RESUMEN
Aspergillus pleurisy is a rare complication of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which mostly occurs in the immunocompromised host. The clinical condition is critical, especially to those who develop bronchopleural fistula. This study aimed to assess the characteristics and the prognosis of aspergillus pleurisy. Clinical data from 13 patients diagnosed with aspergillus pleurisy in our hospital from January 2000 to December 2022 were retrospectively studied. Thirteen patients with Aspergillus pleurisy were included. There were 10 males and 3 females, with a median age of 65 (range: 18-79) years. Bronchopleural fistula was present in eight patients. A proven diagnosis of Aspergillus pleurisy was based on positive pleural fluid culture in seven cases and histopathological examination of pleural biopsies in six cases. Four patients refused further treatment and were discharged from the hospital against medical advice. Nine cases recovered and were discharged after multiple antifungal treatments (systemic and topical antifungal therapies, pleural drainage and irrigation, and surgical repair). During follow-up, one patient, who suffered underlying bronchiectasis, died of massive hemoptysis 2 years after discharge. The remaining eight cases are still under close follow-up, with a median follow-up of 5.4 (range: 1.3-18.9) years. The prognosis of aspergillus pleurisy complicated with bronchopleural fistula is poor. Thoracic surgery, especially lung resection, is a risk factor associated with the incidence of Aspergillus pleurisy. Systemic antifungal therapy and adequate pleural irrigation could improve the prognosis. IMPORTANCE: Aspergillus pleurisy is a rare complication of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), associated with a poor prognosis. The morbidity and mortality of this condition have not been thoroughly studied, and recent research on this topic is limited. The current study included 13 patients diagnosed with Aspergillus pleurisy, with the majority presenting concomitantly with a bronchopleural fistula. Among these patients, nine had a history of thoracic surgery, including lung transplantation and lobectomy. Four patients refused further treatment and were discharged against medical advice, while one patient succumbed to massive hemoptysis 2 years after discharge. This case series provides essential insights into Aspergillus pleurisy and evaluates the therapeutic strategy based on a limited cohort.
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Fístula , Aspergilosis Pulmonar Invasiva , Pleuresia , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Aspergillus , Fístula/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoptisis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aspergilosis Pulmonar Invasiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Pleuresia/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Endobronchial electrocautery is a common and safe therapeutic endoscopic treatment for malignant airway obstruction. Cerebral arterial air embolism (CAAE) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of endobronchial electrocautery. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the first case of cerebral arterial air embolism after endobronchial electrocautery. A 56-year-old male with a pulmonary tumour in the right upper lobe received repeated endobronchial electrocautery. During the procedure, he experienced unresponsiveness, hypoxemia and bradycardia, and he developed tetraplegia. Brain computed tomography showed several cerebral arterial air emboli with low-density spots in the right frontal lobe. He received hyperbaric oxygen therapy with almost full recovery, except for residual left-sided weakness. CONCLUSIONS: General physicians should realize that CAAE may be a possible complication of endobronchial electrocautery. Several measures, including avoiding positive pressure, lowering ventilatory pressures if possible, avoiding advancing the bronchoscope to occlude the bronchus and using the non-contact technique, should be used to prevent this devastating complication.
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Broncoscopía/efectos adversos , Arterias Cerebrales/diagnóstico por imagen , Electrocoagulación/efectos adversos , Embolia Aérea/etiología , Embolia Aérea/diagnóstico por imagen , Embolia Aérea/terapia , Humanos , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Introduction. Some studies have found that cilia were shorter in COPD smokers than in nonsmokers or healthy smokers. However, the structural abnormalities of cilia and the cause of such abnormalities in COPD patients still remain unknown. Tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 3 interacting protein 1 (MIP-T3) may play an important role in the progress of ciliary protein transporting. Objectives: This study aimed at exploring the dominated structural abnormalities of cilia and the involvement of MIP-T3 in the pathogenesis of cilia of COPD patients. Methods: Patients who accepted pulmonary lobectomy were divided into 3 groups: the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) smoker group, the healthy smoker group, and the nonsmoker group, according to smoking history and pulmonary function. The ultrastructure of cilia and the percentage of abnormal cilia were analyzed using a transmission electron microscope. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting in bronchial epithelium were used to determine MIP-T3 mRNA and protein expression. The relationship between the percentage of abnormal cilia and lung function and MIP-T3 protein expression was analyzed. Results: Patients in the COPD smoker group had increased percentage of abnormal cilia comparing to both the healthy smoker group and the nonsmoker group (both P values <0.05). MIP-T3 expression was significantly declined in the COPD smoker group (P values <0.05). MIP-T3 expression was significantly declined in the COPD smoker group (P values <0.05). MIP-T3 expression was significantly declined in the COPD smoker group (P values <0.05). MIP-T3 expression was significantly declined in the COPD smoker group (. Conclusions: Our results suggested that the abnormal ciliary ultrastructure, which was common in COPD patients, might be due to MIP-T3 downregulation.
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Cilios , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/genética , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Mucosa Respiratoria/metabolismo , Fumar , Cilios/fisiología , Cilios/ultraestructura , Regulación hacia Abajo , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/metabolismo , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/fisiopatología , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria/métodos , Fumar/metabolismo , Fumar/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Small peripheral pulmonary nodules, which are usually deep-seated with no visual markers on the pleural surface, are often difficult to locate during surgery. At present, CT-guided percutaneous techniques are used to locate pulmonary nodules, but this method has many limitations. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB) with pleural dye to locate small peripheral pulmonary nodules before video-associated thoracic surgery (VATS). METHODS: The ENB localisation procedure was performed under general anaesthesia in an operating room. Once the locatable guide wire, covered with a sheath, reached the ideal location, it was withdrawn and 0.2-1.0 mL of methylene blue/indocyanine green was injected through the guide sheath. Thereafter, 20-60 mL of air was instilled to disperse the dye to the pleura near the nodules. VATS was then performed immediately. RESULTS: Study subjects included 25 patients with 28 nodules. The mean largest diameter of the pulmonary nodules was 11.8 mm (range, 6.0-24.0 mm), and the mean distance from the nearest pleural surface was 13.4 mm (range, 2.5-34.9 mm). After the ENB-guided localisation procedure was completed, the dye was visualised in 23 nodules (82.1%) using VATS. The average duration of the ENB-guided pleural dye marking procedure was 12.6 min (range, 4-30 min). The resection margins were negative in all malignant nodules. Complications unrelated to the ENB-guided localisation procedure occurred in two patients, including one case of haemorrhage and one case of slow intraoperative heart rate. CONCLUSION: ENB can be used to safely and accurately locate small peripheral pulmonary nodules and guide surgical resection. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1900021963.
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Broncoscopía , Magnetometría/métodos , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/diagnóstico por imagen , Nódulo Pulmonar Solitario/diagnóstico por imagen , Cirugía Asistida por Computador/métodos , Cirugía Torácica Asistida por Video/métodos , Broncoscopía/instrumentación , Broncoscopía/métodos , Colorantes/farmacología , Precisión de la Medición Dimensional , Campos Electromagnéticos , Femenino , Humanos , Carmin de Índigo/farmacología , Masculino , Azul de Metileno/farmacología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/cirugía , Cuidados Preoperatorios/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Nódulo Pulmonar Solitario/cirugíaRESUMEN
RATIONALE: Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is a rare disease characterized by the formation of hematopoietic elements outside the bone marrow driven by several hematological disease. To the best of our knowledge, EMH is relatively common in patient with beta-thalassemia or hereditary spherocytosis but rarely reported in patients with alpha-thalassemia. Here, we discuss a large intrathoracic EMH (measuring 95âmmâ×â66âmm) without presenting severe complications in alpha-thalassemia along with literature review. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 55-year-old Chinese female patient with alpha-thalassemia presented with ipsilateral pleural effusion and low hemoglobin level. DIAGNOSIS: Lung cancer was suspected at first and the mass was subjected to CT-guided percutaneous mediastinum biopsy and the pathology confirmed the final diagnosis of extramedullary hematopoiesis. INTERVENTIONS: Blood transfusion, thoracentesis and regular follow up were scheduled rather than surgical interventions or radiotherapy since our patient did not exhibit significant symptoms. OUTCOMES: After 6 months' regular follow up, the patient exhibited no evidence of disease progress. LESSONS: EMH is frequently misdiagnosed and should be differentiated from other masses in thoracic cavity, especially when the underlying hematological disease is discovered. Treatment methods of EMH include surgical resection, hyper-transfusion, hydroxyurea, low-dose radiation or a combination of them.
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Hematopoyesis Extramedular/fisiología , Derrame Pleural/etiología , Talasemia alfa/complicaciones , Transfusión Sanguínea , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derrame Pleural/terapia , ToracocentesisRESUMEN
Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (PP-NHL) is a rare entity with non-specific symptoms and radiographic findings, as well as a difficult preoperative diagnosis. A limited number of studies have described PP-NHL in Chinese patients. The goal of the present study was to improve early diagnosis by examining prognostic factors in patients with PP-NHL. Therefore, a total of 29 patients with PP-NHL were included in the study between January 2001 and June 2017, including 14 with aggressive-type and 15 with indolent-type lymphomas (10 male, 19 female; median age, 50.3 years; range, 19-87 years). Pulmonary nodules and masses (55.2%) were the most common radiographic features. The diagnostic yield was 80% (12/15) by endobronchial biopsy or transbronchial lung biopsy and 100% by computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous needle lung biopsy (11/11) or surgery (8/8). Elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels and systemic symptoms were observed considerably more often in patients with aggressive disease than in those with indolent disease. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 42, 32, and 21%, respectively, for all patients, 72, 57 and 43%, respectively, for patients with indolent lymphomas, and 13, 6 and 0%, respectively, for patients with aggressive lymphomas. The median OS rate for all patients was 12.0 months; however, the OS rate for patients with aggressive lymphomas was significantly shorter compared with those with indolent lymphomas (7.1 months vs. 16.6 months; P=0.002). Aggressive vs. indolent lymphoma status was indicated to be an independent prognostic factor for poor 5-year OS rate (hazard ratio, 5.98; P=0.014). In conclusion, bronchoscopic and CT-guided percutaneous needle lung biopsies were the most useful and least invasive procedures for diagnosing PP-NHL. Furthermore, aggressive PP-NHL was highly associated with poor 5-year OS rate and a poor prognosis.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is essential for pulmonary nodule detection in diagnosing lung cancer. As deep learning algorithms have recently been regarded as a promising technique in medical fields, we attempt to integrate a well-trained deep learning algorithm to detect and classify pulmonary nodules derived from clinical CT images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Open-source data sets and multicenter data sets have been used in this study. A three-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) was designed to detect pulmonary nodules and classify them into malignant or benign diseases based on pathologically and laboratory proven results. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of this well-trained model were found to be 84.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.5%-88.3%) and 83.0% (95% CI, 79.5%-86.5%), respectively. Subgroup analysis of smaller nodules (<10 mm) have demonstrated remarkable sensitivity and specificity, similar to that of larger nodules (10-30 mm). Additional model validation was implemented by comparing manual assessments done by different ranks of doctors with those performed by three-dimensional CNN. The results show that the performance of the CNN model was superior to manual assessment. CONCLUSION: Under the companion diagnostics, the three-dimensional CNN with a deep learning algorithm may assist radiologists in the future by providing accurate and timely information for diagnosing pulmonary nodules in regular clinical practices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The three-dimensional convolutional neural network described in this article demonstrated both high sensitivity and high specificity in classifying pulmonary nodules regardless of diameters as well as superiority compared with manual assessment. Although it still warrants further improvement and validation in larger screening cohorts, its clinical application could definitely facilitate and assist doctors in clinical practice.
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Aprendizaje Profundo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Interpretación de Imagen Radiográfica Asistida por Computador/métodos , Algoritmos , Bases de Datos Factuales/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Pulmón/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/clasificación , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Curva ROC , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127775.].
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Piridinas/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/metabolismo , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Crizotinib , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pirazoles/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is much more prevalent in older people than in middle-aged or young populations, and has been associated with cardiovascular disease. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line therapy for OSA, but its long-term clinical benefit in the elderly is unclear. Here, we carried out a prospective cohort study to explore the survival rate and incidence of cardiovascular events in elderly patients with moderate to severe OSA who did or did not receive CPAP treatment. The study included 130 patients (104 male, 26 female; mean age: 77.8 ± 6.2 years) who were followed up for a mean of 5 ± 2.54 years (range, 1-8 years). Thirty-six patients received CPAP and 88 had no CPAP. The results showed that mortality in the untreated group (21.6%) was significantly higher than in the CPAP group (5.6%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the survival rate in the CPAP group was 94.4%, which was markedly higher than the rate of 78.4% in the untreated group. The incidence of cardiovascular events was 13.9% in the CPAP group and 55.7% in the untreated group. The present study provides evidence that CPAP can reduce mortality in older patients with moderate to severe OSA, and lead to a good long-term prognosis. The study also indicates that death in older OSA patients is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
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Presión de las Vías Aéreas Positiva Contínua , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/terapia , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Estudios Prospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/complicaciones , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/mortalidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for the elderly with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). METHODS: Case control study was performed among 106 elderly with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). They were divided into treatment group (n=34) and control group (n=72), based on whether they underwent long-term CPAP treatment or not. The long-term efficacy of CPAP treatment was evaluated by long-term clinical observation. RESULTS: The incidence of cardiovascular events was 12% (4/34) in treatment group and 47% (34/72) in control group (P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that after controlling the factors of age, sex, body mass index, apnea hypopnea index and previous diseases, failing to receive CPAP treatment was the independent risk factor for cardiovascular events (chi2=17.0, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CPAP treatment for moderate-severe OSAS could reduce cardiovascular and neurovascular events risk for elderly patients with OSAS.
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Presión de las Vías Aéreas Positiva Contínua , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/terapia , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Trastornos Cerebrovasculares/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polisomnografía , Estudios Prospectivos , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/complicacionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of vascular endothelial cell injury in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected early in the morning from 20 normal persons, 21 patients with mild OSAHS, 24 patients with moderate OSAHS, and 20 patients with severe OSAHS according to the results of polysomnography (PSG). Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated and co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells of the strain ECV304 for 48 h. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 in the supernatant were measured by ELISA, and the apoptosis rate and the protein expression level of Fas of the endothelial cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The TNF-alpha level of the severe OSAHS group was (2.10 +/- 0.60) microg/L, significantly higher than those of the moderate OSAHS, mild OSAHS, and normal control groups [(1.40 +/- 0.50) microg/L, (1.20 +/- 0.30) microg/L, and (0.80 +/- 0.10) microg/L, F = 69.65, P < 0.01]. The IL-6 level of the severe OSAHS group was (64.80 +/- 9.90) microg/L, significantly higher than those of the moderate OSAHS, mild OSAHS, and normal control groups [(46.90 +/- 10.80) microg/L, (49.60 +/- 2.80) microg/L, and (23.50 +/- 6.50) microg/L, F = 182.83, P < 0.01]. The TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels of the severe OSAHS group were both significantly higher than those of the moderate and mild OSAHS groups (both P < 0.01). However, there was no significant differences in the TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels between the mild and moderate OSAHS groups (both P > 0.05). The apoptosis rates of endothelial cells in the severe and moderate OSAHS groups were 19.6% +/- 3.8% and 19.3% +/- 6.3% respectively, both significantly higher than those of the mild OSAHS and control groups (9.2% +/- 3.0% and 8.3% +/- 3.2% (both P < 0.01) whereas there were no significant differences between the mild OSAHS group and control group and between the moderate OSAHS group and severe group (both P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the protein level of Fas expressed in the endothelial cells between the OSAHS patients and the controls (all P > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the apoptosis rate of endothelial cells and AHI (r = 0.589 13, P = 0.0106), and a significant negative correlation between the apoptosis rate and the minimum oxygen saturation (r = -0.507 37, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: MNCs may play an important role in vascular endothelial cell injury in the OSAHS patients, and may be associated closely with the severity of the OSAHS and night hypoxemia.