An infant with testicular Fetus-in-fetu in the abdominal cavity: rare case report.

Background: Fetus-in-fetu (FIF) represents an exceedingly rare disease, characterized as an encapsulated and pedunculated vertebrate neoplasm, typically lacking cerebral tissue. The prevalence shows no gender preference. Notably, FIF can cause compressive damage to adjacent organs and tissues, potentially impeding the host's development and maturation. Case presentation: A four-month-old male infant was identified, during pregnancy, to have a left-sided pelvic mass on ultrasound. Subsequent evaluations suggested the mass could be a FIF, exhibiting active movement. Surgical exploration revealed that the mass's left boundary was connected to the left spermatic cord and vas deferens. Pathological analysis post-surgery showed the absence of testicular tissue, but the presence of skin tissue, cartilage-like structures, and gastrointestinal elements. Additionally, localized tissue resembling vertebrae confirmed the diagnosis of testicular FIF. Conclusion: An intraperitoneal testicular FIF is extremely rare, with its cause still unknown. This groundbreaking report details the diagnosis and management of such a case. Following a FIF diagnosis, prompt surgical removal is crucial, along with regular follow-up using ultrasound and tumor markers.

Single-port robotic-assisted laparoscopic synchronous surgery in pediatric patent processus vaginalis.

PURPOSE: Patent processus vaginalis (PPV) is usually observed in pediatric abdominal surgery; however, robotic single-port surgery in repairing processus vaginalis has not been reported in children. Herein, we present our clinical experiences in single-port robotic surgeries for PPV repair to evaluate both efficacy and safety. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients underwent single-port robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for genitourinary diseases from May 2020 and May 2023 in our center. Among these patients, 21 children had PPV repaired at the same time. The case characteristics and follow-up data were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-one of the 53 children were found to have PPV during genitourinary surgery. The simultaneous treatment of the primary disease and PPV with a single-port robotic-assisted platform was both convenient and safe. There was no significant increase in total operation time, and no excessive intraoperative hemorrhage was observed in any of the operations. There were no complications observed on follow-up. CONCLUSION: With a high incidence of PPV in children, a single-port robotic-assisted procedure is feasible and effective if simultaneously performed when addressing a primary abdominal disease.

Ensuring safety and feasibility for resection of pediatric benign ovarian tumors by single-port robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery using the da Vinci Xi system.

Background: Single-port robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (S-RALS) is rarely applied in pediatric surgery. There is still no study on the application of S-RALS for resection of pediatric benign ovarian tumors. The current study aimed to investigate the safety and feasibility of S-RALS for resection of pediatric benign ovarian tumors using the da Vinci Xi system. Methods: The clinical data of three patients who underwent S-RALS for resection of benign ovarian tumors in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from May 2020 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age of these children was 7.9 years (5.8-9.3 years). One was a case of bilateral ovarian tumors, and the other two were cases of right ovarian tumors. Results: All three patients successfully underwent the resection of ovarian tumors through S-RALS without conversion to laparotomy. The average operation time was 180 min (118-231 min). The average amount of blood loss was 20 ml (10-35 ml). No drainage tube was placed. All postoperative pathological types of ovarian tumors were mature cystic teratomas in the three cases. All patients started a liquid diet 2 h after surgery. The average length of postoperative hospital stay was 4.7 days (3-7 days). No tumor recurred, no surgical site hernia occurred, and the wound healed very well with a cosmetic scar in the lower umbilical crease during the postoperative follow-up for 6-18 months. Conclusion: S-RALS has the advantages of less surgical trauma, quick postoperative recovery, and a cosmetic scar in the lower umbilical crease. It is safe, effective, and feasible for pediatric benign ovarian tumors.

Single-port robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in an infant: A video case report with 9 months follow up.

INTRODUCTION: Single-port robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is a breakthrough in the field of minimally invasive surgery. However, it is currently only applicable to older children due to the limitation of operating space. Here, we report a case of single-port robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) using the da Vinci Xi® surgical system in a 7-months infant. METHODS: A 7-month-old infant with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) underwent single-port RALP conducted using the da Vinci Xi® System. Retrospective perioperative, immediate postoperative outcomes and 9 months follow up were investigated. RESULTS: Surgery progressed smoothly without additional operative port placement or open procedure. The total operative time was 160 min, including 90 min of console time. And estimated blood loss was 5 ml. No intraoperative and postoperative complications were found. Postoperative follow-up showed good efficacy, and the incision seemed to be traceless. CONCLUSION: Single-port RALP using da Vinci Xi® System in infants is feasible and safe. It showed excellent efficacy in treating UPJO as shown in the short-term follow-up. Subsequent cohorts with more infant patients and long-term follow-up will be required to further validation.

GDNF and NT-3 induce progenitor bone mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neurons in fetal gut culture medium.

With the increasing use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in cell therapies, factors regulating BMSC differentiation have become the interest of current research. In this study, we investigated the effects of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on the course of BMSC differentiation. BMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and transfected with GDNF and NT-3 genes. Compared to mock-transfected BMSCs, GDNF and NT-3 induced BMSC differentiation to reveal neuron-like characteristics, i.e., the positive expression of neuronal marker MAP-2 and astrocyte marker GFAP, as detected by immunofluorescence assays. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses showed that the increase of expression of GDNF and NT-3 in BMSCs also simultaneously elevated the mRNA expression of NSE, nestin, and MAP-2. Furthermore, the cell patch-clamp test demonstrated that the overexpression of GDNF and NT-3 in BMSCs enhanced voltage-activated potassium currents, implying that BMSCs possess great potential as a cell-based therapeutic candidate to treat neurological diseases.

Differentiation of GDNF and NT-3 dual gene-modified rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into enteric neuron-like cells.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been shown to be multipotent cells that possess high self-replicating capacity. The purpose of our study was to investigate the feasibility of using enteric neuron-like cells obtained by in vitro induction and differentiated from rat BMSCs for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are neurotrophic factors that play important roles in neuronal development, differentiation, survival and function. Meanwhile, GDNF mutations are a major cause of HD. In this study, BMSCs were transfected with eukaryotic expression plasmids co-expressing GDNF and NT-3, and the transfected cells displayed neuron-like changes after differentiation induced by fetal gut culture medium (FGCM). Immunofluorescence assay showed positive expression of the neuronal marker NSE and the enteric neuronal markers PGP9.5, VIP and nNOS. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the expression of GDNF and NT-3 in transfected BMSCs. The present study indicates that genetically modified BMSCs co-expressing GDNF and NT-3 are able to differentiate into enteric neuronal cells and express enteric nerve markers when induced by FGCM. This study provides an experimental basis for gene therapy to treat enteric nervous system-related disorders, such as HD.

Correlation of PDCD5 and apoptosis in hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons of different age of C57BL/6J mice.

This study examined the expression pattern of programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) in cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and its association with age-related hearing loss in mice. Sixty C57BL/6J (C57) mice at different ages were divided into four groups (3, 6, 9 or 12 months). PDCD5 expression was detected by using immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Western blot. Morphological change of the cochleae was also evaluated by using immunoassay. The results showed that the expression of PDCD5 had a gradual increase with ageing in both protein and RNA levels in C57 mice, as well as gradually increased apoptosis of cochlear hair cells and SGNs. In addition, we also found that caspase-3 activity was enhanced and its expression was enhanced with ageing. It is implied that overexpression of PDCD5 causes the increase in caspase-3 activity and the subsequent increase of apoptosis in cochlear hair cells and SGNs, and thereby plays a role in the pathogenesis of presbycusis. Thus, PDCD5 may be a new target site for the treatment and prevention of age-related hearing loss.

Correlation of PDCD5 and Apoptosis in Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons of Different Age of C57BL/6J Mice / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study examined the expression pattern of programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) in cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and its association with age-related hearing loss in mice.Sixty C57BL/6J (C57) mice at different ages were divided into four groups (3,6,9 or 12 months).PDCD5 expression was detected by using immunohistochemistry,real-time PCR and Western blot.Morphological change of the cochleae was also evaluated by using immunoassay.The results showed that the expression of PDCD5 had a gradual increase with ageing in both protein and RNA levels in C57 mice,as well as gradually increased apoptosis of cochlear hair cells and SGNs.In addition,we also found that caspase-3 activity was enhanced and its expression was enhanced with ageing.It is implied that overexpression of PDCD5 causes the increase in caspase-3 activity and the subsequent increase of apoptosis in cochlear hair cells and SGNs,and thereby plays a role in the pathogenesis of presbycusis.Thus,PDCD5 may be a new target site for the treatment and prevention of age-related hearing loss.

Differentiation of GDNF and NT-3 Dual Gene-modified Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Enteric Neuron-like Cells / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been shown to be multipotent cells that possess high self-replicating capacity.The purpose of our study was to investigate the feasibility of using enteric neuron-like cells obtained by in vitro induction and differentiated from rat BMSCs for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease (HD).Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are neurotrophic factors that play important roles in neuronal development,differentiation,survival and function.Meanwhile,GDNF mutations are a major cause of HD.In this study,BMSCs were transfected with eukaryotic expression plasmids co-expressing GDNF and NT-3,and the transfected cells displayed neuron-like changes after differentiation induced by fetal gut culture medium (FGCM).Immunofluorescence assay showed positive expression of the neuronal marker NSE and the enteric neuronal markers PGP9.5,VIP and nNOS.Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the expression of GDNF and NT-3 in transfected BMSCs.The present study indicates that genetically modified BMSCs co-expressing GDNF and NT-3 are able to differentiate into enteric neuronal cells and express enteric nerve markers when induced by FGCM.This study provides an experimental basis for gene therapy to treat enteric nervous system-related disorders,such as HD.