Introducing Colorectal Cancer Screening in Romania - Preliminary Results from the Regional Pilot Programs (ROCCAS).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Screening programs can reduce CRC mortality rates by up to 60%. In line with the European Union recommendations, Romania started the first four regional pilot screening programs in 2020 (the ROCCAS II projects). This study reports the interim screening performance indicators. METHODS: People aged 50 to 74 years were invited to the screening program. General practitioners (GPs) evaluated CRC risk based on a survey. High-risk or symptomatic individuals were referred directly to colonoscopy. The average risk participants received a fecal immunochemical test (FIT). Positive cases were invited to colonoscopy. Three regions were screened using the OC-SENSOR® (South-Muntenia, Bucharest-Ilfov, South-East) and one region (South-West) used the FOB GOLD®. The data was collected in the ROCCAS screening electronic registry. The following FIT parameters were evaluated: rates of return, invalidity, positivity, and colonoscopy acceptance rate according to age group, gender, region of provenience, and vulnerability status. RESULTS: We included all cases screened between January 1, 2022 and September 30, 2023. In total, 168,958 people received the FIT test within the projects. The global FIT return rate was 90%. Factors associated with a higher return rate were female gender (90.77% vs 88.83%, p<0.0001), vulnerable status (91.23% vs 88.83%; p<0.00001), and rural residence (91.84% vs 88.42%, p<0.00001). The overall positivity rate was 5.75%. It was higher in males (7.64% vs 4.57% in females, p<0.00001) and progressively increased with the age group. The total invalid FIT rate was 5.87%, significantly lower for OC-SENSOR® (2.24%) than for the FOB GOLD® (13.6%). The overall acceptability rate for colonoscopy was 51.3%. CONCLUSIONS: According to our preliminary data, GP's participation in the pilot programs ensured adequate adherence to screening through FIT. The rate for FIT return and positivity were acceptable for both tests, while the invalid rate was much higher in FOB GOLD® compared to the OC-SENSOR®. Moreover, colonoscopy acceptance needs to be improved. Our preliminary analysis revealed the screening performance indicators meet the EU recommendations and fulfill the premises for national-level expansion of the program starting in 2024.

Prognostic Value of Circulating Cell-Free DNA Concentration and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) quantity correlates with the clinical characteristics and prognosis of various cancer types. We investigated whether ccfDNA levels and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have prognostic value in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Peripheral blood was collected from 82 patients with PDAC prior to any diagnostic procedure or the administration of chemotherapy. Plasma DNA was isolated, and ccfDNA concentration and NLR were determined. We found that ccfDNA levels were correlated with age and tumor burden. Moreover, higher values of NLR (≥3.31) were linked with worse overall survival (OS) (4 vs. 10 months; log rank p = 0.011), and an elevated ccfDNA concentration (≥25.79 ng/mL) was strongly associated with shorter OS (4 vs. 8 months; log rank p = 0.009). According to the results of the multivariable Cox regression analysis, the baseline concentration of ccfDNA was an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21-0.97, p = 0.041). Furthermore, the combination of ccfDNA levels with NLR greatly enhanced the prognostic accuracy of PDAC patients. Our study demonstrates that ccfDNA concentration and NLR are independent predictors of survival in PDAC. Subsequent studies should validate this combination as a prognostic indicator in PDAC patients and assess its utility for guiding therapeutic decisions.

Improving primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding by adapting therapy to the clinical stage of cirrhosis. A competing-risk meta-analysis of individual participant data.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Non-selective ß-blockers (NSBBs) and endoscopic variceal-ligation (EVL) have similar efficacy preventing first variceal bleeding. Compensated and decompensated cirrhosis are markedly different stages, which may impact treatment outcomes. We aimed to assess the efficacy of NSBBs vs EVL on survival in patients with high-risk varices without previous bleeding, stratifying risk according to compensated/decompensated stage of cirrhosis. METHODS: By systematic review, we identified RCTs comparing NSBBs vs EVL, in monotherapy or combined, for primary bleeding prevention. We performed a competing-risk, time-to-event meta-analysis, using individual patient data (IPD) obtained from principal investigators of RCTs. Analyses were stratified according to previous decompensation of cirrhosis. RESULTS: Of 25 RCTs eligible, 14 failed to provide IPD and 11 were included, comprising 1400 patients (656 compensated, 744 decompensated), treated with NSBBs (N = 625), EVL (N = 546) or NSBB+EVL (N = 229). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Overall, mortality risk was similar with EVL vs. NSBBs (subdistribution hazard-ratio (sHR) = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.75-1.49) and with EVL + NSBBs vs either monotherapy, with low heterogeneity (I2 = 28.7%). In compensated patients, mortality risk was higher with EVL vs NSBBs (sHR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.11-2.77) and not significantly lower with NSBBs+EVL vs NSBBs, without heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). In decompensated patients, mortality risk was similar with EVL vs. NSBBs and with NSBBs+EVL vs. either monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with compensated cirrhosis and high-risk varices on primary prophylaxis, NSBBs significantly improved survival vs EVL, with no additional benefit noted adding EVL to NSBBs. In decompensated patients, survival was similar with both therapies. The study suggests that NSBBs are preferable when advising preventive therapy in compensated patients.

Safety, Efficacy and Persistence of Advanced Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from ORIGINS. A Retrospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Real-world assessments of efficacy and safety of advanced therapies used for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are limited. We aimed to report safety, efficacy and treatment persistence of new molecules (infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, tofacitinib, ustekinumab) in a retrospective multicentric national Romanian analysis. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide, retrospective observational multicentric study. Data were collected retrospectively from electronic and paper files. Patients who started on one of the five investigated molecules during December 2019-December 2021 were included. The main outcome measures were clinical remission, endoscopic healing, persistence on treatment and safety data. RESULTS: A total of 678 adult patients from 24 Romanian IBD centers with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease were included. Participants had previously failure to one (268, 39.5%), two (108, 15%) or more treatment lines and only 38% (259) were biologic naïve. In the 24 months study period, most patients were started on vedolizumab (192, 28%), followed by adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab and tofacitinib. In biologic-naïve patients, most physicians (72%) preferred anti-TNF treatment as first line biologic (93 patients started on infliximab, 92 on adalimumab), followed by vedolizumab, ustekinumab and tofacitinib. During follow-up, 71% (470, p=0.05) of patients achieved clinical remission and 36% (134, p=0.03) achieved mucosal healing. The 6 months milestone for persistence was reached in 78% (530) of cases. Almost half of patients (47%, 316 patients) persisted on their current treatment for over 12 months. Overall, an adverse reaction was reported for 67 (10.4%) patients, with no lethal events. CONCLUSIONS: Population of biologic-experienced IBD patients in Romania is increasing and is becoming more difficult to achieve long-term disease control. Discontinuation rates for advanced therapies are high.

Normal Values of High Resolution Anorectal Manometry in 132 Romanian Healthy People.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The primary method for assessing anorectal function is high resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM). It is a useful tool in the diagnosis of different anorectal functional disorders such as fecal incontinence or dyssynergia. The aim of the present study was to propose a new set of normal values to be used in practice for East-European individuals, as it was proven that the results are highly influenced by race and sociocultural status. METHODS: We conducted a study based on anorectal manometric values of healthy volunteers analyzed at Clinic Fundeni Institute, Bucharest, Romania, between 2017 and 2022. The anorectal manometry was performed using a solid-state catheter (Diversatek, 23 pressure sensors). All anorectal measurement values were analyzed using the Bioview Software Analysys, respecting the timing and the order from the standardized IAPWG protocol. Manometric measurements were summarized using mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values. The impact of age and gender on 8 different manometric parameters was further analyzed. Normal ranges for all numeric variables were estimated using the 5th and 95th percentiles of the measurements. RESULTS: A total of 132 subjects (97 females, 35 males) were enrolled in the study. Median age was similar between groups (54 vs. 55 years). The values for rectal propulsion, anal gradient and anal relaxation proved to be higher in females under 54 years as opposed to older women. The values for resting pressure, maximum squeeze pressure, incremental squeeze pressure were significantly higher in males younger than 54. Regardless of age, values for maximum squeeze pressure, incremental squeeze pressure, duration of squeeze and rectal propulsion were found to be significantly higher in males than in females. Normal values of HRAM in healthy volunteers are presented in a table at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in the current study are of high value and have a great impact on clinical practice, being the first study offering a spectrum of the normal values for HRAM in an Eastern Europe population.

Real-Life Results of Palliative Chemotherapy in Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of FOLFIRINOX(FFX), gemcitabine-based regimens (GB), and gemcitabine monotherapy (Gem) in patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC). METHODS: This is a retrospective study that included 83 patients with mPDAC treated with first-line chemotherapy (L1) with either FFX, GB or Gem between 2015 and 2017. Progression-free survival (PFS) for L1 and second-line chemotherapy (L2) (PFS-L1 and PFS-L2) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Median PFS-L1 for FFX, GB and Gem groups was 9 months (95% (Confidence Interval) CI 2.76-15.24), 5 months (95%CI 3.44-6.56), and 5 months (95%CI 3.76-6.24), respectively (p = 0.04). OS was 14 months (95%CI 11.16-16.85), 12 months (95%CI: 9.44-11.56), and 7 months (95%CI: 5.7-8.3) for patients treated with FFX, GB, and Gem, respectively (p = 0.0001). ECOG-PS (0/1) (Hazard Ratio (HR) 6.74, p = 0.002), age > 70 years (HR 0.25, p = 0.04), body tumors (HR 2.8, p = 0.048), CA19-9 > 39 U/mL (HR 0.26, p = 0.02), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) > 4.15 (HR 6.76, p = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for PFS-L1. Male gender (HR 3.02, p = 0.026), ECOG-PS (0/1) (HR 4.21, p = 0.003), L1 with FFX (HR 0.255, p = 0.007), and NLR > 4.15 (HR 2.65, p = 0.04) were independent prognostic factors of OS. PFS-L2 (HR 6.91, p = 0.013) and OS-L2 (HR 6.95, p = 0.037) were significantly higher in patients first treated with FFX. CONCLUSIONS: The OS of patients who receive FFX or GB is comparable. The best PFS-L1 belongs to the FFX group. Male gender, ECOG-PS 0/1, the FFX regimen, and NLR > 4.15 were independent predictors of OS. PFS-L2 and OS-L2 were favorably impacted by L1 with FFX.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration pancreatic adenocarcinoma samples yield adequate DNA for next-generation sequencing: A cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Genetic tests are increasingly performed for the management of unresectable pancreatic cancer. For genotyping aimed samples current guidelines recommend using core specimens, although based on moderate quality evidence. However, in clinical practice among the endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided tissue acquisition methods, fine needle aspiration (FNA) is the most widely performed. AIM: To assess the adequacy for next generation sequencing (NGS) of the DNA yielded from EUS-FNA pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples. METHODS: Between November 2018 and December 2021, 105 patients with PDAC confirmed by EUS-FNA were included in the study at our tertiary gastroenterology center. Either 22 gauge (G) or 19G FNA needles were used. One pass was dedicated to DNA extraction. DNA concentration and purity (A260/280, A260/230) were assessed by spectrophotometry. We assessed the differences in DNA parameters according to needle size and tumor characteristics (size, location) and the adequacy of the extracted DNA for NGS (defined as A260/280 ≥ 1.7, and DNA yield: ≥ 10 ng for amplicon based NGS, ≥ 50 ng for whole exome sequencing [WES], ≥ 100 ng for whole genome sequencing [WGS]) by analysis of variance and t-test respectively. Moreover, we compared DNA purity parameters across the different DNA yield categories. RESULTS: Our cohort included 49% male patients, aged 67.02 ± 8.38 years. The 22G needle was used in 71% of the cases. The DNA parameters across our samples varied as follows: DNA yield: 1289 ng (inter quartile range: 534.75-3101), A260/280 = 1.85 (1.79-1.86), A260/230 = 2.2 (1.72-2.36). DNA yield was > 10 ng in all samples and > 100 ng in 93% of them (one sample < 50 ng). There were no significant differences in the concentration and A260/280 between samples by needle size. Needle size was the only independent predictor of A260/230 which was higher in the 22G samples (P = 0.038). NGS adequacy rate was 90% for 19G samples regardless of NGS type, and for 22G samples it reached 89% for WGS adequacy and 91% for WES and amplicon based NGS. Samples with DNA yield > 100 ng had significantly higher A260/280 (1.89 ± 0.32 vs 1.34 ± 0.42, P = 0.013). Tumor characteristics were not corelated with the DNA parameters. CONCLUSION: EUS-FNA PDAC samples yield DNA adequate for subsequent NGS. DNA amount was similar between 22G and 19G FNA needles. DNA purity parameters may vary indirectly with needle size.

Fatigue Is Associated with Anxiety and Lower Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission.

Background and Objectives: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions with an unpredictable course and a remitting-relapsing evolution. Fatigue is a frequent complaint in patients with IBD, affecting approximately half of the newly diagnosed patients with IBD. The aim of this study was to analyze fatigue in patients with IBD in remission. Materials and Methods: One hundred nineteen consecutive outpatients diagnosed with IBD for over 3 months that were in corticosteroid-free clinical and biochemical remission at the time of assessment were included in this cross-sectional study. Out of them, 72 (60.5%) were male; the median age was 39 years (IQR 30-47). Seventy-seven patients (64.7%) were diagnosed with Crohn's disease and forty-two (35.3%) with ulcerative colitis, with a median disease duration of 6 years (IQR 2-10). Fatigue, health-related quality of life (HR-QoL), anxiety and depression were evaluated using the following self-administered questionnaires: FACIT Fatigue, IBDQ 32 and HADS. Results: The mean FACIT-Fatigue score was 41.6 (SD ± 8.62), and 38.7% of patients were revealed as experiencing fatigue when a cut-off value of 40 points was used. The mean IBDQ 32 score was 189.4 (SD ± 24.1). Symptoms of anxiety and depression were detected in 37% and 21% of the patients, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, fatigue was significantly associated with lower HR-QoL (OR 2.21, 95% CI: 1.42-3.44, p < 0.001), symptoms of anxiety (OR 5.04, 95% CI: 1.20-21.22, p = 0.008), female sex (OR 3.32, 95% CI: 1.02-10.76, p = 0.04) and longer disease duration (OR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01-1.27, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Fatigue is highly prevalent even in patients with inactive IBD and is correlated with lower HR-QoL and anxiety, as well as with clinical factors such as longer disease duration and female sex.

Host and immunosuppression-related factors influencing fibrosis occurrence post liver transplantation.

Post liver transplantation (LT) fibrosis has a negative impact on graft function. Cytokine production in the host immune response after LT may contribute to the variable CYP3A-dependent immunosuppressive drug disposition, with subsequent impact on liver fibrogenesis, together with host-related factors. We aimed to investigate whether the cytochrome P4503A5*3 (CYP3A5*3) or TBX21 genotypes impact post-LT liver fibrogenesis. Furthermore, the impact of immunosuppressants on cellular apoptosis has been evaluated using human hepatocytes harvested from cirrhotic explanted livers. We have enrolled 98 LT recipients that were followed for occurrence of liver fibrosis for at least 12 months. There was a statistically significant higher trough level of TAC in patients with homozygous CC-TBX21 genotype (7.83 ± 2.84 ng/ml) vs. 5.66 ± 2.16 ng/ml in patients without this genotype (p = 0.009). The following variables were identified as risk factors for fibrosis ≥2: donor age (p = 0.02), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.04) and TBX21 genotype CC (p = 0.009). In the cell culture model cytometry analysis has indicated the lowest apoptotic cells percentage in human cirrhotic hepatocytes cultures treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (5%) and TAC + MMF (2%) whereas the highest apoptosis percentage was registered for the TAC alone (11%). The gene expression results are concordant to cytometry study results, indicating the lowest apoptotic effect for MMF and MMF + TAC immunosuppressive regimens. The allele 1993C of the SNP rs4794067 may predispose to the development of late significant fibrosis of the liver graft. MMF-based regimens have a favourable anti-apoptotic profile in vitro, supporting its use in case of LT recipients at high risk for liver graft fibrosis.

The Impact of Pancreatic Exocrine Diseases on the ß-Cell and Glucose Metabolism-A Review with Currently Available Evidence.

Pancreatic exocrine and endocrine dysfunctions often come together in the course of pancreatic diseases as interdependent manifestations of the same organ. However, the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional connection of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas are not fully understood. In this review, we aimed to synthetize the current knowledge regarding the effects of several exocrine pancreatic pathologies on the homeostasis of ß-cells, with a special interest in the predisposition toward diabetes mellitus (DM). We focused on the following pancreatic exocrine diseases: chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic resections, and autoimmune pancreatitis. We discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind the impact on ß-cell function and evolution into DM, as well as the associated risk factors in progression to DM, and we describe the most relevant and statistically significant findings in the literature. An early and correct diagnosis of DM in the setting of pancreatic exocrine disorders is of paramount importance for anticipating the disease's course and its therapeutical needs.

Liquid Biopsy in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus and of the Head and Neck.

Squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus (ESCC) and of the head and neck (HNSCC) are two neoplasms that share common risk factors and have the same embryological origin, but a very different prognosis, the 5-year survival of HNSCC being almost double (40-50%) compared to the 5-year survival of ESCC (20%). Current guidelines emphasize the importance of screening for ESCC in patients diagnosed with head and neck cancers. A liquid biopsy is a novel tool for diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and personalized therapy. Liquid biopsy biomarkers for these two malignancies could help both their early detection, facilitate residual disease identification, and provide prognosis information. The present systematic review of the literature was aimed at describing the liquid biopsy biomarkers present in these two malignancies, with an emphasis on potential clinical applications.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Clinical Remission: What Should We Look For?

Background and Objectives: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions with an unpredictable evolution that can have a negative impact on patients' quality of life (QoL). Even though patients in remission have a better QoL compared to patients with active disease, they still have a lower QoL compared to healthy people. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that are associated with a lower QoL in patients with IBD in clinical remission, in a tertiary IBD center in Romania. Materials and Methods: Ninety-seven adult patients with a current diagnosis of IBD for over 3 months who were in clinical remission were enrolled in this study. Pregnant women, patients with ostomy, perianal disease, extraintestinal manifestations or other significant comorbidities were excluded. Out of the 97 patients, 63.9% were men. The median age was 39 years (IQR 29−47), and the median disease duration was 5 years (IQR 2−10). Disease activity was assessed using the SCCAI score for ulcerative colitis and HBI score for Crohn's disease. Remission was defined for SCCAI score ≤ 1 and HBI score ≤ 4. The health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) was assessed using the IBDQ32 score. FACIT-Fatigue was used to evaluate the level of fatigue. Patients with symptoms of anxiety or depression were identified with the HADS score. Symptoms of anxiety were considered when HADS-A >7 points and symptoms of depression when HADS-D >7 points. Results: Sixty-five patients (67%) were diagnosed with CD and the remaining 32 (33%) with UC. Ninety-three patients (95.9%) were on biological therapy. The mean IBDQ score (total score) was 190.54 points (SD +/− 8.2). The mean FACIT Fatigue score was 42.5 (SD +/− 8.2), with 6.2% of patients suffering from severe fatigue (FACIT Fatigue < 30 points). A total of 33% of patients had symptoms of anxiety and 16.5% of depression. Exposure to more than one biologic therapy (p = 0.02), fatigue (p < 0.001) and symptoms of anxiety (p < 0.001) were associated with a lower HR-QoL in the multivariate analysis. Female patients, patients with Crohn's disease, patients with anemia and patients with symptoms of depression also had a lower HR-QoL, but this did not reach statistical significance in our study. Conclusions: Exposure to a higher number of biological agents (patients that switched multiple biologics), the presence of fatigue and symptoms of anxiety impair the HR-QoL of patients with IBD in clinical remission. Further studies should assess in a prospective manner whether early identification of these factors with prompt clinical interventions could lead to a better HR-QoL in these patients.

Assessment of Sarcopenia Related Quality of Life Using SarQoL® Questionnaire in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis.

Introduction: Sarcopenia, malnutrition, physical deconditioning, and frailty contribute to a significantly altered quality of life (QoL) in patients with cirrhosis and sarcopenia. Aim: To investigate the sarcopenia-linked alterations of QoL by SarQoL® questionnaire in patients with end-stage liver disease. Methods: Consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis, admitted to our department between May and August 2021, completed the SarQoL® questionnaire by themselves. They were evaluated for sarcopenia according to the 2019 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) definition [hand grip cut-offs and skeletal muscle index (SMI) calculation at CT scan]. Results: A total of 71 patients with liver cirrhosis were included in the study, with a median age of 54 years. Sarcopenia was present in 31.2% of patients with Child-Pugh class A, in 58.3% with class B, and in 93.5% with class C. The SarQoL® score was statistically significant and lower in Child-Pugh class C vs. class B and class A (70.2 vs. 66.5 vs. 52.5 points, p = 0.0002). The SarQoL® score was evaluated according to different complications of cirrhosis, with statistically significant lower scores in patients with sarcopenia (p < 0.0001), in patients with ascites requiring paracentesis (p = 0.0006), and in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (p < 0.0001). A cut-off level of 75.9 points for SarQoL® score can accurately detect sarcopenia in patients with end-stage liver disease [area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of.823, SE of 92.1%, SP of 45.5%, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 66 and 83.3%, respectively, correctly classified 73.2% of cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia]. Conclusions: The use of SarQoL® questionnaire in cirrhotic patients can, at the same time, evaluate the quality of life and identify subjects with sarcopenia and altered QoL.

Romanian Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of GERD-induced Respiratory Manifestations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition present in daily practice with a wide range of clinical phenotypes. In this line, respiratory conditions may be associated with GERD. The Romanian Societies of Gastroenterology and Neurogastroenterology, in association with the Romanian Society of Pneumology, aimed to create a guideline regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of respiratory conditions associated with GERD. METHODS: Delphi methodology was used and eleven common working groups of experts were created. The experts reviewed the literature according to GRADE criteria and formulated 34 statements and recommendations. Consensus (>80% agreement) was reached for some of the statements after all participants voted. RESULTS: All the statements and the literature review are presented in the paper, together with their correspondent grade of evidence and the voting results. Based on >80% voting agreement, a number of 22 recommendations were postulated regarding the diagnosis and treatment of GERD-induced respiratory symptoms. The experts considered that GERD may cause bronchial asthma and chronic cough in an important number of patients through micro-aspiration and vagal-mediated tracheobronchial reflex. GERD should be suspected in patients with asthma with suboptimal controlled or after exclusion of other causes, also in nocturnal refractory cough which needs gastroenterological investigations to confirm the diagnosis. Therapeutic test with double dose proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for 3 months is also useful. GERD induced respiratory conditions are difficult to treat; however,proton pump inhibitors and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are endorsed for therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This guideline could be useful for the multidisciplinary management of GERD with respiratory symptoms in current practice.

Recurrent acute pancreatitis prevention by the elimination of alcohol and cigarette smoking (REAPPEAR): protocol of a randomised controlled trial and a cohort study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) due to alcohol and/or tobacco abuse is a preventable disease which lowers quality of life and can lead to chronic pancreatitis. The REAPPEAR study aims to investigate whether a combined patient education and cessation programme for smoking and alcohol prevents ARP. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The REAPPEAR study consists of an international multicentre randomised controlled trial (REAPPEAR-T) testing the efficacy of a cessation programme on alcohol and smoking and a prospective cohort study (REAPPEAR-C) assessing the effects of change in alcohol consumption and smoking (irrespective of intervention). Daily smoker patients hospitalised with alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) will be enrolled. All patients will receive a standard intervention priorly to encourage alcohol and smoking cessation. Participants will be subjected to laboratory testing, measurement of blood pressure and body mass index and will provide blood, hair and urine samples for later biomarker analysis. Addiction, motivation to change, socioeconomic status and quality of life will be evaluated with questionnaires. In the trial, patients will be randomised either to the cessation programme with 3-monthly visits or to the control group with annual visits. Participants of the cessation programme will receive a brief intervention at every visit with direct feedback on their alcohol consumption based on laboratory results. The primary endpoint will be the composite of 2-year all-cause recurrence rate of AP and/or 2-year all-cause mortality. The cost-effectiveness of the cessation programme will be evaluated. An estimated 182 participants will be enrolled per group to the REAPPEAR-T with further enrolment to the cohort. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Hungarian Medical Research Council (40394-10/2020/EÜIG), all local ethical approvals are in place. Results will be disseminated at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04647097.

Exosomes as prognostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Extensive research is focused on the role of liquid biopsy in pancreatic cancer since reliable diagnostic and follow-up biomarkers represent an unmet need for this highly lethal malignancy. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prognostic value of exosomal biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL were systematically searched on the 18th of January, 2021 for studies reporting on the differences in overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in PDAC patients with positive vs negative exosomal biomarkers isolated from blood. The random-effects model estimated pooled multivariate-adjusted (AHR) and univariate hazard ratios (UHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eleven studies comprising 634 patients were eligible for meta-analysis. Detection of positive exosomal biomarkers indicated increased risk of mortality (UHR = 2.81, CI:1.31-6,00, I2 = 88.7%, P < 0.001), and progression (UHR = 3.33, CI: 2.33-4.77, I2 = 0, P = 0.879) across various disease stages. Positive exosomal biomarkers identified preoperatively revealed a higher risk of mortality in resectable stages (UHR = 5.55, CI: 3.24-9.49, I2 = 0, P = 0.898). The risk of mortality in unresectable stages was not significantly increased with positive exosomal biomarkers (UHR = 2.51, CI: 0.55-11.43, I2 = 90.3%, P < 0.001). Detectable exosomal micro ribonucleic acids were associated with a decreased OS (UHR = 4.08, CI: 2.16-7.69, I2 = 46.9%, P = 0.152) across various stages. Our results reflect the potential of exosomal biomarkers for prognosis evaluation in PDAC. The associated heterogeneity reflects the variability of study methods and need for their uniformization before transition to clinical use.

COVID-19 pandemic and agriculture in Romania: effects on agricultural systems, compliance with restrictions and relations with authorities.

Like most economic sectors, agriculture has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was designed to understand the impact of the initial stages of the pandemic on the agricultural sector in Romania. A web-based research study of farmers was conducted using an online questionnaire. Participants (n = 148) were self-selected, by answering the questionnaire online. The results highlighted that the pandemic was having an impact on agricultural costs, labor, farm management and food security. Among the farmers who were asked to describe the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on delays with agricultural work, only 35.1% indicated that they had not registered delays. When farmers were asked if they anticipated a future increase in costs in agriculture as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, 45.9% of respondents felt that costs would increase. Fifty-seven percent of participants reported that they would continue to apply measures to reduce the impacts of the pandemic. Our findings and analysis indicated that agricultural systems were vulnerable and that the agricultural sector must be closely monitored and supported to maintain food security in times of crisis. For food security and better resilience of agri-food systems in Romania, the study identified needs for more automation and mechanization in farms, digital solutions for the public and private sector and continuous dialogue between farmers and authorities. We suggest the pandemic can be an opportunity for the reevaluation of agricultural production systems in Romania and beyond, and for the development of more innovative strategies, sustainable practices and digital solutions in agriculture. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12571-021-01239-8.

Prognostic role of cell-free DNA biomarkers in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the prognostic role of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Eligible studies reported differences in overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) by cfDNA status. The random effect model yielded the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Detection of circulant-tumor DNA (ctDNA), KRAS mutations and other cfDNA alterations constitute detectable cfDNA biomarkers. Altogether, 38 studies (3,318 patients) were eligible. Progression-free and overall survival were decreased with detectable ctDNA (HR = 1.92, 95 %CI:(1.29,2.86); HR = 2.25, 95 %CI:(1.73,2.92)) and KRAS mutations (HR = 1.88, CI:1.22,2.92,); HR = 1.52, 95 %CI:(1.22,1.90)) respectively, across various stages. In unresectable cases, ctDNA (HR = 2.50, 95 %CI:(1.94,3.23)), but not KRAS mutations (HR = 1.16, 95 %CI:(0.46,2.94)) signaled risk for progression. Detectable cfDNA biomarkers correlated with worse prognosis in resectable cases and if detected during treatment. In conclusion, cfDNA biomarkers indicate accelerated progression and decreased survival in PDAC. Significance of KRAS mutations detection in unresectable cases is to be determined.

Evaluation of a surgical treatment algorithm for neglected clubfoot in low-resource settings.

PURPOSE: Idiopathic clubfoot affects approximately 1/1000 alive-born infants, of whom 80-91% are born in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs). This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the morphological, functional, and social outcomes in patients with neglected clubfoot in rural Bangladesh, after receiving surgical treatment. METHODS: Patients received a posteromedial release (PMR) with or without an additional soft tissue intervention (group 1), a PMR with an additional bony intervention (group 2), or a triple arthrodesis (group 3) according to our surgical algorithm. Patients were followed until two year post-intervention. Evaluation was done using a modified International Clubfoot Study Group Outcome evaluation score and the Laaveg-Ponseti score. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with 32 neglected clubfeet (ages 2-24 years) received surgical treatment. Nineteen patients with 29 clubfeet attended follow-up. At two year follow-up an excellent, good, or fair Laaveg-Ponseti score was obtained in 81% (group 1), 80% (group 2), and 0% (group 3) of the patients (p value 0.0038). Age at intervention is inversely correlated with the Laaveg-Ponseti score at two year follow-up (p < 0.0001). All patients attended school or work and were able to wear normal shoes. CONCLUSION: Our treatment algorithm is in line with other surgical algorithms used in LMICs. Our data reconfirms that excellent results can be obtained with a PMR regardless of age. Our algorithm follows a pragmatic approach that takes into account the reality on the ground in many LMICs. Good functional outcomes can be achieved with PMR for neglected clubfoot. Further research is needed to investigate the possible role of triple arthrodesis.