addition, flow cytometric analyses demonstrated dramatic alterations in the cardiac cell populations of IL-6(-/-) mice compared with wild-type littermates. We observed a marked increase in the cardiac fibroblast population in IL-6(-/-) mice, whereas a concomitant decrease was observed in the other cardiac cell populations examined. Moreover, we observed increased cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing IL-6(-/-) heart. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in the capillary density of IL-6(-/-) hearts. To elucidate the role of IL-6 in the interactions between cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes, we performed in vitro studies and demonstrated that IL-6 deficiency attenuated the activation of the STAT3 pathway and VEGF production. Taken together, these data demonstrate that a loss of IL-6 causes cardiac dysfunction by shifting the cardiac cell populations, altering the extracellular matrix, and disrupting critical cell-cell interactions.