AIM: To investigate the variation and significance of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in brain tissue after secondary brain injury (SBI) with seawater immersion in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We randomly divided 163 male Sprague Dawley rats into 4 groups, as normal (Group A), SBI (Group B), SBI with physiological saline immersion (Group C) and SBI with seawater immersion (Group D) groups. The animal model of ischemic SBI with seawater immersion was established based on the Marmarou's model of diffuse brain injury. The water content, and the MDA and SOD contents of brain tissue were detected at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the injury. RESULTS: Compared to group A, there were significant changes of various indicators in group D after injury at 1 hour after injury (P < 0.05). The water content and MDA contents in brain tissue were persistently elevated and significantly higher than that in groups B and C at each time phase (P < 0.05). The SOD content showed a persistent decline and was significantly lower than that in groups B and C at each time phase (P < 0.05). The SOD content was negatively correlated with the MDA content with a correlation coefficient of -0.992 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The SBI with seawater immersion is faster and more serious than the simple SBI.
Brain Chemistry , Brain Injuries/metabolism , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Immersion/physiopathology , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Seawater , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Brain Injuries/enzymology , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Water/metabolism
AIM: The current study aims to explore the clinical characteristics of craniocerebral firearm injury and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 56 patients with craniocerebral firearm injury were analyzed retrospectively for projectile types, traumatic conditions, and treatment approaches. RESULTS: 43 patients exhibited intracranial foreign body residence. Of them, 40 were subjected to complete foreign body removal and 2 to partial removal, leaving 1 without receiving removal treatment. 54 patients (96.4%) survived and 2 (3.6%) died. Of the survivors, 36 (64.3%) recovered well, 15 (26.8%) were moderately disabled, 2 (3.6%) were severely disabled, and 1 (1.8%) lapsed into vegetative state. Patients receiving debridement within 8 h after injury had a significantly higher recovery rate than those receiving such treatment after 8 h (82.1% vs. 26.7%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Craniocerebral firearm injury is characterized by rapid traumatic condition development as well as serious trauma and contamination. Accurately judging the traumatic condition and the ballistic tract, performing complete debridement as early as possible, reasonably deciding on the operative mode and approach for intracranial residing foreign body removal, and increasing vigilance regarding concomitant injuries are the keys to the improvement of the overall treatment of craniocerebral firearm injury.
Craniocerebral Trauma/surgery , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Wounds, Gunshot/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Craniocerebral Trauma/diagnosis , Craniocerebral Trauma/mortality , Debridement , Decompression, Surgical , Female , Foreign Bodies/surgery , Glasgow Coma Scale , Glasgow Outcome Scale , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Neuronavigation , Neurosurgical Procedures/instrumentation , Patient Admission , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome , Wounds, Gunshot/diagnosis , Wounds, Gunshot/mortality , Young Adult
