Early colorectal cancer diagnosed after endoscopic resection: Conservative treatment is safe in most of the cases. Proposal for a risk-based management / Cáncer colorrectal inicial tras resección endoscópica: el tratamiento conservador es seguro en la mayoría de los casos. Propuesta de un manejo basado en los factores de riesgo

Introduction Endoscopic resection offers advantages over surgical resection for early colorectal cancer (ECC). However, there might be a presumed risk of recurrence. We aimed to determine the risk of recurrence after endoscopic removal of ECC. Methods A single-centre series of endoscopic resections for ECC. Patients were stratified according to four risk factors: positive resection margins, Haggitt 4, lymphatic/vascular invasion and tumour budding. Results We included 127 patients. Haggitt classification was grade 4 in 54.0%. Positive margins were found in 43 (33.9%), 16 (12.6%) had lymphatic or vascular invasion, and 5 (4.0%) had high grade budding. In 82 (64.5%) endoscopic excision was the definitive treatment, 45 (35.4%) underwent surgery. Six patients (13.3%) had residual tumour on specimen and/or node metastases. Postoperative complications occurred in ten (22.2%). At a median follow-up of 63 months, none of the 82 patients treated with endoscopic resection alone had recurrence. After stratifying patients according to risk factors, those who had residual tumour also had ≥2 risk factors. Conclusions Endoscopic follow up might be a valid option for patients with ECC. A risk-adjusted management seems prudent (AU)

Introducción La resección endoscópica ofrece claras ventajas frente a la cirugía en el tratamiento del cáncer de colon inicial (ECC). Sin embargo, existe un riesgo de recurrencia tanto a nivel del lecho de polipectomía como a nivel ganglionar. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el riesgo de recurrencia tras la resección endoscópica del ECC. Métodos Serie retrospectiva unicéntrica de resecciones endoscópicas de ECC. Se analizaron cuatro factores de riesgo en la pieza de polipectomía: el margen de resección afecto, Haggitt 4, invasión linfovascular y la presencia de budding tumoral. Resultados Se incluyeron 127 pacientes: Haggitt 4 en el 54%, margen de resección afecto en el 33,9%, infiltración linfática o vascular en el 12,6% y budding tumoral de alto grado en el 4%. En 82 pacientes (64,5%), la resección endoscópica fue el tratamiento definitivo. En 45 (35,4%) se realizó una colectomía oncológica. Seis pacientes (13,3%) presentaron tumor residual en el lecho de la polipectomía y/o a nivel de los ganglios linfáticos. La morbilidad postoperatoria fue del 22% y la mortalidad del 0%. Tras un seguimiento medio de 63 meses, ninguno de los 82 pacientes del grupo de polipectomía presentó recurrencia tumoral. Tras dividir a los pacientes según el número de factores de riesgo presentes, aquellos que presentaron tumor residual en la pieza de colectomía presentaban a su vez ≥ 2 factores de riesgo. Conclusiones El seguimiento endoscópico puede ser una opción válida en los pacientes con ECC. El manejo de estos pacientes debe ajustarse al riesgo individual, en función del número de factores de riesgo (AU)

Extended vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of large pelviperineal defects following oncologic resection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Extended vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (eVRAM) flap has been proposed for reconstruction of large pelviperineal defects where traditional VRAM flap is insufficient. We present our experience with eVRAM flap for pelviperineal reconstruction following oncologic resection. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, including all the patients who underwent reconstruction with eVRAM flap after complex pelvic resection, between 2012 and 2020. EVRAM flap was indicated when traditional VRAM was considered deficient to cover or reach the skin defect or to fill the dead space. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included in the study. Successful reconstruction with eVRAM flap was achieved in 40 patients. There were three flap failures, and one patient died in the second postoperative day because of multiple organ failure. Perineal wound complications occurred in 17 patients (38.6%), eight of them requiring surgical reoperation. Donor site problems were present in five patients (11.4%), and only one patient required surgical closure because of a major dehiscence. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found the eVRAM flap to be a useful and reliable flap for reconstruction of complex pelviperineal wounds, with a low rate of donor site morbidity.

"Near-TME": proposed standardisation of the technique for proctectomy in male patients with ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to describe in detail an approach to proctectomy in ulcerative colitis (UC), which can be standardized; near-total mesorectal excision (near-TME), to prevent injuries to autonomic pelvic nerves and subsequent sexual dysfunction. METHODS: We demonstrate the technique ex vivo on a cadaver from a male patient in lithotomy position and on a sagittal section of a male pelvis. We also demonstrate the technique in vivo in two male patients diagnosed with UC, with no history of sexual dysfunction or bowel neoplasia. The study was performed at the Human Embryology and Anatomy Department. University of Valencia, Spain. RESULTS: The posterolateral dissection during a near-TME is similar to that of an oncologic TME, whereas the anterolateral is similar to that of a close rectal dissection. The near-TME technique preserves the superior hypogastric plexus, the hypogastric nerves, the nervi erigentes, the inferior hypogastric plexus, the pelvic plexus and the cavernous nerves. CONCLUSION: The near-TME technique is the standardisation of the technique for proctectomy in male patients with ulcerative colitis. Near-TME requires experience in pelvic surgery and an exhaustive knowledge of the embryological development and of the surgical anatomy of the pelvis.

Perineural invasion is increased in patients receiving colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been growing concern about the potential association of stent placement as a bridge to surgery in malignant colon obstruction and some anatomopathological findings that could lead to worsening long-term cancer outcomes, such as perineural, vascular and lymphatic invasion. The aim of the present review was to assess the pathological changes found in surgical specimens after stent placement for obstructing colon cancer vs. emergency surgery, and the impact of perineural invasion on survival rates METHODS: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Ovid and ISRCTN Registry were searched, with no restrictions. We performed four meta-analyses to estimate the pooled effect sizes using a random effect model. The outcomes were perineural, vascular and lymphatic invasion rates, and 5-year overall survival rate in patients with obstructive colon cancer, depending on the presence or absence of perineural invasion. RESULTS: Ten studies with a total of 1273 patients were included in the meta-analysis. We found that patients in the stent group had a significantly higher risk of perineural (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.22-3.21; p = 0.006) and lymphatic invasion (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.10-1.90; p = 0.008). Furthermore, patients with positive perineural invasion had almost twice the risk of dying compared to those with no perineural invasion (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.22-3.02; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Stent placement as a bridge to surgery in colorectal cancer patients modifies the pathological characteristics such as perineural and lymphatic invasion, and this may worsen the long-term prognosis of patients. The presence of perineural infiltration in obstructed colon cancer decreases the long-term survival of patients.

Uso de sonda nasogástrica en pacientes sometidos a esofaguectomía: ¿Un gesto innecesario? / Nasogastric tube utilization after esophagectomy: an unnecessary gesture?

INTRODUCCIÓN: El empleo de una sonda descompresiva nasogástrica es aceptado como uno de los cuidados perioperatorios básicos tras una cirugía de resección esofágica. Sin embargo, con el desarrollo de los programas de rehabilitación multimodal en este campo y sin una evidencia clara que sustente su empleo, la indicación sistemática de dicha medida puede resultar controvertida. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y comparativo de los casos intervenidos de esofaguectomía tipo Ivor-Lewis en nuestro centro desde enero de 2015 hasta diciembre de 2018 con colocación (Grupo S) o no de sonda (Grupo N) descompresiva en la plastia gástrica durante el postoperatorio. Se evaluaron variables epidemiológicas y diferencias entre los grupos en morbimortalidad postquirúrgica, estancia hospitalaria, inicio de la tolerancia oral y la necesidad de colocación de sonda nasogástrica. RESULTADOS: Un total de 43 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio con una mediana de edad de 61 años, siendo el 86% varones. El 46,5% eran hipertensos, el 25,5% presentaban enfermedad pulmonar y el 16,3% padecían diabetes mellitus. La mediana del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fue de nueve días en el grupo S frente a 11,5 días del grupo N, sin diferencias en el inicio de la tolerancia oral. La tasa de dehiscencia anastomótica fue del 5% y del 0%, respectivamente. La mortalidad global fue del 2,3% en los primeros 90 días, sin diferencias entre los grupos y la necesidad de colocación de la sonda durante el postoperatorio se produjo únicamente en un paciente (4,3%) del grupo N. CONCLUSIONES: La no utilización de sonda nasogástrica durante el postoperatorio de una esofaguectomía tipo Ivor-Lewis es una medida segura y no está asociada a mayor número de complicaciones ni estancia hospitalaria, pudiendo mejorar la comodidad y la recuperación postoperatoria del paciente

INTRODUCTION: Nasogastric decompressive tube utilization has been accepted as one of the basic perioperative care measures after esophageal resection surgery. However, with the development of multimodal rehabilitation programs and without clear evidence to support their use, the systematic indication of this measure may be controversial. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive and comparative study of patients who had undergone Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in our center -from January 2015 to December 2018- with placement (Group S), or without placement (Group N) of a decompressive tube in gastroplasty during postoperative period. Epidemiological variables and differences between groups in post-surgical morbidity and mortality, hospital stay, onset of oral tolerance and the need for nasogastric tube placement were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients were included in this study, with a median age of 61 years, being 86% male. 46.5% were hypertensive, 25.5% had lung disease and 16.3% had diabetes mellitus. The median length of hospital stay was 9 days in group S versus 11.5 days in group N, with no differences in the onset of oral tolerance. Anastomotic dehiscence rate was 5% and 0% respectively. The overall mortality was 2.3% in the first 90 days, without differences between the groups. Placement of nasogastric tube during postoperative period was required only in 1 patient (4.3%) of the group N. CONCLUSIONS: Non-use of nasogastric tube during postoperative period of an Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy is a safe measure, as it is not associated with a higher rate of complications or hospital stay. This fact may be able to improve patients' comfort and postoperative recovery

Biological mesh reconstruction versus primary closure for preventing perineal morbidity after extralevator abdominoperineal excision: a multicentre retrospective study.

AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of perineal hernia and the perineal wound morbidity following extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) between two groups - primary perineal closure and reconstruction with a biological mesh. METHOD: One hundred and forty-seven consecutive patients who underwent ELAPE for primary rectal cancer between January 2007 and December 2018 in two tertiary referral centres were retrospectively identified from prospective databases. Perineal closure was carried out via primary closure or with a biological mesh (porcine dermal collagen mesh). Outcome measures were perineal hernia and perineal wound morbidity (infection, dehiscence, persistent sinus and chronic pain). RESULTS: A total of 139 patients were included in the study. A prophylactic mesh was used in 80 (57.5%) and primary closure was practised in 59 (42.4%) patients. The median follow-up was 30 (interquartile range 46.88) months. Thirty patients (21.6%) developed perineal hernia. No significant differences were found between prophylactic mesh and primary closure (16.3% vs 23.3%, P = 0.07). The median period between surgery and hernia diagnosis was 8 months in the primary closure group and 24 months in the mesh group (P < 0.01). Perineal wound morbidity was significantly higher in the prophylactic mesh group (55% vs 33.9%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In our study, the use of a biological mesh did not reduce the rate of perineal hernia, although it did delay its appearance. Perineal closure using a biological mesh may increase perineal morbidity, both acute and chronic.

Nasogastric tube utilization after esophagectomy: an unnecessary gesture? / Uso de sonda nasogástrica en pacientes sometidos a esofaguectomía: ¿Un gesto innecesario?

INTRODUCTION: Nasogastric decompressive tube utilization has been accepted as one of the basic perioperative care measures after esophageal resection surgery. However, with the development of multimodal rehabilitation programs and without clear evidence to support their use, the systematic indication of this measure may be controversial. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive and comparative study of patients who had undergone Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in our center -from January 2015 to December 2018- with placement (Group S), or without placement (Group N) of a decompressive tube in gastroplasty during postoperative period. Epidemiological variables and differences between groups in post-surgical morbidity and mortality, hospital stay, onset of oral tolerance and the need for nasogastric tube placement were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients were included in this study, with a median age of 61 years, being 86% male. 46.5% were hypertensive, 25.5% had lung disease and 16.3% had diabetes mellitus. The median length of hospital stay was 9 days in group S versus 11.5 days in group N, with no differences in the onset of oral tolerance. Anastomotic dehiscence rate was 5% and 0% respectively. The overall mortality was 2.3% in the first 90 days, without differences between the groups. Placement of nasogastric tube during postoperative period was required only in 1 patient (4.3%) of the group N. CONCLUSIONS: Non-use of nasogastric tube during postoperative period of an Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy is a safe measure, as it is not associated with a higher rate of complications or hospital stay. This fact may be able to improve patients' comfort and postoperative recovery.

Risk factors for leak, complications and mortality after ileocolic anastomosis: comparison of two anastomotic techniques.

INTRODUCTION: There are no definitive data concerning the ideal configuration of ileocolic anastomosis. Aim of this study was to identify perioperative risk factors for anastomotic leak and for 60-day morbidity and mortality after ileocolic anastomoses (stapled vs handsewn). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a STROBE-compliant study. Demographic and surgical data were gathered from patients with an ileocolic anastomosis performed between November 2010 and September 2016 at a tertiary hospital. Anastomoses were performed using standardised techniques. Independent risk factors for anastomotic leak, complications and mortality were assessed. RESULTS: We included 477 patients: 53.7% of the anastomoses were hand sewn and 46.3% stapled. Laterolateral anastomosis was the most common configuration (93.3%). Anastomotic leak was diagnosed in 8.8% of patients and 36 were classified as major anastomotic leak (7.5%). In the multivariate analysis, male sex (P = 0.014, odds ratio, OR, 2.9), arterial hypertension (P = 0.048, OR 2.29) and perioperative transfusions (P < 0.001, OR 2.4 per litre) were independent risk factors for major anastomotic leak. The overall 60-day complication rate was 27.3%. Male sex (31.3% vs female 22.3%, P = 0.02, OR 1.7), diabetes (P = 0.03 OR 2.0), smoking habit (P = 0.04, OR 1.8) and perioperative transfusions (P < 0.001, OR 3.3 per litre) were independent risk factors for postoperative morbidity. The 60-day-mortality rate was 3.1% and no significant risk factors were identified. CONCLUSION: Anastomotic leak after ileocolic anastomosis is a relevant problem. Male sex, arterial hypertension and perioperative transfusions were associated with major anastomotic leak. Conversion to open surgery was more frequently associated with perioperative death.

Predictors of complications and mortality following left colectomy with primary stapled anastomosis for cancer: results of a multicentric study with 1111 patients.

AIM: Reports detailing the morbidity-mortality after left colectomy are sparse and do not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn. We aimed to identify risk factors for anastomotic leakage, perioperative mortality and complications following left colectomy for colonic malignancies. METHOD: We undertook a STROBE-compliant analysis of left colectomies included in a national prospective online database. Forty-two variables were analysed as potential independent risk factors for anastomotic leakage, postoperative morbidity and mortality. Variables were selected using the 'least absolute shrinkage and selection operator' (LASSO) method. RESULTS: We analysed 1111 patients. Eight per cent of patients had a leakage and in 80% of them reoperation or surgical drainage was needed. A quarter of patients (24.9%) experienced at least one minor complication. Perioperative mortality was 2%, leakage being responsible for 47.6% of deaths. Obesity (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.00-7.05, P = 0.04) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.58-8.51, P = 0.002) were associated with increased risk of leakage, whereas female patients had a lower risk (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18-0.67, P = 0.002). Corticosteroids (P = 0.03) and oral anticoagulants (P = 0.01) doubled the risk of complications, which was lower with hyperlipidaemia (OR 0.3, P = 0.02). Patients on TPN had more complications (OR 4.02, 95% CI 2.03-8.07, P = 0.04) and higher mortality (OR 8.7, 95% CI 1.8-40.9, P = 0.006). Liver disease and advanced age impaired survival, corticosteroids being the strongest predictor of mortality (OR 21.5, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Requirement for TPN was associated with more leaks, complications and mortality. Leakage was presumably responsible for almost half of deaths. Hyperlipidaemia and female gender were associated with lower rates of complications. These findings warrant a better understanding of metabolic status on perioperative outcome after left colectomy.

Importance of the Moskowitz artery in the laparoscopic medial approach to splenic flexure mobilization: a cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: The medial approach in laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization is based on the entrance to the lesser sac just above the ventral edge of the pancreas (VEOP). The artery of Moskowitz runs through the base of the mesocolon, just above the VEOP. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of the artery of Moskowitz, its route and its distance from the VEOP. METHODS: We performed a cadaveric study on 27 human cadavers. The vascular arcades of the splenic flexure were dissected, the number of vascular arches, and the origin and localization of its terminal anastomosis were recorded. The splenic flexure avascular space (SFAS) was defined as the avascular zone in the mesocolon delimited by the VEOP, middle colic artery, ascending branch of the left colic artery and the vascular arch of the splenic flexure nearest to the VEOP and was quantified as the distance between the VEOP and the most proximal arch RESULTS: The artery of Drummond was identified in 100% of the cadavers. In 5 of 27 (18%) Riolan's arch was present, and in 3 of 27 (11%) the Moskowitz artery was found. The mean distance from the VEOP to the artery of Moskowitz was 0.3 cm (SD 0.04). This vascular arch travelled from the origin of the middle colic artery to the distal third of the ascending branch of the left colic artery. The SFAS was greater (p = 0.001) in cadavers that only presented the artery of Drummond (mean 6.8 cm; SD 1.25) than in those with Riolan's arch (mean 4.5 cm; SD 0.5) CONCLUSIONS: In the medial approach for laparoscopic mobilization of the splenic flexure, when only one of the arches is present, the avascular area is an extensive and secure territory. If the artery of Moskowitz is present, the area is nonexistent and this would contraindicate the approach due to risk of iatrogenic bleeding. A radiological preoperatory study could be essential for accurate and safe surgery in this area.

Accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in the preoperative assessment of patients with Crohn's disease of the small bowel.

AIM: To assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in predicting the extension, location and characteristics of the small bowel segments affected by Crohn's disease. METHOD: This is a prospective study including a consecutive series of 38 patients with Crohn's disease of the small bowel who underwent surgery at a specialized colorectal unit of a tertiary hospital. Preoperative magnetic resonance enterography was performed in all patients, following a homogeneous protocol, within the 3 months prior to surgery. A thorough exploration of the small bowel was performed during the surgical procedure; calibration spheres were used according to the discretion of the surgeon. The accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in detecting areas affected by Crohn's disease in the small bowel was assessed. The findings of magnetic resonance enterography were compared with surgical and pathological findings. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients with 81 lesions were included in the study. During surgery, 12 lesions (14.8%) that were not described on magnetic resonance enterography were found. Seven of these were detected exclusively by the use of calibration spheres, passing unnoticed at surgical exploration. Magnetic resonance enterography had 90% accuracy in detecting the location of the stenosis (75.0% sensitivity, 95.7% specificity). Magnetic resonance enterography did not precisely diagnose the presence of an inflammatory phlegmon (accuracy 46.2%), but it was more accurate in detecting abscesses or fistulas (accuracy 89.9% and 98.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance enterography is a useful tool in the preoperative assessment of patients with Crohn's disease. However, a thorough intra-operative exploration of the entire small bowel is still necessary.

Use of a linear stapler for the treatment of ileocolic fistula in Crohn's disease.

AIM: The study reports an easy technique for surgical management of some forms of ileocolic fistula in Crohn's disease. METHOD: Five patients with Crohn's disease with ileocolic fistula (2011-2014) have been managed by the application of linear stapler devices. RESULTS: Postoperative course was satisfactory in all patients. At 1 year there was no evidence of stricture or fistula formation and no patient had required reoperation. CONCLUSION: The technique is easy and effective and can be used in open and laparoscopic surgery.