Association between triglyceride glucose index and cognitive decline: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, a novel surrogate indicator for insulin resistance (IR), is believed to be associated with various diseases. However, its connection with cognitive decline remains controversy. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Medline databases were systematically searched up to October 2023 to assess the association between the TyG index and the risk of cognitive decline. Effect estimates and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Our review included 3 cohort studies and 9 case-control/cross-sectional studies with a total of 5,603,350 participants. In comparison to a low TyG index, a higher TyG index was connected to an elevated risk of cognitive decline (RR/HR = 1.14, 95 % CI [1.11, 1.17], P < 0.05; OR = 1.75, 95 % CI [1.34, 2.29], P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dose-response analysis from the case-control/cross-sectional studies revealed a 1.42 times higher risk of cognitive decline per 1 mg/dl increment of the TyG index (OR = 1.42, 95 % CI [1.19, 1.69], P < 0.05). LIMITATIONS: The inclusion of observational studies in the meta-analysis demonstrated a lower hierarchy of evidence compared to randomized controlled trials. Moreover, we incorporated a restricted number of studies and identified significant heterogeneity among them, potentially attributed to the presence of numerous confounding variables. CONCLUSION: TyG index is related to cognitive decline. In view of some of the limitations of this study, further research will be necessary to confirm this relationship.

Relationships between oral function, dietary intake and nutritional status in older adults aged 75 years and above: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is related to impaired oral health and function that causes poor dietary intake, declining the general health of older adults. The role of dietary intake in the association between oral function and nutritional status of Chinese older adults (aged 75 and above) was examined in this cross-sectional study. METHODS: Through the randomized cluster sampling method, 267 older adults living in rural areas of Qingdao, Shandong (aged 81.4 ± 4.3, 75-94 years) were chosen as the primary research participants. A Mini Nutritional Assessment - Short Form was used to determine nutritional status, and Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour Food Intake Recall were used to assess dietary intake. The oral function was evaluated by analyzing the teeth, oral problems, bite force, tongue pressure, lip sealing pressure, chewing function questionnaire, whole saliva flow rate, 10-Item Eating Assessment Tool, and water swallow test. RESULTS: Based on the MNA-SF score, it was divided into a well-nourished group and a malnutrition group, with the malnutrition group comprising 40.6% of participants. The participants in the malnutrition group showed a higher rate of xerostomia, lower bite force, tongue pressure, and lip sealing pressure, and higher Chewing Function Questionnaire and 10-Item Eating Assessment Tool scores. Furthermore, their plant fat, iron, cereals and potatoes, vegetables, fruits, and seafood intake were relatively low. The regression model indicated that exercise frequency, stroke, chewing and swallowing function, intake of vegetables and fruits were risk factors for nutritional status of older adults. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition was relatively common among the Chinese older adults aged 75 and above, and it was significantly correlated with exercise frequency, stroke, chewing and swallowing function, and intake of vegetables and fruits. Therefore, nutrition management should be carried out under the understanding and guidance of the oral function and dietary intake of the older adults.

Exploring the complex dynamics of BMI, age, and physiological indicators in early adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood biochemical indicators in early adolescence, and to provide ideas for early prevention of diseases and explore possible disease-related predictors. METHODS: 3125 participants aged 10 ∼ 14 years were selected from China from the survey of "China Nutrition and Health Surveillance ( 2016 ∼ 2017 ) ". Employing advanced statistical methods, including generalized linear models, heatmaps, hierarchical clustering, and generalized additive models, the study delved into the associations between BMI and various biochemical indicators. RESULTS: In early adolescence, indicators including systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, weight, height, BMI, hemoglobin, blood uric acid, serum creatinine, albumin, vitamin A presented increasing trends with the increase of age ( P < 0.05 ), whereas LDL-C, vitamin D, and ferritin showed decreasing trends with the increase of age ( P < 0.05 ). The increase in hemoglobin and blood uric acid levels with age was more pronounced in males compared to females ( P < 0.05 ). BMI was positively correlated with blood glucose, hemoglobin, triglyceride, LDL-C, blood uric acid, serum creatinine, ferritin, transferrin receptor, hs-CRP, total protein, vitamin A ( P < 0.05 ). There was a significant BMI × age interaction in the correlation analysis with LDL-C, transferrin receptor, serum creatinine, and hs-CRP ( P < 0.05 ). BMI was a risk factor for hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome in all age groups ( OR > 1, P < 0.05 ). CONCLUSIONS: High BMI was a risk factor for hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and MetS in early adolescents. With the focus on energy intake beginning in early adolescence, the maintenance of a healthy weight warrants greater attention.

Relationship between three dietary indices and health-related quality of life among rural elderly in China: a cross-sectional study.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the association between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and diet quality using three evidence-based dietary indices among older people in rural China. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,258 rural older people (mean age 72.32 years; 55.6% female). HRQOL was assessed using the European Five Dimension Health Scale (EQ-5D), and dietary intake was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Three dietary scoring indices, including the Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), were calculated to assess and analyze the relationship between these dietary indices and quality of life. Results: The EQ-5D score was 0.95 ± 0.10, and the EQ-Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score was 76.76 ± 14.44. All three groups with higher dietary indices had higher quality of life scores. After controlling for covariates in multivariate adjusted binary logistic regression analyzes, participants in the top tertile of DDS had higher quality of life scores than those in the bottom tertile. DDS was consistently associated with EQ-5D (Model 2: OR = 1.567, p = 0.001; Model3: OR = 1.351, p = 0.044) and EQ-VAS (Model 2: OR = 1.830, p < 0.001; Model 3: OR = 1.383, p = 0.047), significantly different from the other groups. Conclusion: Older people in rural China who adhere to various foods experience a better quality of healthy life.

Effect of dietary supplementation with multinutrient soy flour on body composition and cognitive function in elderly individuals at the risk of low protein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Insufficient protein intake and cognitive decline are common in older adults; however, there have been few studies on low protein risk screening and complex nutrient interventions for elderly individuals in rural communities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary multinutrient soy flour (MNSF) on body composition and cognitive function in elderly individuals who are at risk of protein deficiency in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutritional interventions were given to those found to have low protein levels using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Among 733 older adults screened, 62 participants were included and randomly assigned into two groups, one taking soy flour and the other taking MNSF for 12 weeks. A previous cross-sectional survey found that 35.1% of the elderly people with an average age of 71.61 ± 5.94 years had an inadequate body protein mass proportion. After the intervention, the MNSF group demonstrated a significant improvement in protein mass, muscle mass, mineral levels, skeletal muscle mass, and fat-free mass compared with baseline (all P < 0.05), as well as a better upward trend compared with the soy flour group (P = 0.08; P = 0.07; P = 0.05; P = 0.08; P = 0.07). Regarding the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores, the MNSF group showed a significant decrease after 12 weeks (P < 0.05), which were significantly different compared with the soy flour group (P < 0.05). In the future, the application of MNSF as a food-based supplement to improve nutrition and delay cognitive decline in older adults at the risk of protein deficiency may be considered.

Effect of high-fructose consumption in pregnancy on the bone growth of offspring rats.

Growing evidence suggests that bone health is programmed in early life. Maternal diet may influence the skeletal development of offspring. We aimed to determine the possible effects of high-fructose intake during pregnancy on different aspects of long bone morphology in the offspring of rats and to initially explore the possible mechanisms. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and intragastrically administered the same dose of distilled water (CON, n = 12), 20 g/kg/day glucose (GLU, n = 12), 10 g/kg/day fructose (LFRU, n = 12), or 20 g/kg/day fructose (HFRU, n = 12) for 21 days during gestation. Computed tomography was used to analyze the cortical and cancellous bones of the distal femur of the offspring rats, and circulating bone metabolic biomarkers were measured using enzyme immunoassay. The results showed that high-fructose intake during pregnancy could decrease body weight, impair glucose metabolism, and increase serum leptin and uric acid in offspring. The offspring in the HFRU group had higher levels of the N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and the C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). The bone mean density (BMD), the total cross-sectional area inside the periosteal envelope (Tt.Ar), cortical bone area (Ct.Ar), medullary (or marrow) area (Ma.Ar), and trabecular mean density of the offspring in the HFRU group were lower than those in the CON group. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap) staining showed that high-fructose intake during pregnancy could increase the number of osteoclasts and increase the absorption area. Our results suggested that excessive fructose intake during pregnancy could inhibit skeletal development in offspring. Thus, attention to fructose intake during pregnancy is important for bone development in offspring.

Effects of lipid extract from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) on gut microbiota, and its relationship with glycemic traits in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Studies have shown that blue mussel lipid extract (BMLE) can improve the glycemic traits, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China. Gut microbiota is closely related to T2DM. This study aims to explore whether BMLE can improve the glycemic status of T2DM patients by regulating gut microbiota in a 60-day double-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of 133 T2DM subjects were randomized into BMLE (n = 44), fish oil (FO) (n = 44), and corn oil (CO) (n = 45) groups. The participants were asked to take two corresponding oil capsules (0.8 g per capsule each) every day. The faecal microbiota, glycemic traits, and other cardiometabolic factors were analyzed at baseline and endpoint. The α diversity estimators of Ace and Chao1 decreased significantly in all three groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Eight bacteria decreased significantly in the BMLE group but not in the FO and CO groups: unclassified_Clostridia_UCG_014, unclassified_Bacteroidia, Erysipelotrichaceae, and uncultured_Ruminococcaceae_bacterium at the family level and unclassified_Bacteroidia, uncultured_Ruminococcaceae_bacterium, unclassified_Clostridia_UCG_014, and Turicibacter at genus level. In the BMLE group, the change in the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae was positively correlated with the changes in the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.454, p < 0.01) and fasting insulin (r = 0.414, p < 0.01). The change in the relative abundance of Turicibacter was positively correlated with the changes in HOMA-IR (r = 0.431, p < 0.01), fasting insulin (r = 0.414, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (TC) (r = 0.358, p < 0.05), and triacylglycerol (TG) (r = 0.393 p = 0.013). In conclusion, BMLE might improve glycemic traits by modulating gut microbiota in T2DM patients.

The Effects of n-3 PUFA Supplementation on Bone Metabolism Markers and Body Bone Mineral Density in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs.

Supplemental n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on bone metabolism have yielded inconsistent results. This study aimed to examine the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases, updated to 1 March 2023. The intervention effects were measured as standard mean differences (SMD) and mean differences (MD). Additionally, n-3 PUFA with the untreated control, placebo control, or lower-dose n-3 PUFA supplements were compared, respectively. Further, 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (22 comparisons, n = 2546) showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation significantly increased blood n-3 PUFA (SMD: 2.612; 95% CI: 1.649 to 3.575). However, no significant effects were found on BMD, CTx-1, NTx-1, BAP, serum calcium, 25(OH)D, PTH, CRP, and IL-6. Subgroup analyses showed significant increases in femoral neck BMD in females (0.01, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.02), people aged <60 years (0.01, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.01), and those people in Eastern countries (0.02, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.03), and for 25(OH)D in people aged ≥60 years (0.43, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.74), treated with n-3 PUFA only (0.36, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.66), and in studies lasting ≤6 months (0.29, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.47). NTx-1 decreased in both genders (-9.66, 95% CI: -15.60 to -3.71), and serum calcium reduction was found in studies lasting >6 months (-0.19, 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.01). The present study demonstrated that n-3 PUFA supplementation might not have a significant effect on bone mineral density or bone metabolism markers, but have some potential benefits for younger postmenopausal subjects in the short term. Therefore, additional high-quality, long-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are warranted to fully elucidate the potential benefits of n-3 PUFA supplementation, as well as the combined supplementation of n-3 PUFA, on bone health.

Association Between Sleep and Cognition of Older Adults in Rural Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Sleep is an essential physiological function for everyone. Limited evidence existed on the associations between multi-factor sleep patterns and cognition among older adults in rural areas. Aimed to assess that, We conducted a cross-sectional study on the living habits and cognitive status in rural areas of Qingdao and 1167 participants aged 65 to 96 years answered the questionnaire. The result showed that poor sleep quality, high sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction, and hypnotic drug-dominated sleep patterns were related to the cognitive function, and there was no obviously associations between good sleep duration and cognition. In order to solve the sleep problems and preserve cognitive function, support and protection of physical and mental health should be the priority of government policies in helping older adults' group in rural areas.

Multi-omics reveals hypertrophy of adipose tissue and lipid metabolism disorder via mitochondria in young mice under real-ambient exposure to air pollution.

Air pollution has become one of the most serious health risks as a result of industrialization, especially in developing countries. More attention has been drawn to the relationship between obesity/overweight and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Especially for susceptible populations, the impact of air pollution on children and adolescents has attracted more public attentions. However, the detailed underlying mechanism influencing obesity or overweight under PM2.5 exposure is still unknown. Therefore, young mice were exposed to PM2.5 using the real-ambient exposure system that we previously established in Shijiazhuang city. Compared with the traditionally concentrated air particle (CAP) system, our real-ambient exposure system provides similar PM2.5 concentrations and characteristics as outdoor ambient air and minimizes the influence of external interfering factors. After 8 weeks of exposure to PM2.5, the weight of gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) was considerably increased, accompanied by a significantly enlarged size of adipocytes in sWAT. Importantly, multiomics analysis indicated altered metabolites involved in the lipid metabolism pathway, and transcriptomic analysis revealed notably changed signaling pathways related to fatty acid metabolism. Moreover, the mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial activity and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) were increased in the liver under PM2.5 exposure. Taken together, our research investigated the hypotrophy of adipose tissue in young mice, supported an imbalance in lipid metabolism based on multiomics analysis, and revealed disordered mitochondrial function under PM2.5 exposure. Our study provided new insight into the hazardous effects of air pollution, and extended our understanding on the underlying mechanism.

Punicalagin protects against impaired skeletal muscle function in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice by regulating TET2.

The function of skeletal muscles can be markedly hampered by obesity. Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) is an important therapeutic target for ameliorating skeletal muscle dysfunction. Our previous study revealed that punicalagin (PUN) regulated TET2 in obese mice; however, whether PUN can prevent obesity-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction by regulating TET2 remains unclear. In the present study, 40 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): the control (CON) group, the high-fat-diet (HFD, negative control) group, the resveratrol (positive control) group, and the PUN group. The ratio of gastrocnemius weight to body weight (0.0097 ± 0.0016 vs. 0.0080 ± 0.0011), the grip strength (120.04 g ± 11.10 vs. 98.89 g ± 2.79), and the muscle fiber count (314.56 per visual field ± 92.73 vs. 236.44 per visual field ± 50.58) in the PUN group were higher than those in the HFD group. Moreover, the levels of the TET2 protein, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and 5-formylcytosine (5fC) in skeletal muscles were significantly lower in the HFD group than those in the CON group; these levels increased after PUN treatment. Compared with the HFD group, the phosphorylation level of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α in the PUN group was higher, which effectively enhanced the stability of the TET2 protein. Besides, the ratio of (succinic acid + fumaric acid)/α-ketoglutarate in the PUN group was lower than that in the HFD group (43.21 ± 12.42 vs. 99.19 ± 37.07), and a lower ratio led to a higher demethylase activity of TET2 in the PUN group than in the HFD group. This study highlights that PUN supplementation protects against obesity-induced impairment of the skeletal muscle function via regulating the protein stability of TET2 and the enzymatic activity of TET2 demethylation.

The effect of real-ambient PM2.5 exposure on the lung and gut microbiomes and the regulation of Nrf2.

The influence of air pollution on human health has sparked widespread concerns across the world. Previously, we found that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in our "real-ambient exposure" system can result in reduced lung function. However, the mechanism of organ-specific toxicity is still not fully elucidated. The balance of the microbiome contributes to maintaining lung and gut health, but the changes in the microbiome under PM2.5 exposure are not fully understood. Recently, crosstalk between nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the microbiome was reported. However, it is unclear whether Nrf2 affects the lung and gut microbiomes under PM2.5 exposure. In this study, wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-/- (KO) mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) and real ambient PM2.5 (PM) in the " real-ambient exposure" system to examine changes in the lung and gut microbiomes. Here, our data suggested microbiome dysbiosis in lung and gut of KO mice under PM2.5 exposure, and Nrf2 ameliorated the microbiome disorder. Our study demonstrated the detrimental impacts of PM2.5 on the lung and gut microbiome by inhaled exposure to air pollution and supported the protective role of Nrf2 in maintaining microbiome homeostasis under PM2.5 exposure.

Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC334 Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury in Rats by Targeting Microbes and Metabolites.

SCOPE: Gastrointestinal side effects are frequently observed in patients receiving medical radiation therapy. As Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC334 potentially affects microbial ecosystem, the study hypothesizes that it may improve radiation-induced intestinal injury in rats by modulating the "gut microbiota-metabolite-barrier axis." METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats are fed one of three or no doses of L. casei ATCC334 for 7 days and then expose to a single dose of 9 Gy X-ray total abdominal irradiation. Supplementation with L. casei ATCC334 promote the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), increase the expression of tight junction proteins, reduce intestinal permeability, and protect intestinal barrier integrity. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing show that medium and high doses of L. casei ATCC334 inhibit the growth of Escherichia/Shigella and favor Akkermansia proliferation. L. casei ATCC334 intervention reprogram the metabolic profile and inhibit putrescine production but promote alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) production. Notably, a decrease in putrescine and an increase in ALA are significantly correlated with the proliferation of ISCs and enhanced intestinal barrier function following L. casei ATCC334 intervention. CONCLUSION: These results highlight that medium and high doses of L. casei ATCC334 alleviate radiation-induced intestinal damage by enhancing the mucosal barrier and remodeling the gut microbiota structure and metabolic activity.

Lipid extract from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) improves glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetic mellitus patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that blue mussel lipid extract (BMLE) has strong anti-inflammatory activity in both rheumatoid arthritis patients and animal arthritis models. Chronic inflammation was closely related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Though the beneficial effects cannot be completely attributed to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the aim of this study was to investigate whether BMLE can improve glycemic traits of T2DM patients. METHOD: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 133 Chinese T2DM participants were randomized to either fish oil (FO, n = 44), BMLE (n = 44), or corn oil (CO, n = 45) groups for 60 days. The participants were asked to take the corresponding oil capsules (two capsules per day, 0.8 g per capsule), which provided 1.6 g day-1 of FO (29.9% eicosapentaenoic acid + 20.4% docosahexaenoic acid), BMLE (20.7% eicosapentaenoic acid + 26.7% docosahexaenoic acid), or CO (53.5% linoleic acid). RESULTS: The fasting serum concentration of insulin (P = 0.005) and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (P = 0.026) were significantly decreased in the BMLE group, whereas no significant change was found in the FO or CO groups. There was no significant difference between groups on serum glycosylated hemoglobin. Tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly decreased in the BMLE group (P = 0.003), but not in the FO or CO groups. A significant decrease of interleukin-1ß was observed in the BMLE and CO groups (P = 0.004 and P = 0.011 respectively), but not in the FO group. The total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the BMLE and CO groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively), but not in the FO group. Triacylglycerol was significantly decreased in the BMLE group (P = 0.007), but not in the FO or CO groups. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower in the BMLE and CO groups than in the FO group (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Blue mussel lipid supplements improved glycemic traits, inflammatory cytokines, and lipids profile in Chinese T2DM patients (Chinese Clinical Trial Registration number: ChiCTR1900025617). © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Excessive fructose intake inhibits skeletal development in adolescent rats via gut microbiota and energy metabolism.

Excessive fructose intake from desserts and beverages may influence bone development among adolescents. The gut microbiota (GM) and energy metabolism play important roles in bone development. In this study, 40 female adolescent rats were randomly assigned to the control group, the fructose group with two concentrations, and the glucose group as the positive control group. After 10 weeks, serum glucose and lipids were detected by means of an automatic analyzer, and the bone microstructure was analyzed by Micro-CT. Then, the GM was determined via 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, and energy metabolism was detected by measuring serum carbohydrate metabolites. At last, bone metabolism markers were measured via ELISA kits. The results showed that excessive fructose intake could increase body weight and influence the glucolipid metabolism of female adolescent rats. Meanwhile, the bone microstructures were impaired with excessive fructose intake. Mechanistically, excessive fructose intake shifted the GM of rats with the decrease of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and increase of Allobaculum, Lachnospiraceae. Energy metabolism analysis suggested that most metabolites of fructose did not enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle to provide energy for the body's development. Furthermore, serum bone metabolism markers showed that excessive fructose intake could decrease both bone formation and resorption. Our results suggested that excessive fructose intake could inhibit skeletal development in adolescents. One potential mechanism might be that it affected the intestinal microbiota homeostasis in the juvenile body, thus changing the energy metabolism level, and ultimately affecting the bone metabolic balance.

Protective effects of apple polyphenols on bone loss in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity.

Obesity-induced inflammation can lead to an imbalance in bone formation and resorption. Our previous studies have demonstrated that apple polyphenols (APs) can reduce body weight and inflammation. But their effect on bone is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of APs on bone loss in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control group (10% fat diet), HFD group (60% fat diet), resveratrol group (60% fat diet), and AP group (60% fat diet). Micro-computed tomography revealed a significant increase in bone volume fraction and bone mineral density, and more trabecular bone and less trabecular bone separation in the AP group compared with the HFD group. In addition, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) levels were decreased; runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) levels were increased; the collagen area was enlarged; and femur biomechanical property was enhanced in the AP group compared with the HFD group. APs significantly increased the ratio of osteoprotegerin to the receptor activator for the nuclear factor-κB ligand (OPG/RANKL) compared with the HFD group. Resveratrol could also improve the glucolipid regulation, but poorer osteogenic promotion was found compared to APs. The present study demonstrated that APs prevent loss of bone mass induced by obesity, which has potential implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related osteoporosis.

Coffee peel extracts ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via a fibroblast growth factor 21-adiponectin signaling pathway.

Coffee peel (CP) contains abundant phytochemicals which might prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study aimed to identify the main phytochemicals in CP extracts, and to investigate whether CP extracts could ameliorate NAFLD through a hepatic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21-adiponectin signaling pathway. Caffeine and seven monomers of flavonoids were identified from CP extracts by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). After 8 weeks of intervention, the mice fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet showed the pathophysiological characteristics of NAFLD. Treatment with CP extracts significantly alleviated hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance and reduced the concentrations of serum alanine transaminase, FGF21, and triglyceride, and hepatic interleukin-6, interleukin-1ß, and tumor necrosis factor-α, while increasing serum adiponectin concentrations. Meanwhile, CP extract supplementation significantly decreased the gene and protein expression levels of FGF21, while enhancing adiponectin expression levels. The present study demonstrated that CP extracts contained caffeine and seven monomers of flavonoids, and protected against NAFLD through regulating the FGF21-adiponectin signaling pathway.

Lactobacillus casei Improve Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs-Induced Intestinal Adverse Reactions in Rat by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids.

The adverse effects of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs in the intestines were related to alteration of the intestinal microbiota. However, there was less information about microbial metabolism on the adverse reactions. This study aimed to explore whether Lactobacillus casei could regulate gut microbiota or short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) disorders to protect intestinal adverse reactions induced by isoniazid (H) and rifampicin (R). Male Wistar rats were given low and high doses of Lactobacillus casei two hours before daily administration of anti-TB drugs. After 42 days, colon tissue and blood were collected for analysis. The feces at two-week and six-week were collected to analyze the microbial composition and the content of SCFAs in colon contents was determined. Supplementation of Lactobacillus casei increased the proportion of intestinal goblet cells induced by H and R (p < 0.05). In addition, HR also reduced the level of mucin-2 (p < 0.05), and supplementation of Lactobacillus casei restored. After two weeks of HR intervention, a decrease in OTUs, diversity index, the abundance of Bacteroides, Akkermansia, and Blautia, and an increase of the abundance of Lacetospiraceae NK4A136 group and Rumencoccus UCG-005, were observed compared with the control group (p all < 0.05). These indices in Lactobacillus casei intervention groups were similar to the HR group. Six-week intervention resulted in a dramatic reduction of Lacetospiraceae NK4A136 group, butyric acid, valeric acid and hexanoic acid, while an increase of Bacteroides and Blautia (p all < 0.05). Pretreatment with Lactobacillus casei significantly increased the content of hexanoic acid compared with HR group (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus casei might prevent intestinal injury induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs by regulating gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism.

Cognitive function and elderly macronutrient intakes from rural diets in Qingdao, China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Energy provided by macronutrients plays a key role in healthy aging. This study therefore explored the association between macronutrients and cognitive function in elderly populations in rural areas of Qingdao, China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This study included 1,504 participants over the age of 65 recruited from Licha Town, Qingdao City, China. Dietary intake was measured using the Food Frequency Questionnaire, and cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between dietary macronutrient intake and cognitive function. In addition, restricted cubic bars were applied to determine the dose-response relationship between macronutrient ratios and cognitive performance. RESULTS: A total of 877 adults over the age of 65 were included. After adjusting the weighted multiple variables, significant positive associations were revealed between protein and moderate carbohydrate intake and cognitive ability, but a negative association between fat intake and cognitive performance was identified. After calculating the daily energy supply ratio, similar associations were revealed between fat and protein intake and cognitive function. Furthermore, the ratio of proteins to carbohydrates had a U-shaped relationship with cognitive function (pnonlinearity=0.674), whereas the ratio of proteins to fats was L-shaped with lower cognitive function (pnonlinearity<0.001). Compared with the lowest quartile of the ratio of protein to fat intake, the weighted adjusted OR (95% CI) of the highest quartile was 0.509 (0.314, 0.827) for low cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS: With an adequate carbohydrate supply, appropriately increasing dietary protein intake and reducing fat intake might benefit the cognitive function of elders in rural areas.

Shellfish consumption and health: A comprehensive review of human studies and recommendations for enhanced public policy.

Shellfish, including various species of mollusks (e.g., clams, oysters, and mussels) and crustaceans (e.g., shrimp and crab), have been a cornerstone of healthy dietary recommendations. However, beyond providing basic nutrition needs, their health-promoting effects have been suggested to include inflammation reduction and prevention of various chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, studies on the association between shellfish consumption and health outcomes have reported conflicting results. The present comprehensive review summarized the latest studies on shellfish consumption and synthesized the available evidence on the potential health benefits or risks of shellfish consumption. The findings demonstrated that shellfish consumption may increase the risk of hyperuricemia and gout but may not increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and thyroid cancer. Adequate evidence is lacking on the association between shellfish consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, oral cancer, endometriosis, hip fracture, cognitive function, wheeze, eczema and food allergy. Raw shellfish consumption may cause gastroenteritis and other diseases infected by bacteria or viruses. This review thus provides consumers and other relevant stakeholders with the latest evidence-based information on the potential benefits and risks of shellfish consumption.