MR sialographic assessment of the masseter muscle and the ductal kinking in patients with recurrent parotitis.

Dysfunction of the masseter muscle may cause pathological kinking of the parotid duct leading to parotitis; MR sialography is a non-invasive radiological examination that allows to evaluate dynamically the ductal system of the parotid glands. In the present study we aimed to assess the relationships between Stensen's duct and masseter muscle and their implications in the aetiopathogenesis of recurrent parotitis secondary to masseter muscle dysfunction. Forty-one patients with recurrent unilateral parotitis and nine with bilateral recurrent parotitis, all with a clinical suspicious of masseter muscle hypertrophy due to bruxism were enrolled. They underwent ultrasonography as a first line examination and then MR sialography and sialendoscopy. Different anatomical features were studied. Involved parotid glands had a wider duct compared to contralateral unaffected parotid glands of patients with recurrent parotitis (p = 0.00134); male subjects with parotitis had a longer duct compared to the salivary glands of healthy patients (p = 0.00943 for affected glands and p = 0.00629 for the contralateral). A concordance between the evidence of an acute duct angle during sialendoscopy and a wider duct in patients with parotitis was observed although not statistically significant. These initial findings suggest that the masticatory muscle dysfunction related to bruxism seems to condition alteration of parotid duct course and anatomy thus favouring the occurrence of recurrent parotitis. A specific diagnostic iter based on clinical evaluation, dynamic ultrasonography and MR sialography, is therefore, mandatory to confirm the relationship between masseter muscle anatomy and parotid duct anomalies; this is the premise for an adequate therapeutic approach to underlying masticatory muscle disorder.

3D-4K Exoscope-Assisted CO2 Laser Supraglottoplasty for Severe Laryngomalacia in a Pediatric Patient.

Laryngomalacia is the most frequent congenital laryngeal anomaly. Surgery is possible by means of cold knife, carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser, microdebrider and coblation, traditionally under microscopic view. We here describe the use of the 3D-4K exoscope assisted CO2 laser supraglottoplasty in tubeless general anesthesia in spontaneous breathing in a 5 month-old patient with severe laryngomalacia. Laryngoscope, 134:1359-1362, 2024.

High-Definition 3D Exoscope in Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology: A Systematic Literature Review.

This PRISMA-compliant systematic review aimed to investigate the use of and the most common procedures performed with the novel 3D 4K exoscope in surgical pediatric head and neck settings. METHODS: Search criteria were applied to PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Review databases and included all studies published up to January 2023 reporting 3D 4K exoscope-assisted surgeries in pediatric patients. After the removal of duplicates, selection of abstracts and full-text articles, and quality assessment, we reviewed eligible articles for number of patients treated, age, surgical procedures, and outcomes. RESULTS: Among 54 potentially relevant records, 5 studies were considered eligible and included in this systematic review, with reported treatment data for 182 patients. The surgical procedures belong to the otologic field (121 cases), head and neck surgery (25 cases) and transoral surgery (36 cases). Exoscopy allowed high quality visualization of anatomical structures during cochlear implantation and during reconstruction in head and neck surgery; moreover, it improved the surgical view of surgeons, spectators and ENT students. CONCLUSIONS: The use of 3D 4K exoscopy has shown promising potential as a valuable tool in pediatric ORL-head and neck surgery; nevertheless, further validation of these encouraging outcomes is necessary through larger-scale studies specifically focused on pediatric patients.

Image-guided and sialendoscopy-assisted transoral approach for parotid duct stenosis and megaduct.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this communication was to introduce a novel combined image (magnetic resonance and computed tomography-guided and sialendoscopy-assisted transoral approach for the treatment of a parotid duct stenosis with megaduct. METHODS: A 46-year-old woman was referred to our department for recurrent infections of the right parotid gland following unsuccessful multiple transoral surgical approaches for a Stensen's duct stricture with megaduct. An image (magnetic resonance and computed tomography)-guided and sialendoscopy-assisted transoral sialodochoplasty was planned and performed. RESULTS: No complications occurred. The patient was discharged 2 days after surgery. No more swelling or infections occurred. The patient is currently symptom-free after a follow up of 11 months. CONCLUSION: Although imaging navigation means more technical effort and costs, this novel approach can be considered a viable surgical opportunity for distal and mid-third parotid duct stenosis with concomitant megaduct, particularly in cases of persistent inflammation or iatrogenic scars due to previous surgery.

Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss Related to a Skull Base Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare condition characterized by orthostatic headache, pulsatile tinnitus, vertigo, nausea, and fluctuating hearing loss; this latter seems to be due to the development of cochlear endolymphatic hydrops following negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure transmitted to the perilymphatic space through a patent cochlear aqueduct. We here describe a case of bilateral progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) due to intracranial hypotension caused by an undiagnosed spontaneous CSF leak from a skull base defect in a middle-aged woman. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a SNHL in a patient affected by SIH secondary to sphenoidal CSF leak.

A misdiagnosed laryngeal foreign body causing recurrent wheezing in a pediatric patient: Case report.

Key clinical message: The recurrence of respiratory symptoms without a clear clinical reason in children can be secondary to the presence of an unknown foreign body of the airways. In such cases, endoscopy of the airways is always necessary, regardless of the patient's age. Abstract: The management of foreign bodies of the pediatric airway can be challenging. The clinical presentation may vary and, in case of recurrent respiratory symptoms without a clear clinical cause, the presence of a foreign body of the airway should be suspected. We describe the case of a 13-month-old patient, weight 11 kg, with a misdiagnosed subglottic foreign body causing dysphonia and worsening respiratory distress, removed by means of a direct laryngotracheoscopy in tubeless general anesthesia in spontaneous breathing.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric otolaryngology: a nationwide study.

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly modified the work routine in healthcare; however, its impact on the field of paediatric otorhinolaryngology (ORL) has been rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on paediatric ORL. Methods: A questionnaire was developed by the Young Otolaryngologists of the Italian Society of ORL-Head and Neck Surgery (GOS). The questionnaire consisted of 26 questions related to workplace and personal paediatric ORL activities. The link was advertised on the official social media platforms and sent by e-mail to 469 Italian otolaryngologists. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 118 responders. During the pandemic, the main reduction was observed for surgical activity (78.8%), followed by outpatient service (16.9%). The conditions that were mostly impacted by a delayed diagnosis were respiratory infections in 45.8% of cases and sensorineural hearing loss in 37.3% of cases. Conclusions: Paediatric ORL was highly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with a significant reduction of surgical and outpatient activities and a delay in time-sensitive diagnosis. Therefore, the implementation of new strategies, such as telemedicine, is recommended.

Sirolimus treatment for paediatric head and neck lymphatic malformations: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: This PRISMA-compliant systematic review aimed to assess risks and benefits of sirolimus treatment for paediatric lymphatic malformations by focusing not only on treatment efficacy but also on possible treatment-related adverse events, and treatment combinations with other techniques. METHODS: Search criteria were applied to MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases and included all studies published up to March 2022 reporting paediatric lymphatic malformations treated with sirolimus. We selected all original studies that included treatment outcomes. After the removal of duplicates, selection of abstracts and full-text articles, and quality assessment, we reviewed eligible articles for patient demographics, lymphatic malformation type, size or stage, site, clinical response rates, sirolimus administration route and dose, related adverse events, follow-up time, and concurrent treatments. RESULTS: Among 153 unique citations, 19 studies were considered eligible, with reported treatment data for 97 paediatric patients. Most studies (n = 9) were case reports. Clinical response was described for 89 patients, in whom 94 mild-to-moderate adverse events were reported. The most frequently administered treatment regimen was oral sirolimus 0.8 mg/m2 twice a day, with the aim of achieving a blood concentration of 10-15 ng/mL. CONCLUSION: Despite promising results for sirolimus treatment in lymphatic malformation, the efficacy and safety profile of remains unclear due to the lack of high-quality studies. Systematic reporting of known side effects, especially in younger children, should assist clinicians in minimising treatment-associated risks. At the same time, we advocate for prospective multicentre studies with minimum reporting standards to facilitate improved candidate selection.

Endoscopic surgery under tubeless anesthesia and spontaneous breathing for a congenital laryngeal web in an infant: A case report.

Congenital laryngeal webs are rare and are defined as thick epithelium-covered fibrous tissue lying between the vocal folds; the anterior glottis is the most common site of involvement, with possible extension to the subglottic region. The association with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome has also been reported. Symptoms have been abnormal or absent crying and airway obstruction since birth. Management strategies range from endoscopic division using cold instruments to open surgery for severe webbing. In endoscopic surgery, the need for tubeless anesthesia and spontaneous breathing is fundamental for obtaining the best surgical outcome. Here, we describe the case of a 4-month-old female patient affected by a type II glottic web according to Cohen, who was treated by simple endoscopic division in spontaneous breathing.

An Unusual Retained Choanal Foreign Body: A Possible Complication of COVID-19 Testing With Nasopharyngeal Swab.

Testing for coronavirus disease 2019 is critical in controlling the pandemic all over the world. Diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection is based on real-time polymerase chain reaction performed on nasopharyngeal swab. If not adequately performed, the viral specimen collection can be painful and lead to complications. We present a complication occurred during a nasopharyngeal swab collection performed in a noncooperative patient where the plastic shaft of the swab fractured during the procedure, resulting in swab tip retention deep into the nasal cavity. The foreign body was found endoscopically, stuck between the nasal septum and the superior turbinate tail at the upper level of the left choana and removed under general anesthesia in a negative pressure operating room with the health care personnel wearing personal protective equipment. Unpleasant complications like the one described can happen when the swab is collected without the necessary knowledge of nasal anatomy or conducted inappropriately, especially in noncooperative patients. Moreover, the design of currently used viral swabs may expose to accidental rupture, with risk of foreign body retention in the nasal cavities. In such cases, diagnosis and treatment are endoscopy-guided procedures performed in an adequate setting to minimize the risk of spreading of the pandemic.

Unilateral silent sinus syndrome: A case report.

Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is a rare clinical condition, commonly unilateral, secondary to the obstruction of the osteomeatal complex, subsequent negative pressure in the maxillary sinus, and collapse of the orbit floor and sinus walls. We describe a case of unilateral SSS treated by means of functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Minimally invasive transoral robotic surgery for hiloparenchymal submandibular stone: Technical note on Flex Robotic System.

Flex Robotic System allows a minimally invasive approach for transoral removal of submandibular salivary stones.

T2-High Endotype and Response to Biological Treatments in Patients with Bronchiectasis.

Although bronchiectasis pathophysiology has been historically understood around the presence of airway neutrophilic inflammation, recent experiences are consistent with the identification of a type 2 inflammation (T2) high endotype in bronchiectasis. In order to evaluate prevalence and clinical characteristics of bronchiectasis patients with a T2-high endotype and explore their response to biologicals, two studies were carried out. In a cross-sectional study, bronchiectasis adults without asthma underwent clinical, radiological, and microbiological assessment, along with blood eosinophils and oral fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) evaluation, during stable state. Prevalence and characteristics of patients with a T2- high endotype (defined by the presence of either eosinophils blood count ≥300 cells·µL-1 or oral FeNO ≥ 25 dpp) were reported. A case series of severe asthmatic patients with concomitant bronchiectasis treated with either mepolizumab or benralizumab was evaluated, and patients' clinical data pre- and post-treatment were analyzed up to 2 years of follow up. Among bronchiectasis patients without asthma enrolled in the cross-sectional study, a T2-high endotype was present in 31% of them. These patients exhibited a more severe disease, high dyspnea severity, low respiratory function, and high impact on quality of life. Among the five patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and concomitant bronchiectasis included in the series, treatment with either mepolizumab or benralizumab significantly reduced the exacerbation rate with an effect that persists for up to 2 years of follow up. If validated across different settings, our data suggest the need to design randomized controlled trials on biological treatments targeting the T2-high endotype in bronchiectasis patients.

COVID-19 isolation drape for sialendoscopy-assisted transfacial approach to parotid gland.

Surgical procedures requiring close contact with saliva, such as salivary gland surgery, may determine the risk of spreading the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The use of PPE and isolation settings are mandatory to protect health workers.

Deep Sedation for Pediatric Parotid Sialendoscopy in Juvenile Recurrent Parotitis.

Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic tool for juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP); the procedure is under general anesthesia, but local anesthesia has been used for sialendoscopy in children >8 years. Based on the experience in children with sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy, we investigated the reliability and safety of deep sedation for sialendoscopy in JRP. Six children (3 females, 6-13 years) with episodes of parotid swelling underwent interventional (duct dilation and steroid irrigation) sialendoscopy with intravenous bolus of 1 mg/kg propofol and 1 mcg/kg fentanyl, and continuous infusion of 2 mg/kg/h propofol. Sialendoscopy under deep sedation was successfully performed in all the patients; the procedure was well tolerated, without any adverse effects. One event of full awakening was registered and promptly solved without needing to interrupt the procedure. Effectiveness of sialendoscopy under deep sedation was subjectively attested by high positive scores obtained at post-operative standardized questionnaires administered to the patients and their parents, and objectively by the lack of clinical recurrences during the follow-up. The combination of propofol and fentanyl seems to be a reliable and safe means of sedating children with JRP undergoing sialendoscopy.

Surgical treatment of a congenital dacryocystocele by means of microdebrider marsupialization in a newborn.

Congenital dacryocystocele is a rare clinical condition, more commonly unilateral, secondary to the defective canalization of the nasolacrimal duct. In case of failure of conservative treatment, surgical marsupialization is recommended. We describe the case of a 40-day-old male newborn treated by means of microdebrider marsupialization.

Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Analysis in Healthy and Otitis-prone Children: Focus on History of Spontaneous Tympanic Membrane Perforation.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) is common in children, and it may result in spontaneous tympanic membrane perforation (STMP), management of which is often challenging. In the upper respiratory tract (URT), resident microorganisms play a pivotal role in otitis media pathogenesis and prevention, as they are able to inhibit the colonization process and otopathogens growth. In particular, Dolosigranulum spp. and Corynebacterium spp. have been associated with respiratory health in several studies. This study aims at comparing both nasopharyngeal microbiota of children with RAOM versus matched controls and nasopharyngeal microbiota of children with a history of RAOM with STMP. METHOD: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 132 children, median age 3.51 (2.13-4.72), including 36 healthy children, 50 with RAOM without STMP, and 46 with RAOM with STMP. Bacterial DNA was subsequently extracted and 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions were polymerase chain reaction amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology. RESULTS: A higher relative abundance of Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium genera was detected in the nasopharynx of healthy children (16.5% and 9.3%, respectively) in comparison with RAOM without STMP (8.9% and 4.3%, respectively) and RAOM with STMP (5.2% and 2.8%, respectively). A decreasing pattern in relative abundance of these 2 pivotal genera through disease severity was detected. In all groups, the most abundant genera were Moraxella, Streptococcus and Haemophilus, followed by Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides a characterization of the URT microbiota in otitis-prone children with and without history of recurrent STMP, suggesting that the role of Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium in regulating the healthy URT microbiota should be further studied.

Outcomes of balloon dilation for paediatric laryngeal stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Balloon dilation (BD) is a minimally invasive endoscopic treatment for paediatric laryngeal stenosis (LS) with reduced morbidity compared to open surgery. We retrospectively describe our experience in a cohort of children with chronic LS. METHODS: Fourteen children (median age: 28.5; range: 2-81 months) with chronic LS (multilevel in 8) were treated with tubeless total intravenous anaesthesia under spontaneous ventilation. RESULTS: Grade III LS was preoperatively detected in 12 children; the remaining 2 had grade IV stenosis. Six had prior tracheotomy, and one received it during the first intervention. Dilation laryngoplasty was the primary treatment in 11 children and was used as an adjuvant treatment in 3 after open reconstructive surgery. The median number of dilations was 2 (range: 1-6). There were no postoperative complications. At the end of the follow-up (median: 20.5; range: 2-46 months), detectable laryngeal lumen widening and/or respiratory improvement occurred in 12 children. Two of 7 patients with tracheostomy were decannulated. CONCLUSIONS: Balloon laryngoplasty is a valuable therapeutic option to improve laryngeal patency in children with chronic multilevel LS, both as a primary and secondary adjuvant treatment after reconstructive surgery.

Pediatric otogenic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a case report and a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in children is a rare but potentially fatal complication of acute mastoiditis, one of the most common pediatric infectious diseases. Due to its subtle clinical presentation, suspicion is essential for a prompt diagnosis and appropriate management. Unfortunately, no standard treatment options are available. To discuss the possible clinical presentation, microbiology, and management, we here report the case of a child with otogenic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and perform a literature review starting from 2011. CASE PRESENTATION: The child, a 10-months-old male, presented clinical signs of right acute otitis media and mastoiditis. Brain computed tomography scan detected right sigmoid and transverse sinus thrombosis, as well as a subperiosteal abscess. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Haemophilus Influentiae were detected on cultural sampling. A multidisciplinary approach along with a combination of medical and surgical therapy allowed the patient's full recovery. CONCLUSION: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare but severe complication of acute otitis media and mastoiditis. The management of this pathological condition is always challenging and an interdisciplinary approach is frequently required. Current therapeutic options include a combination of medical and surgical therapy. A patient-centered approach should guide timing and treatment management.