Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Psychosocial Factors Affecting Women's Entrepreneurship.

This work aims to clarify the psychosocial variables that lead women to undertake and those that prevent them from doing so. Two studies were conducted using a mixed methodology to compensate for the inherent weaknesses of using each approach. The first study was based on the collection of quantitative data using the GloPEW questionnaire with a sample of 296 people. The second study, of a qualitative nature, was carried out through focus groups with a sample of 26 people. The results show that self-efficacy and emotional intelligence are the main factors to develop to promote entrepreneurship among women. Although the data show statistical strength, it seems necessary to expand the sample and incorporate more profiles of female entrepreneurs, for example, with different levels of training, given the complexity and variety of intervening factors.

Does Youth Soccer Players' Group Cooperation Improve when Pitch, Goal, and Team Size are Reduced?

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the modification of the pitch size, goal size, and the number of players per team on the level of cooperation in youth soccer players (U-12). A quasi-experimental design was implemented to measure the effects of the changes in the number of players per team (8-a-side vs. 5-a-side), goal size (6 x 2 m vs. 3 x 2 m), and field size (58 x 38 m vs. 38 x 20 m) on the cooperation. Four soccer teams under-12 (n = 48 players) participated in three tournaments (standard rules; proposed rules; standard rules). The five variables of cooperation were measured using the "Sports Cooperation Questionnaire": conditional cooperation, cooperation with the coach, disposition of unconditional cooperation, situational cooperation with teammates, and situational cooperation outside the field of play. Players presented the same level of cooperation in conditional cooperation, situational cooperation with teammates, and situational cooperation outside the field of play with both types of rules. The modification of rules involved a reduction of the cooperation with the coach and a disposition of unconditional cooperation. The causes of the reduction may be related to players' adaptation to new tactical dispositions and game situations. Future studies are needed of player's cooperation and different competition rules in youth sports.

Studying Well and Performing Well: A Bayesian Analysis on Team and Individual Rowing Performance in Dual Career Athletes.

On many occasions, the maximum result of a team does not equate to the total maximum individual effort of each athlete (social loafing). Athletes often combine their sports life with an academic one (Dual Career), prioritizing one over the over in a difficult balancing act. The aim of this research is to examine the existence of social loafing in a group of novice university rowers and the differences that exist according to sex, academic performance, and the kind of sport previously practiced (individual or team). Therefore, a study was conducted from a probabilistic perspective using the Bayesian Network analysis methodology. The results confirm the existence of the Ringelmann effect or social loafing. The Bayesian analysis let us confirm that having a good student who practices a team sport, even in the individual rowing concept, increases the probability of obtaining greater performance (higher number of strokes and more power in each one). Therefore, when rowing partnerships are formed, the occurrence probability chain is quickly simplified, along with values of the top and bottom variables. Finally, the instantiations undertaken on the bottom variable that appears to be common in the two BNs, the watt input, enhance the results obtained. In short, rowers who have a better academic record are more involved in team testing, so this characteristic is defining when it comes to achieving better performance in team testing.

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the sports field unprecedentedly. The emergency alert has deprived athletes of training in a suitable environment, as they are faced with cancellations of relevant events in their sports careers. This situation can cause stress levels and other emotional disorders similar to those experienced by athletes during periods of injury. Since the relationship between psychological factors and sports injuries is well-studied, the Global Psychological Model of Sports Injury (MGPLD) is applied to this historical situation for athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between perfectionism and trait anxiety with indicators of mental health (mood, depression, state anxiety, and stress) in high-performance athletes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to explore the coping strategies that athletes have applied and whether they are perceived as useful for managing negative emotional states. A cross-sectional study was conducted through online questionnaires during April 2020, adapting the Psychological Assessment Protocol of the High-Performance Sports Center of Murcia (Spain), to assess the psychological effects of confinement in a cross-cultural sample of 310 athletes (141 women and 169 men) from different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, and from diverse sports disciplines. The protocol comprised six instruments that test perfectionism, trait anxiety, mood states, stress, depression, coping strategies, and sleep. It was answered online via Google Forms. The results show that maladaptive perfectionism was related to all the indicators of athletes' mental health. However, athletes' levels of anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms are relatively low, and the use of coping strategies such as cognitive restructuring and emotional calm was associated with lower levels of negative emotional states. Besides, the Iceberg Profile, a suitable fit for the mental health model, is observed in the mood of athletes, both in men and in women, although women showed higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression than men. A strong relationship was observed between maladaptive perfectionism and martial arts sports discipline, superior to other sports. In short, it can be concluded that high-performance athletes in the studied sample showed negative emotional state values below the expected average. Finally, the proposals for practical applications of the results collected are discussed.

Anxiety and perceived performance in athletes and musicians: Revisiting Martens / Ansiedad y rendimiento percibido en atletas y músicos: Revisitando a Martens / Ansiedade e desempenho percebido em atletas e músicos: Revisitando a Marta

The relationship between anxiety and performance in athletes and musicians has been studied for some time. In the present study, 132 participants from the football (n = 100) and musical (n = 32) areas participated and had an average age of 20,49 years (SD = 6,62) and an average of 11,29 (SD= 4,5) years of experience in their respective fields. The analysis have shown that there are no correlations between performance and anxiety experienced, although there are differences in the perception of anxiety between musicians and athletes, since musicians have obtained higher scores in the component of somatic anxiety

La relación entre ansiedad y rendimiento en deportistas y músicos, se ha venido estudiando desde tiempo atrás. En el presente estudio han participado 132 participantes de los ámbitos futbolístico (n = 100) y musical (n = 32) que contaban con una M edad de 20,49 años (DE = 6,62) y una media de 11,29 (SD= 4,5) años de experiencia en sus respectivos campos de actuación. Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto que no hay correlaciones entre el rendimiento y la ansiedad experimentada, aunque existen diferencias en la percepción de la ansiedad entre músicos y deportistas, ya que los músicos han obtenido mayores puntuaciones en el componente de ansiedad somática

A relação entre ansiedade e desempenho em atletas e músicos tem sido estudada desde há muito tempo. No presente estudo, 132 participantes dos campos de futebol (n = 100) e musical (n = 32) apresentaram idade M de 20,49 anos (DP = 6,62) e média de 11,29 ( DP = 4,5) anos de experiência em seus respectivos campos de atividade. Os resultados mostraram que não há correlação entre desempenho e ansiedade vivenciada, embora existam diferenças na percepção de ansiedade entre músicos e atletas, uma vez que os músicos obtiveram pontuações mais altas no componente de ansiedade somática

No More Bricks in the Wall: Adopting Healthy Lifestyles through Physical Education Classes.

Despite the multiple benefits associated with practicing physical activity regularly, less than 20% of the population do it on a daily basis. Physical education classes could contribute, during childhood and adolescence, to consolidating adherence to healthy lifestyle habits. The present study involved 606 secondary school students between the ages of 13 and 19. We analysed the relationships between the perception of psychological control and support for autonomy, the satisfaction and frustration of psychological needs, mind-wandering and mindfulness, positive and negative emotions, motivation towards physical education classes, physical activity and the intention to be physically active-all through a structural equation model, which presented acceptable goodness-of-fit indices. The results showed that students who feel more autonomous see that their psychological needs are met and feel emotionally positive; this will result in the development of autonomous motivation towards physical education classes and physical activity that, in turn, could lead to a greater intention to be physically active.

Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety in Athletes/Students: A Probabilistic Study Using Bayesian Networks.

This study attempts to analyze the relationship between two key psychological variables associated with performance in sports - Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety - through Bayesian Networks (BN) analysis. We analyzed 674 university students that are athletes from 44 universities that competed at the University Games in Mexico, with an average age of 21 years (SD = 2.07) and with a mean of 8.61 years' (SD = 5.15) experience in sports. Methods: Regarding the data analysis, firstly, classification using the CHAID algorithm was carried out to determine the dependence links between variables; Secondly, a BN was developed to reduce the uncertainty in the relationships between the two key psychological variables. The validation of the BN revealed AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.92. Subsequently, various instantiations were performed with hypothetical values applied to the "bottom" variables. Results showed two probability trees that have extrinsic motivation and amotivation at the top, while the anxiety/activation due to worries about performance was at the bottom of the probabilities. The instantiations carried out support the existence of these probabilistic relationships, demonstrating their scarce influence on anxiety about competition generated by the intrinsic motivation, and the complex probabilistic effect of introjected and identified regulation regarding the appearance of anxiety due to worry about performance.

Competitive Psychological Disposition and Perception of Performance in Young Female Soccer Players.

The athletes' psychological disposition is a factor that is increasingly considered by researchers as a key to sports performance, even as a mediator between the physical, technical and tactical abilities of the athlete and their competitive performance, thus acquiring great relevance in training and in sports performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychological characteristics of young soccer players and their relation to their performance perception, made both by the player herself and by their coaches. The sample is composed of 108 women (M age = 15.53, SD age = 1.05), with ages between 13 and 17 years (13 years, n = 1, 14 years, n = 18, 15 years, n = 36, 16 years, n = 29, 17 years, n = 24), and with a sport practice experience of 7.27 years on average (SD = 2.64). For to address this aim, we used the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance Questionnaire (CPRD) and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS). In addition, regarding the evaluation of performance perception, an ad hoc short questionnaire was created, composed by one question addressed to the player and one directed to the coach. The results indicate that the group of players of the under-16 category obtained higher scores in all the psychological dimensions than the U-18 players, showing significant differences in Team Cohesion (p < 0.048). Regarding the degree of congruence between the player's psychological features, and the player's and coach's performance perceptions, the results show statistically significant and negative correlations between the Team Cohesion factor and the athlete's own outcome perception for the match #1 (rxy = -0.479; p < 0.001), and match #2 (rxy = -0.402; p < 0.01). The results of this study may contribute to establish the differences between different constellations of psychological characteristics according to the categories of competition and their relationship with the perception of performance. This knowledge can be used by sports professionals: coaches, psychologists, physical educators, etc., in order to help athletes to reach their maximum performance.

Effect of Acute Physical Exercise on Executive Functions and Emotional Recognition: Analysis of Moderate to High Intensity in Young Adults.

Physical exercise (PE) is associated with cognitive changes and brain function. However, it is required to clarify the effect of PE in different intensities, population groups conditions and the EF duration over different cognitive domains. Besides, no studies are known to have evaluated the contextual emotional recognition. Therefore, we studied the effect of acute PE of moderate intensities up to higher ones to the executive functions and the contextual emotional recognition. The participants were evaluated and classified in two experiments according to the IPAQ short form self-report and control measures. In both experiments, the groups were randomized, controlled, and exposed to one session of indoor cycling through intervals of high measure intensity (75-85% HRmax). Experiment 1 comprised young adults who were physically active (PA) and healthy, apparently (n = 54, M age = 20.7, SD = 2.5). Experiment 2 involved young adults who were physically inactive (IP) and healthy, apparently (n = 36, M age = 21.6, SD = 1.8). The duration was the only factor that varied: 45 min for PA and 30 min for PI. The executive functions were evaluated by the Stroop, TMT A/B, and verbal fluency, and the emotional recognition through a task that includes body and facial emotions in context, simultaneously. The analysis of factorial mixed ANOVA showed effects on the right choices of the indoor cycling groups in the PA, and the time response in PI. Also, other effects were observed in the controlled groups. TMT-A/B measures showed changes in the pre-test-post-test measures for both experiments. Verbal fluency performance favored the control group in both experiments. Meanwhile, the emotional recognition showed an effect of the PE in error-reduction and enhanced the scores in the right choices of body emotions. These results suggest that the EF with intensities favored cognitive processes such as inhibitory control and emotional recognition in context. We took into account the importance of high-complexity tasks design that avoid a ceiling effect. This study is the first on reporting a positive effect of PE over the emotional contextual recognition. Important clinical and educational implications are presented implications which highlight the modulatory role of EF with moderate to high intensities.

Psychological Profiling of Triathlon and Road Cycling Athletes.

Psychological characteristics of athletes play a key role in sport performance and may moderate and mediate the influence of technical, tactical, and physical abilities athletes show. Different authors have emphasized the special attention such psychological characteristics should receive considering the extent they can influence athletes' behavior either in training or in competition. This paper is aimed at describing the psychological profiles of two cycling sports: triathlon and road cycling. One hundred and twenty-nine male and female professional and amateur cycling athletes (35.74 years old average age ±12.79; 14.94 average number of years practicing cycling ±11.20) were assessed on different psychological characteristics. For that purpose, the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance (CPRD) Questionnaire and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS) was used. Results showed significant differences among triathlon and road cyclists (Stress control = t116 =-3.711, p = 0.000, d = 0.48 ; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t115 =-3-115, p = 0.002, d = 0.49; Motivation = t124 =-5.520, p = 0.000, d = 0.82; Mental Skills = t119 =-4.985, p = 0.000, d = 1.02). There were no significant differences between men and women though there were differences among pros and amateur athletes. Triathlon professional, compared to amateurs, showed higher scores in all the psychological dimensions assessed (Stress control = t85 = 3.005, p = 0.003, d = 1.07; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t83 = 2.858, p = 0.005, 0.77; Motivation = t91 = 2.721, p = 0.008, d = 0.26; Mental Skills = t87 = 2.556, p = 0.012, d = 0.77). The results of this descriptive study contribute to establishing a model of optimal psychological profiling applied to the different cycling groups that can be used by sport psychologist, trainers, and coaches in order to promote peak performance of these athletes.

A Bayesian Approach to Sport Injuries Likelihood: Does Player's Self-Efficacy and Environmental Factors Plays the Main Role?

The psychological factors of sports injuries constitute a growing field of study, even from the point of view of the prediction of their occurrence. Most of them, however, do not take into account the likelihood of the injuries' occurrence and the weight and role of the psychological variables on it. We conducted a study building up a Bayesian Network on a big sample of athletes, trying to assess these probabilistic links among several relevant psychological variables and the injuries' occurrence. The sample was constituted by 297 athletes (239 males, 58 females) from a wide range of sports: track and field; judo; fencing; karate; boxing; swimming; kayaking; artistic rollerskating, and team sports as football, basketball, and handball (Mean age: 25.10 ±-3.87; range: 21-38 years). Several psychological variables, such as anxiety, social support, and self-efficacy were studied. Also, we recorded the history of injuries as well the body mass index and personal epidemiological data. The overall picture of the generated graph and Bayesian Network and its analysis - including the use of hypothetical data by means of several instantiations - includes the nuclear role of the Self-Efficacy regarding the injuries' occurrence likelihood; the decreasing impact of the competitive anxiety previous to the injury; the probabilistic independence of the players' risk behaviors, and the relevance of the environmental clues such the use of coping strategies and social support in order to build up a good level of Self-Efficacy after the occurrence of an injury. All these data are relevant when designing both preventive and recovery interventions from the multidisciplinary as well as from the psychological point of view.

Effect of a Psychological training on football grassroot coaches upon young player's fairplay and disposition to cheat

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Topics and Cognitive Reasons in Disposition to Change among Grassroot Football Agents after participating in the Psytool Program

This study analyses the intentions to change of the Change Agents (AoC) recruited by the different partners of the European project Erasmus + Psytool. The project has theoretical frames on positive training, psychological well-being and the promotion of enjoyment and fair play. It consists of ten lessons that extend over six weeks, whose topics range from doping to preventing the acceptance of cheating and deception. The intentions to change is framed within the Transtheoretical Model of internal change with different phases of change, from contemplation, preparation, to behavioural change and its maintenance. For this, 63 change agents were analysed (Mage = 32.39, SD = 9.02), with an average experience of 9.02 years (SD = 7.68) through an adaptation of the Disposition of Change Questionnaire (DCQ), administered once the psychoeducational program was finished. The data were analysed descriptively and through Content Analysis. The results show a high value of the DCQ factors: Disposition to change, Reasons for Change and Change Behaviours. Qualitatively, the AoC showed cognitive changes (n = 83), mainly in the face of Discrimination, Violence, Fair Play and Personal Growth, and metacognitive changes (n = 12), while four Agents of Change declared they did not need to change. Metacognitively, we observed some reflections such as the increase of attention or the prevention of behaviors, evidencing the awareness of this type of problems and the analysis of information about them, assigning the mental resources to solve them. Finally, the changes were divided into those aimed at the promotion of prosocial behaviours and those aimed at the prevention of antisocial behaviour

The role of achievement goals and moral disengagement in explaining moral attitudes and behaviours in sport

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Effectiveness of a stress management pilot program aimed at reducing the incidence of sports injuries in young football (soccer) players.

OBJECTIVES: Several attempts to reduce the incidence of sport injuries using psychosocial interventions produced fruitful, although inconclusive results. This paper presents the effectiveness and implementation issues of a pilot 3-month stress-management and muscle relaxation program aimed at reducing sport injury incidence. DESIGN: Pre-post treatment-non treatment group comparison. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION: The program was administered by a trained psychologist on a once-a-week, 1-h session basis. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four male soccer players from four National Youth league teams voluntarily participated. Teams were randomly assigned to either treatment/non-treatment group. MEASURES: Injury protocol, Self-monitoring cards, Athletes' satisfaction and commitment survey, Coaches' interview. RESULTS: Group main effect and Time-Group interaction effect were both statistically significant, F(1,60) = 8.30, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.121, with the average number of injuries larger in the post-treatment phase of non-treatment group (p = 0.005, η2p = 0.077). There was a significant decrease in the average number of injuries for the intervention group before and after implementing the program (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.309). CONCLUSIONS: A controlled implementation of a psychosocial program was effective in reducing youth soccer sport injuries, with a high level of satisfaction and commitment from the athletes, as well as high acceptance from the coaches.

Does cheating and gamesmanship to be reconsidered regarding fair-play in grassroots sports? / ¿Tienen que ser reconsiderados el engaño y la astucia respecto al juego limpio en los deportes de base?

The aim of this study was to analyze the attitudes towards fair play, playing foul/hard, and the acceptability of teams’ antisocial behaviour, such as cheating and gamesmanship, in the context of grassroots sports teams. The sample included 48 teams of basket, football, handball, volleyball and rugby, including 1333 adolescents (1013 boys and 320 girls) with a mean age of 12.50 years (Range: 10-15; SD = 2.09 years). In order to study these psychological variables, the athletes answered the Predisposition to Cheating in Sports and the Fair play Attitudes Scale. Results showed the importance of the enjoyment in all sports studied, and an amount of acceptance to gamesmanship and cheating mostly in the masculine players. There are significant differences regarding the sport practiced and the players’ sex. Considering overall these results, gamesmanship is somehow accepted by team players while the cheating is not generally accepted but refused. Therefore, it will have to consider the gamesmanship correctly regarding the players’ perception of the concept of fair play (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las actitudes hacia el juego limpio y la aceptabilidad del comportamiento antisocial de los equipos, como el engaño y la astucia, en el contexto de los equipos deportivos de base. La muestra incluyó 48 equipos de baloncesto, balonmano, balonmano, voleibol y rugby, entre ellos 1333 adolescentes (1013 niños y 320 niñas) con una edad media de 12.50 años (rango: 10-15; SD = 2.09). Para estudiar estas variables psicológicas, los atletas respondieron al cuestionario Predisposición a la Trampa en el Deporte y la Escala de Actitudes de Juego Limpio. Los resultados mostraron la importancia de la diversión en todos los deportes y una gran aceptación a la astucia y al engaño entre los jugadores masculinos. Hay diferencias significativas en todos los deportes y respecto al sexo de los jugadores. Considerando globalmente los resultados, la astucia es de alguna manera aceptada por los jugadores, mientras que el engaño no se acepta sino que se rechaza. Por lo tanto, se tendrá que considerar la astucia del juego (AU)

The efficacy of the old way/new way methodology on the correction of an automated technical error and its impact on the athlete’s psychological skills: case study in tennis / / La eficacia de la metodología old way/ new way en la corrección de un error técnico automatizado y su impacto en las habilidades psicológicas del atleta: estudio de caso en el tenis / / A eficácia da metodología old way/ new way na correcção de um erro técnico automatizado e o seu impacto nas competências psicológicas do atleta: estudo de caso no ténis

The aim of this study was to evaluated the efficacy of the Old Way/New Way methodology (Lyndon, 1989/2000) with regard to the permanent correction of a consolidated and automated technical error experienced by a tennis athlete (who is 18 years old and has been engaged in practice mode for about 6 years) in the execution of serves. Additionally, the study assessed the impact of intervention on the athlete’s psychological skills. An individualized intervention was designed using strategies that aimed to produce a) a detailed analysis of the error using video images; b) an increased kinaesthetic awareness; c) a reactivation of memory error; d) the discrimination and generalization of the correct motor action. The athlete’s psychological skills were measured with a Portuguese version of the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (Cruz & Viana, 1993). After the intervention, the technical error was corrected with great efficacy and an increase in the athlete’s psychological skills was verified. This study demonstrates the methodology’s efficacy, which is consistent with the effects of this type of intervention in different contexts (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la metodología Old Way/New Way (Lyndon, 1989/2000) con respecto a la corrección permanente de un error técnico consolidado y automatizado experimentado por un atleta de tenis (que tiene 18 años de edad y con 6 años de práctica) en la ejecución de saques. Además, el estudio evaluó el impacto de la intervención en las habilidades psicológicas del atleta. Una intervención individualizada ha sido diseñada utilizando estrategias que visan a) un aná- lisis detallado del error utilizando imágenes de vídeo, b) un incremento en la conciencia cenestésica, c) la reactivación de la memoria asociada al error; d) la discriminación y la generalización de la ejecución motora correcta. Las habilidades psicológicas del atleta se midieron con una versión en portugués del Inventario de Habilidades Psicológicas para el Deporte (Cruz y Viana, 1993). Después de la intervención, el error técnico se corrigió con una gran eficacia y se verificó un aumento de las habilidades psicológicas del atleta. Este estudio demuestra la eficacia de la metodología, que es consistente con los efectos de este tipo de intervención en diferentes contextos (AU)

O presente estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a eficácia da metodologia Old way/ New way (Lyndon, 1999, 2000) utilizada na permanente correcção de um erro técnico consolidado e 3automatizado na execução do serviço, experienciado por um atleta de ténis de 18 anos e que pratica a modalidade há cerca de 6 anos. Adicionalmente pretendeu-se avaliar o impacto da mesma nas competências psicológicas do atleta. Foi delineada uma intervenção individualizada, utilizando estratégias que visavam uma análise detalhada do erro com recurso a imagens de vídeo, o aumento da consciência cinestésica, a reactivação da memória do erro, a discriminação e generalização da acção motora correcta. Para avaliar as competências psicológicas do atleta foi utilizado a versão portuguesa do Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (Cruz & Viana, 1993). Os resultados encontrados neste estudo comprovam a eficácia da metodologia, sendo consistentes com os efeitos deste tipo de intervenção em diferentes contextos, nomeadamente educacionais, artísticos e laborais. De igual modo, registou-se um aumento na percepção de competência para as variáveis psicológicas avaliadas (AU)

Análisis bayesiano de la motivación, el clima motivacional y la ansiedad en jóvenes jugadores de equipo / A Bayesian Analysis of the motivation, motivational climate and anxiety in young competitive team players

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la autodeterminación, la disposición de orientación a metas, y el clima motivacional percibido por jóvenes deportistas, así como su impacto sobre los componentes somático y cognitivo de la ansiedad competitiva, y sobre la aceptación del uso del engaño y la astucia en el deporte. Se administraron los instrumentos PMCSQ-2, TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED y SAS-2 a 270 jugadores de fútbol, balonmano y baloncesto (M = 14.67; DE = 1.53). Las relaciones de dependencia e independencia probabilística de las variables estudiadas fueron establecidas mediante una red Bayesiana implementada con Netica y Tetrad IV. Posteriormente, se instanciaron valores de probabilidad hipotéticos en algunas variables de la RB para analizar la variación sobre las probabilidades de las variables independientes. Los resultados muestran un distinto peso causal de la motivación autodeterminada y de la motivación de logro sobre la ansiedad competitiva, y evidencian una controvertida relación entre los climas motivacionales percibidos y las orientaciones de tarea y de ego de los jugadores. Asmismo, se confirma el papel residual de la ansiedad somática; el rol instrumental de la aceptación del engaño y la astucia, y finalmente, la validación de la red Bayesiana

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the self-determinated motivation, the goal orientation and the perceived motivational climate and their impact on the cognitive and somatic components of the competitive anxiety in young athletes, and their acceptance of the use of cheating and gamesmanship in sport. We administered PMCSQ,TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED and SAS- 2 to 270 football, handball and basket ballplayers (Mean age = 14.67, SD = 1.53). Probabilistic relationships of dependence and independence of the variables were studied by a Bayesian network (BN), developed using Netica and Tetrad IV. After the validation of the BN, we instantiated hypothetical probability values of several dependent variables in order to analyze the variation of the probability of the independent variables. Results show different statistical dependence relationships between the self-determined motivation and achievement motivation, respect to the competitive anxiety, and also show a controversial relationship between the perceived motivational climate and the task and egoorientation of the players. It also shows the residual role of the somaticanxiety, and the instrumental role of the the use of cheating and gamemanship