Impaired Reverse Cholesterol Transport is Associated with Changes in Fatty Acid Profile in Children and Adolescents with Abdominal Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal obesity is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor. Plasma fatty acids display a complex network of both pro and antiatherogenic effects. High density lipoproteins (HDL) carry out the antiatherogenic pathway called reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which involves cellular cholesterol efflux (CCE), and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activities. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to characterize RCT and its relation to fatty acids present in plasma in pediatric abdominal obesity. METHODS: Seventeen children and adolescents with abdominal obesity and 17 healthy controls were studied. Anthropometric parameters were registered. Glucose, insulin, lipid levels, CCE employing THP-1 cells, LCAT and CETP activities, plus fatty acids in apo B-depleted plasma were measured. RESULTS: The obese group showed a more atherogenic lipid profile, plus lower CCE (Mean±Standard Deviation) (6 ± 2 vs. 7 ± 2%; P < 0.05) and LCAT activity (11 ± 3 vs. 15 ±5 umol/dL.h; P < 0.05). With respect to fatty acids, the obese group showed higher myristic (1.1 ± 0.3 vs. 0.7 ± 0.3; P < 0.01) and palmitic acids (21.5 ± 2.8 vs. 19.6 ± 1.9; P < 0.05) in addition to lower linoleic acid (26.4 ± 3.3 vs. 29.9 ± 2.6; P < 0.01). Arachidonic acid correlated with CCE (r = 0.37; P < 0.05), myristic acid with LCAT (r = -0.37; P < 0.05), palmitioleic acid with CCE (r = -0.35; P < 0.05), linoleic acid with CCE (r = 0.37; P < 0.05), lauric acid with LCAT (r = 0.49; P < 0.05), myristic acid with LCAT (r = -0.37; P < 0.05) ecoisatrienoic acid with CCE (r = 0.40; P < 0.05) and lignoseric acid with LCAT (r = -0.5; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with abdominal obesity presented impaired RCT, which was associated with modifications in proinflammatory fatty acids, such as palmitoleic and myristic, thus contributing to increased cardiovascular disease risk.

Vascular inflammation and impaired reverse cholesterol transport and lipid metabolism in obese children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Childhood obesity is associated to complications such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. High density lipoproteins (HDL) constitute the only lipoprotein fraction with ateroprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to analyze inflammatory markers, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profile and HDL functionality in obese children and adolescents compared to healthy controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty obese children and adolescents (Body mass index z score >3.0) (9-15 years old) and 20 age and sex similar controls were included in the study. Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and B, glucose and insulin levels were quantified. Lipid indexes and HOMA-IR were calculated. Cholesterol efflux (CEC), lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein, plus paraoxonase and arylesterase (ARE) activities were evaluated. Obese children and adolescents showed significantly higher TG [69 (45-95) vs 96 (76-121); p < 0.05], non-HDL-C [99 ± 34 vs 128 ± 26; p < 0.01], TC/HDL-C [2.8 ± 0.6 vs 4.7 ± 1.5; p < 0.01], TG/HDL-C [1.1 (1.0-1.8) vs 2,2 (1.4-3.2); p < 0.01], and HOMA-IR [1.5 (1.1-1.9) vs. 2.6 (2.0-4.5); p < 0.01] values, plus Lp-PLA2 activity [8.3 ± 1.9 vs 7.1 ± 1.7 umol/ml.h; p < 0,05] in addition to lower HDL-C [57 ± 10 vs 39 ± 9; p < 0.01], apo A-I [143 ± 25 vs 125 ± 19; p < 0.05], and CEC [6.4 (5.1-6.8) vs. 7.8 (5.7-9.5); p < 0.01] plus LCAT [12.6 ± 3.3 vs 18.7 ± 2.6; p < 0.05] and ARE [96 ± 19 vs. 110 ± 19; p < 0.05] activities. Lp-PLA2 activity correlated with LDL-C (r = 0.72,p < 0.01), non-HDL-C (r = 0.76,p < 0.01), and apo B (r = 0.60,p < 0.01). LCAT activity correlated with triglycerides (r = -0.78,p < 0.01), HDL-C (r = 0.64,p < 0.01), and apo A-I (r = 0.62, p < 0.05). ARE activity correlated with HDL-C (r = 0.32,p < 0.05) and apoA-I (r = 0.43,p < 0.01). CEC was negatively associated with BMI z-score (r = -0.36,p < 0.05), and triglycerides (r = -0.28,p < 0.05), and positively with LCAT activity (r = 0.65,p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, BMI z-score was the only parameter significantly associated to CEC (r2 = 0.43, beta = -0.38, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The obese group showed alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which were associated to the presence of vascular specific inflammation and impairment of HDL atheroprotective capacity. These children and adolescents would present qualitative alterations in their lipoproteins which would determine higher risk of suffering premature cardiovascular disease.

[Consensus about Health constance for children and adolescents in order to develop phisical activities and sports. Update 2021]. / Consenso sobre la constancia de salud del niño y del adolescente para la realización de actividades físicas y/o deportivas. Actualización 2021.

This document is the update of the Consensus published by SAP in 2014, so that no child nor adolescent is excluded from their right to health and physical activity. The periodic medical control and the school physical education are fundamental tools. As a result, of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, sports practice decreased dramatically. Recommendations are formulated that serve as a reference to pediatricians, members of health care teams, educational institutions, and sports at the local, regional, and national level in the preparation of the health certificate for a child or adolescent who will participate in physical or sports activities. The pediatrician will evaluate the child or adolescent knowing that to carry out a healthy life, must perform physical activities with moderate or vigorous intensity. The health certificate implies a shared responsibility between the child or adolescent and/or the responsible adult, the doctor, the physical education teachers and/or the coaches in charge.

Este documento es la actualización del consenso publicado por la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría en 2014, para que ningún niño, niña y adolescente (NNA) del país quede excluido de su derecho a la salud y a la actividad física. El control médico periódico y la educación física en el ámbito escolar son herramientas fundamentales para ejercer estos derechos. A raíz de la pandemia del coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2, por su sigla en inglés) disminuyó de manera notable la práctica deportiva. Se formulan recomendaciones que sirvan de referencia a pediatras, integrantes de los equipos de salud, instituciones educativas y deportivas en los niveles local, regional y nacional para la elaboración de la constancia de salud de los NNA que participarán en actividades físicas y deportivas. El pediatra evaluará al NNA sabiendo que para llevar una vida saludable éste debe realizar actividades físicas de moderada a vigorosa intensidad. La Constancia de Salud implica una responsabilidad compartida entre el NNA y/o adulto responsable, el médico, los profesores de educación física y/o los entrenadores a cargo.

Consenso sobre la constancia de salud del niño y del adolescente para la realización de actividades físicas y/o deportivas. Actualización 2021 / Consensus about Health constance for children and adolescents in order to develop phisical activities and sports. Update 2021

Este documento es la actualización del consenso publicado por la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría en 2014, para que ningún niño, niña y adolescente (NNA) del país quede excluido de su derecho a la salud y a la actividad física. El control médico periódico y la educación física en el ámbito escolar son herramientas fundamentales para ejercer estos derechos. A raíz de la pandemia del coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2, por su sigla en inglés) disminuyó de manera notable la práctica deportiva. Se formulan recomendaciones que sirvan de referencia a pediatras, integrantes de los equipos de salud, instituciones educativas y deportivas en los niveles local, regional y nacional para la elaboración de la constancia de salud de los NNA que participarán en actividades físicas y deportivas. El pediatra evaluará al NNA sabiendo que para llevar una vida saludable éste debe realizar actividades físicas de moderada a vigorosa intensidad. La Constancia de Salud implica una responsabilidad compartida entre el NNA y/o adulto responsable, el médico, los profesores de educación física y/o los entrenadores a cargo.

This document is the update of the Consensus published by SAP in 2014, so that no child nor adolescent is excluded from their right to health and physical activity. The periodic medical control and the school physical education are fundamental tools. As a result, of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, sports practice decreased dramatically. Recommendations are formulated that serve as a reference to pediatricians, members of health care teams, educational institutions, and sports at the local, regional, and national level in the preparation of the health certificate for a child or adolescent who will participate in physical or sports activities. The pediatrician will evaluate the child or adolescent knowing that to carry out a healthy life, must perform physical activities with moderate or vigorous intensity. The health certificate implies a shared responsibility between the child or adolescent and/or the responsible adult, the doctor, the physical education teachers and/or the coaches in charge.