Medidas do strain longitudinal endocárdico e epicárdico pela técnica do Xstrain®: existem diferenças entre seus valores? / Measures of endocardial and epicardial longitudinal strain by the tchnique of Xstrain®: are there differences between their values? / Medidas del strain longitudinal endocárdico y epicárdico por la técnica del Xstrain®: ¿existen diferencias entre sus valores?

Fundamento: A ecocardiografia pode avaliar a função ventricular de diversas maneiras: pela medida da fração de ejeção ventricular, pela análise visual da contratilidade, ou pela quantificação da deformação miocárdica. Strain é a variável preferida para a descrição da função local. Objetivo: Comparar os valores do strain longitudinal endocárdico e epicárdico do ventrículo esquerdo pela técnica do Xstrain® em voluntários saudáveis. Material e métodos: Foram avaliados 32 pacientes hígidos com idade média de 31,6 ± 9,8 anos, sendo 18 masculinos (56 por cento). Utilizamos o ecocardiógrafo modelo MyLab60® da Esaote (Firenze, Itália) com sonda multifrequencial (1,5 MHz a 2,6 MHz), e programa de computador para realização das novas técnicas ecocardiográficas (MyLab Desk, v 8.0, Esaote). Mediu-se o strain nas camadas endocárdica e epicárdica aos cortes apicais de 2, 3 e 4 câmaras. Resultados: Observou-se diferença estatística entre os valores de strain longitudinal endocárdico e strain longitudinal epicárdico em todos os segmentos estudados (p < 0,01).Conclusão: Os valores do strain longitudinal são diferentes nas camadas endocárdica e epicárdica do ventrículo esquerdo.

Background: Echocardiography can assess ventricular function in several ways: by measurement the ventricular ejection fraction, by visual analysis of contractility, or by the quantification of myocardial deformity. Strain is the preferred variable for the description of local function. Objective: To compare the values of the endocardial and epicardial longitudinal strain of the left ventricle by the technique of Xstrain® in healthy volunteers. Material and Methods: Thirty-two healthy patients were assessed with a mean age of 31.6 ± 9.8 years, being 18 men (56 percent). We used echocardiograph model MyLab60® of Esaote (Firenze, Italy) with multifrequency probe (1.5 MHz to 2.6 MHz), and computer program for the performance of new echocardiography techniques (MyLab Desk, v 8.0, Esaote). The strain was measured in the endocardiac and endocardiac layers to the apical 2, 3 and 4 chamber views. Results: There was a statistical difference between the values of endocardial and epicardial longitudinal strain and longitudinal epicardiac strain in all segments studied (p < 0.01).Conclusion: The values of longitudinal strain are different in endocardial and epicardial layers of the left ventricle.

Background: Echocardiography can assess ventricular function in several ways: by measurement the ventricular ejection fraction, by visual analysis of contractility, or by the quantification of myocardial deformity. Strain is the preferred variable for the description of local function. Objective: To compare the values of the endocardial and epicardial longitudinal strain of the left ventricle by the technique of Xstrain® in healthy volunteers. Material and Methods: Thirty-two healthy patients were assessed with a mean age of 31.6 ± 9.8 years, being 18 men (56%). We used echocardiograph model MyLab60® of Esaote (Firenze, Italy) with multifrequency probe (1.5 MHz to 2.6 MHz), and computer program for the performance of new echocardiography techniques (MyLab Desk, v 8.0, Esaote). The strain was measured in the endocardiac and endocardiac layers to the apical 2, 3 and 4 chamber views. Results: There was a statistical difference between the values of endocardial and epicardial longitudinal strain and longitudinal epicardiac strain in all segments studied (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The values of longitudinal strain are different in endocardial and epicardial layers of the left ventricle. (Arq Bras Cardiol:imagem cardiovasc. 2014;27(1):2-6)

Simplified single plane echocardiography is comparable to conventional biplane two-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of left atrial volume: a study validated by three-dimensional echocardiography in 143 individuals.

The left atrial volume index (LAVI) is a biomarker of diastolic dysfunction and a predictor of cardiovascular events. Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is highly accurate for LAVI measurements but is not widely available. Furthermore, biplane two-dimensional echocardiography (B2DE) may occasionally not be feasible due to a suboptimal two-chamber apical view. Simplified single plane two-dimensional echocardiography (S2DE) could overcome these limitations. We aimed to compare the reliability of S2DE with other validated echocardiographic methods in the measurement of the LAVI. We examined 143 individuals (54 ± 13 years old; 112 with heart disease and 31 healthy volunteers; all with sinus rhythm, with a wide range of LAVI). The results for all the individuals were compared with B2DE-derived LAVIs and validated using 3DE. The LAVIs, as determined using S2DE (32.7 ± 13.1 mL/m(2)), B2DE (31.9 ± 12.7 mL/m(2)), and 3DE (33.1 ± 13.4 mL/m(2)), were not significantly different from each other (P = 0.85). The S2DE-derived LAVIs correlated significantly with those obtained using both B2DE (r = 0.98; P < 0.001) and 3DE (r = 0.93; P < 0.001). The mean difference between the S2DE and B2DE measurements was <1.0 mL/m(2). Using the American Society of Echocardiography criteria for grading LAVI enlargement (normal, mild, moderate, severe), we observed an excellent agreement between the S2DE- and B2DE-derived classifications (κ = 0.89; P < 0.001). S2DE is a simple, rapid, and reliable method for LAVI measurement that may expand the use of this important biomarker in routine echocardiographic practice.

Echocardiographic identification of the oblique vein of the left atrium: its relationship to the persistent left superior caval vein.

Thus far, little has been written concerning echocardiographic identification of the oblique vein of the left atrium, or Marshall's vein. There is much discussion, nonetheless, on the potential significance of the vein, or its ligamentous remnant, as an arrhythmic substrate. We describe here four patients in whom transthoracic echocardiography revealed a venous structure protruding within the cavity of the left atrium. We discuss the possibility that these structures represent Marshall's vein, albeit probably as part of a persistent left superior caval vein.

Ecodopplercardiografia nas principais cardiopatias congenitas acianogenicas e cianogenicas / Doppler-echocardiography in the main acyanotic and cyanotic congenital heart diseases

A ecodopplercardiografia ocupa lugar de destaque, como metodo nao-invasivo no diagnostico das cardiopatias. Neste trabalho, procuramos rever os principais aspectos ecocardiograficos das cardiopatias congenitas acianogenicas e cianogenicas mais frequentes. Foi dada a enfase as caracteristicas anatomicas, aos plano ecocardiograficos utilizados nos diversos diagnosticos e as principais limitacoes do metado