[Opening up an acute psychiatric ward as a complex intervention]. / Öffnung einer psychiatrischen Akutstation als komplexe Intervention.

BACKGROUND: An open-door policy may help to reduce conflicts, aggression and containment measures in inpatient psychiatric care. OBJECTIVE: A complex intervention was performed including opening the doors of an acute psychiatric ward. The aim was to deescalate conflicts and reduce containment measures. METHODS: Along with opening of the doors, several other measures were taken including intensive training of staff in deescalating techniques and nonviolent communication, review and liberalization of rules of the ward, opening of a time-out room and access to a secure garden. RESULTS: The open-door policy proved to be feasible and was permanently established. Thereafter, incidents involving aggression decreased but containment measures did not. Overall, the staff appreciated the new concept but considered the opening of the doors to be of minor importance. CONCLUSION: The opening of a closed psychiatric ward should be understood as part of a complex, autonomy focused intervention. Other aspects such as sufficient numbers of well-trained staff and structural architectural features of the ward are possibly more important than opening of the doors.

A retrospective analysis of determinants of involuntary psychiatric in-patient treatment.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to identify predictors of a high risk of involuntary psychiatric in-patient treatment. METHODS: We carried out a detailed analysis of the 1773 mental health records of all the persons treated as in-patients under the PsychKG NRW (Mental Health Act for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) in a metropolitan region of Germany (the City of Cologne) in 2011. 3991 mental health records of voluntary in-patients from the same hospitals served as a control group. We extracted medical, sociodemographic and socioeconomic data from these records. Apart from descriptive statistics, we used a prediction model employing chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID). RESULTS: Among involuntary patients, organic mental disorders (ICD10: F0) and schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (ICD10: F2) were overrepresented. Patients treated as in-patients against their will were on average older, they were more often retired and had a migratory background. The Exhaustive CHAID analysis confirmed the main diagnosis to be the strongest predictor of involuntary in-patient psychiatric treatment. Other predictors were the absence of outpatient treatment prior to admission, admission outside of regular service hours and migratory background. The highest risk of involuntary treatment was associated with patients with organic mental disorders (ICD 10: F0) who were married or widowed and patients with non-organic psychotic disorders (ICD10: F2) or mental retardation (ICD10: F7) in combination with a migratory background. Also, referrals from general hospitals were frequently encountered. CONCLUSIONS: We identified modifiable risk factors for involuntary psychiatric in-patient treatment. This implies that preventive measures may be feasible and should be implemented to reduce the rate of involuntary psychiatric in-patient treatment. This may include efforts to establish crisis resolution teams to improve out-patient treatment, train general hospital staff in deescalation techniques, and develop special programs for patients with a migratory background.

Evaluation of a new person-centered integrated care model in psychiatry.

The present study evaluated a new integrated treatment concept offering inpatient care, acute psychiatric day hospital and outpatient treatment by the same therapeutic team. 178 patients participated in this randomized controlled trial. Data on psychopathology, global and social functioning, patient satisfaction, continuity of care and administrative data was gathered on admission, throughout the course of treatment, upon discharge and at 1-year follow-up. In addition, the physicians in charge rated the therapeutic relationship. The data analysis consists of group-wise comparisons and regression analyses (cross-tabulations and χ(2) test statistics for categorical data and Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous data). Differences between groups over time were analyzed with a series of generalized linear mixed model. The integrated care group showed a significant reduction in psychopathological impairment (20.7%) and an improvement of psychosocial functioning (36.8%). The mean number of days before re-admission was higher in the control group when compared to the integrated care group (156.8 vs. 91.5). There was no difference in the number of re-admissions and days spent in psychiatric institutions. This new approach offers a treatment model, which facilitates continuity of care. Beside it improves psychopathological outcome measures and psychosocial functioning in patients with mental illness.

[Evaluation of the German version of the STAR scale]. / "Scale to Assess Therapeutic Relationships, STAR": Evaluation der deutschen Skalenversion zur Beurteilung der therapeutischen Beziehung.

OBJECTIVE: The assessment of the therapeutic relationship has become increasingly important due to evidence suggesting that it has a direct therapeutic effect and may improve outcome indirectly. In Great Britain and Sweden the STAR (Scale To Assess Therapeutic Relationship) was developed for pan-theoretical assessment of therapeutic relationships from both clinicians' and patients' points of view. We translated the English version of the instrument into German and made an analysis of its feasibility and reliability. METHODS: The German translation (STAR-D) was generated in a consensus procedure. The STAR-D was then administered to 100 patients admitted to the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (STAR-P) and their clinicians in charge (STAR-C). The psychometric qualities of feasibility and reliability were assessed. RESULTS: The overall results for the scales in terms of feasibility and reliability were satisfactory. We did, however, find shortcomings concerning the subscales. They could not be extracted in the principal component analysis and showed high inter-correlation coefficients. CONCLUSIONS: STAR can serve as an important tool in research concerning the therapeutic relationship. We suggest conducting further analyses concerning the validity of the subscales in the German version.