The Role of Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10 in Retinal Pathology.

Ocular neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration are common retinal diseases responsible for most of the blindness causes in the working-age and elderly populations in developed countries. Many of the current treatments used in these pathologies fail to stop or slow the progression of the disease. Therefore, other types of treatments with neuroprotective characteristics may be necessary to allow a more satisfactory management of the disease. Citicoline and coenzyme Q10 are molecules that have neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and their use could have a beneficial effect in ocular neurodegenerative pathologies. This review provides a compilation, mainly from the last 10 years, of the main studies that have been published on the use of these drugs in these neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, analyzing the usefulness of these drugs in these pathologies.

Analysis of cataract surgery induced astigmatism: Two polar methods comparison / Análisis del astigmatismo inducido en la cirugía de cataratas: comparación de dos métodos polares

Purpose: Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) caused by the incision after cataract surgery may be calculated to improve IOL toric power calculation and achieve better visual outcome. SIA could be determined as the difference between preoperative and postoperative keratometry expressed in polar values using different equations. The objective of this study is to compare the SIA calculated with two different polar value analysis methods [Method #1: KP (90)/KP (135) developed to be used with incisions placed at 90° and Method #2: AKP/AKP (+45) developed to be used independently of the incision location]. Methods: Preoperative and one month postoperative data of 210 cataractous eyes (131 patients) undergoing uncomplicated cataract surgery were assessed. All incisions were performed at 11 o’clock (120°). No sutures were used in any patient. IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, Ireland) keratometry was used to polar calculation. Results: The average age was 66.25 ± 12.33 years (range 22-89). SIA polar value data calculated with Method #1 were KP (90) -0.06 ± 0.52D and KP (135) +0.05 ± 0.91D and calculated with Method #2 were AKP -0.10 ± 0.87D and AKP (+45) +0.02 ± 0.02D. However, SIA value represented in traditional notation (diopters@axis in degrees) was the same value independently of the method used to calculate; +0.65@110.70°. Conclusion: SIA value is independent of the polar method used to its calculation and slight variations in the incision position could be accepted without clinical relevant impact in SIA magnitude. Both methods [Method #1: KP (90)/KP (135) and Method #2: AKP/AKP (+45)] are useful to calculate SIA with superior incisions at 120° (AU)

Objetivo: El astigmatismo quirúrgicamente inducido (SIA) causado por la incisión tras la cirugía de cataratas se puede calcular para mejorar el cálculo de la potencia de las lentes intraoculares tóricas y lograr un mejor resultado visual postquirúrgico. El SIA puede determinarse como la diferencia entre la queratometría preoperatoria y postoperatoria expresada en valores polares, utilizando diferentes ecuaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el SIA calculado mediante dos métodos de análisis de valores polares [Método 1: KP (90)/KP (135) desarrollado para ser utilizado con incisiones situadas a 90 grados, y Método 2: AKP/AKP(+45) desarrollado para ser utilizado independientemente del lugar de la incisión]. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos preoperatorios y postoperatorios tras un mes de cirugía de catarata no complicada, de 210 ojos (131 pacientes). Todas las incisiones se realizaron a las 11 en punto (120 grados). No se realizaron suturas en ningún paciente. Se utilizó la queratometría proporcionada por el sistema IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublín, Irlanda) se empleó para realizar el cálculo polar. Resultados: La edad media fue de 66,25 ± 12,33 años (rango de 22 a 89). Los datos de los valores polares del SIA calculados con el Método 1 fueron KP(90) -0,06 ± 0,52D y KP(135) +0,05 ± 0,91D, y los calculados con el Método 2 fueron AKP -0,10 ± 0,87D y AKP(+45) +0,02 ± 0,02D. Sin embargo, el valor SIA representado en la notación tradicional (dioptrías@ejes en grados) fue el mismo, independientemente del método de cálculo utilizado; +0,65@110,70°. Conclusión: El valor SIA es independiente del método polar utilizado para su cálculo, pudiendo aceptarse ligeras variaciones en el lugar de incisión, sin impacto clínico relevante en cuanto a la magnitud del SIA. Ambos métodos [Método 1: KP (90)/KP (135) y Método 2: AKP/AKP(+45)] son útiles para calcular el SIA con incisiones superiores localizadas a 120 grados (AU)

Analysis of cataract surgery induced astigmatism: Two polar methods comparison.

PURPOSE: Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) caused by the incision after cataract surgery may be calculated to improve IOL toric power calculation and achieve better visual outcome. SIA could be determined as the difference between preoperative and postoperative keratometry expressed in polar values using different equations. The objective of this study is to compare the SIA calculated with two different polar value analysis methods [Method #1: KP (90)/KP (135) developed to be used with incisions placed at 90° and Method #2: AKP/AKP (+45) developed to be used independently of the incision location]. METHODS: Preoperative and one month postoperative data of 210 cataractous eyes (131 patients) undergoing uncomplicated cataract surgery were assessed. All incisions were performed at 11 o'clock (120°). No sutures were used in any patient. IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, Ireland) keratometry was used to polar calculation. RESULTS: The average age was 66.25±12.33 years (range 22-89). SIA polar value data calculated with Method #1 were KP (90) -0.06±0.52D and KP (135) +0.05±0.91D and calculated with Method #2 were AKP -0.10±0.87D and AKP (+45) +0.02±0.02D. However, SIA value represented in traditional notation (diopters@axis in degrees) was the same value independently of the method used to calculate; +0.65@110.70°. CONCLUSION: SIA value is independent of the polar method used to its calculation and slight variations in the incision position could be accepted without clinical relevant impact in SIA magnitude. Both methods [Method #1: KP (90)/KP (135) and Method #2: AKP/AKP (+45)] are useful to calculate SIA with superior incisions at 120°.

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Tepehuanos in Durango, Mexico.

The epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection is known to depend on a number of behavioral factors, including contact with animals and eating habits. The epidemiology in specific populations (i.e., in indigenous ethnic groups) is not well studied. We therefore investigated the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies in 156 Tepehuanos, an indigenous ethnic group in Durango State in northern Mexico, using ELISAs. Of the 156 Tepehuanos (mean age 31.03±16.71 years), 35 (22.4%) had anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. IgG levels of 14-99, 100-150, and >150 IU/mL were found in 15 (42.9%), 1 (2.8%), and 19 (54.3%) anti-Toxoplasma IgG-positive Tepehuanos, respectively. Also, 15 (9.6%) subjects had anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. Male Tepehuanos aged 31-50 years showed a significantly higher frequency of exposure to T. gondii than female Tepehuanos of the same age. Seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies was significantly higher in Tepehuanos without education than those with 7-12 years of education. Tepehuanos suffering from frequent headaches had significantly higher seroprevalences of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies than those without this clinical feature. In addition, Tepehuanos suffering from hearing impairment had significantly higher seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies than those without this clinical feature. Logistic regression analysis did not show an association of T. gondii exposure with any behavioral characteristics, including contact with cats or eating habits. The seroprevalence of T. gondii exposure in Tepehuanos is comparable to that reported in other populations in North America; however, seroprevalence in the largely rural Tepehuanos is higher than that reported in a nearby urban center. Toxoplasma may be impacting the health of Tepehuanos. This is the first report of T. gondii infection in Tepehuanos, and the results should prove useful for the design of preventive measures.

[Prevalence of postnatal depression in women attending public hospitals in Durango, Mexico]. / Prevalencia de depresión posnatal en mujeres atendidas en hospitales públicos de Durango, México.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of postnatal depression and associated epidemiological features in a population of women from Durango, Mexico. METHODS: Applying a cross-sectional design in public hospitals from Durango, we studied 178 women during their 1 to 13 weeks postpartum. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was applied and depression was evaluated by using the DSM-IV criteria. In addition, socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial data from participants were obtained. RESULTS: Of the 178 women, 58 were depressed (32.6%). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in women with low level of education, with more than 3 years of living with her partner, and in rural, non-insured women. Multivariate analysis showed that postnatal depression was significantly associated with previous depression, history of postnatal depression, depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy, stress after pregnancy, trauma, bad relationship with partner, abandonment by partner, unwanted pregnancy, family problems, and living without partner. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of postnatal depression in women living in Durango, Mexico, is high. Several socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors appear to contribute to this condition.

Prevalencia de depresión posnatal en mujeres atendidas en hospitales públicos de Durango, México / Prevalence of postnatal depression in women attending public hospitals in Durango, Mexico

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de depresión posnatal y las características epidemiológicas asociadas en una población de mujeres en Durango, México. Métodos: Mediante estudio transversal en hospitales públicos de Durango, se estudiaron 178 mujeres con una a 13 semanas posparto. Se les aplicó la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edinburgh, y la depresión se evaluó utilizando los criterios del DSM-IV. Además, se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y psicosociales de las participantes. Resultados: De 178 mujeres, 58 se encontraban deprimidas (32.6 %). Se observaron frecuencias significativamente mayores de depresión en mujeres con escasa escolaridad, con más de tres años de vida con su pareja, no aseguradas y residentes del medio rural. El análisis multivariado mostró que la depresión posnatal se asoció significativamente con depresión previa, antecedente de depresión posnatal, depresión, ansiedad y estrés durante el embarazo, estrés después del embarazo, trauma, mala relación o abandono de la pareja, embarazo no deseado, problemas familiares, y vivir sin la pareja. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la depresión posnatal en las mujeres estudiadas fue alta. Diversos factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y psicosociales contribuyeron a la depresión.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of postnatal depression and associated epidemiological features in a population of women from Durango, Mexico. METHODS: Applying a cross-sectional design in public hospitals from Durango, we studied 178 women during their 1 to 13 weeks postpartum. The Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was applied and depression was evaluated by using the DSM-IV criteria. In addition, socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial data from participants were obtained. RESULTS: Of the 178 women, 58 were depressed (32.6%). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in women with low level of education, with more than 3 years of living with her partner, and in rural, non-insured women. Multivariate analysis showed that postnatal depression was significantly associated with previous depression, history of postnatal depression, depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy, stress after pregnancy, trauma, bad relationship with partner, abandonment by partner, unwanted pregnancy, family problems, and living without partner. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of postnatal depression in women living in Durango, Mexico, is high. Several socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors appear to contribute to this condition.