A major release of urban untreated wastewaters in the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada) altered growth, reproduction, and redox status in experimentally exposed Daphnia magna.

In 2015, five billion liters of untreated urban wastewater (UWW) were released into the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada) over the course of four days in order to repair the Montreal's sewer interceptor network related to the city's primary wastewater treatment plant. The UWW discharge originated mainly from household, industrial, and hospital sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicological effects of this unprecedented punctual UWW release on aquatic invertebrates to gather information that could help understand the potential impacts to the receiving environment of overflow episodes occurring during heavy rain events. Water samples were collected at four impacted and non-impacted sites during and four weeks after the release. The freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna were experimentally exposed to surface water collected from UWW-impacted sites for 13 days and analyzed for life-history endpoints and suitable biomarkers related to oxidative stress (i.e., catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione-s-transferase) and reproduction (chitinase). Results indicated that D. magna growth and reproduction were significantly increased by exposure to UWWs. These effects were correlated with an increase in chitinase activity, which is primarily controlled by reproductive hormones and involved in growth, suggesting potential impacts on these processes. Results also indicated that some UWW samples might have caused oxidative stress during the release but that it was overcome by antioxidant defenses and did not lead to cellular damage. Overall, current results contribute to a better understanding of the biological impacts of UWW to aquatic invertebrates for a better stormwater management.

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR PERSONAL RADIATION SHIELDING IN SPACE.

Personal radiation shielding is likely to play an important role in the strategy for radiation protection of future manned interplanetary missions. There is potential for the successful adoption of wearable shielding devices, readily available in case of accidental exposures or used for emergency operations in low-shielded areas of the habitat, particularly in case of solar particle events (SPEs). Based on optimization of available resources, conceptual models for radiation protection spacesuits have been proposed, with elements made of different materials, and the first prototype of a water-fillable garment was designed and manufactured in the framework of the PERSEO project, funded by the Italian Space Agency, leading to the successful test of such prototype for ease of use and wearability on-board the International Space Station. We present results of Monte Carlo calculations offering a proof-of-principle validation of the shielding efficacy of such prototype in different SPE environments and shielding conditions.

A water-filled garment to protect astronauts during interplanetary missions tested on board the ISS.

As manned spaceflights beyond low Earth orbit are in the agenda of Space Agencies, the concerns related to space radiation exposure of the crew are still without conclusive solutions. The risk of long-term detrimental health effects needs to be kept below acceptable limits, and emergency countermeasures must be planned to avoid the short-term consequences of exposure to high particle fluxes during hardly predictable solar events. Space habitat shielding cannot be the ultimate solution: the increasing complexity of future missions will require astronauts to protect themselves in low-shielded areas, e.g. during emergency operations. Personal radiation shielding is promising, particularly if using available resources for multi-functional shielding devices. In this work we report on all steps from the conception, design, manufacturing, to the final test on board the International Space Station (ISS) of the first prototype of a water-filled garment for emergency radiation shielding against solar particle events. The garment has a good shielding potential and comfort level. On-board water is used for filling and then recycled without waste. The successful outcome of this experiment represents an important breakthrough in space radiation shielding, opening to the development of similarly conceived devices and their use in interplanetary missions as the one to Mars.

Injury rates and economic cycles in the Italian manufacturing sector.

BACKGROUND: There is a procyclical relationship between economic growth and occupational injury rates in the short term. Injury rates rise during periods of economic growth and fall during recessions. AIMS: To estimate injury rates for the manufacturing sector in Italy between 1994 and 2012 and their correlation with major macroeconomic factors and to identify a possible change in the trend of injury rates at the beginning of the 2008 economic crisis. METHODS: Total and annual serious injury rates were calculated for the national sector. We used a linear autoregressive model to assess the relationship between injury rates and unemployment rate/real GDP growth, and a joint-point regression analysis to analyse changes in injury rates over time. RESULTS: After adjusting for the spontaneous dynamic change in injury rates over time, both total and serious injury rates were negatively associated with unemployment rate, and significantly positively associated with real GDP growth. Manufacturing injury rates dropped after 2008. CONCLUSIONS: Manufacturing injury rates are associated with major macroeconomic factors. Workplace injury rates declined between 1994 and 2012. This downward trend was further accelerated after 2008. The changes in workforce composition before and after 2008 partly explain the procyclical relationship between business conditions and injury rates.

Exploring innovative radiation shielding approaches in space: A material and design study for a wearable radiation protection spacesuit.

We present a design study for a wearable radiation-shielding spacesuit, designed to protect astronauts' most radiosensitive organs. The suit could be used in an emergency, to perform necessary interventions outside a radiation shelter in the space habitat in case of a Solar Proton Event (SPE). A wearable shielding system of the kind we propose has the potential to prevent the onset of acute radiation effects in this scenario. In this work, selection of materials for the spacesuit elements is performed based on the results of dedicated GRAS/Geant4 1-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations, and after a trade-off analysis between shielding performance and availability of resources in the space habitat. Water is the first choice material, but also organic compounds compatible with a human space habitat are considered (such as fatty acids, gels and liquid organic wastes). Different designs and material combinations are proposed for the spacesuits. To quantify shielding performance we use GRAS/Geant4 simulations of an anthropomorphic phantom in an average SPE environment, with and without the spacesuit, and we compare results for the dose to Blood Forming Organs (BFO) in Gy-Eq, i.e. physical absorbed dose multiplied by the proton Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) for non-cancer effects. In case of SPE occurrence for Intra-Vehicular Activities (IVA) outside a radiation shelter, dose reductions to BFO in the range of 44-57% are demonstrated to be achievable with the spacesuit designs made only of water elements, or of multi-layer protection elements (with a thin layer of a high density material covering the water filled volume). Suit elements have a thickness in the range 2-6 cm and the total mass for the garment sums up to 35-43 kg depending on model and material combination. Dose reduction is converted into time gain, i.e. the increase of time interval between the occurrence of a SPE and the moment the dose limit to the BFO for acute effects is reached. Wearing a radiation shielding spacesuit of the kind we propose, the astronaut could have up to more than the double the time (e.g. almost 6 instead of 2.5 h) to perform necessary interventions outside a radiation shelter during a SPE, his/her exposure remaining within dose limits. An indicative mass saving thanks to the shielding provided by the suits is also derived, calculating the amount of mass needed in addition to the 1.5 cm thick Al module considered for the IVA scenario to provide the same additional shielding given by the spacesuit. For an average 50% dose reduction to BFO this is equal to about 2.5 tons of Al. Overall, our results offer a proof-of-principle validation of a complementary personal shielding strategy in emergency situations in case of a SPE event. Such results pave the way for the design and realization of a prototype of a water-filled garment to be tested on board the International Space Station for wearability. A successful outcome will possibly lead to the further refining of the design of radiation protection spacesuits and their possible adoption in future long-duration manned missions in deep space.

Fate and ecotoxicological impact of new generation herbicides from the triketone family: An overview to assess the environmental risks.

Triketones, derived chemically from a natural phytotoxin (leptospermone), are a good example of allelochemicals as lead molecules for the development of new herbicides. Targeting a new and key enzyme involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, these latest-generation herbicides (sulcotrione, mesotrione and tembotrione) were designed to be eco-friendly and commercialized fifteen-twenty years ago. The mechanisms controlling their fate in different ecological niches as well as their toxicity and impact on different organisms or ecosystems are still under investigation. This review combines an overview of the results published in the literature on ß-triketones and more specifically, on the commercially-available herbicides and includes new results obtained in our interdisciplinary study aiming to understand all the processes involved (i) in their transfer from the soil to the connected aquatic compartments, (ii) in their transformation by photochemical and biological mechanisms but also to evaluate (iii) the impacts of the parent molecules and their transformation products on various target and non-target organisms (aquatic microorganisms, plants, soil microbial communities). Analysis of all the data on the fate and impact of these molecules, used pure, as formulation or in cocktails, give an overall guide for the assessment of their environmental risks.

Monte Carlo simulations for the space radiation superconducting shield project (SR2S).

Astronauts on deep-space long-duration missions will be exposed for long time to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and Solar Particle Events (SPE). The exposure to space radiation could lead to both acute and late effects in the crew members and well defined countermeasures do not exist nowadays. The simplest solution given by optimized passive shielding is not able to reduce the dose deposited by GCRs below the actual dose limits, therefore other solutions, such as active shielding employing superconducting magnetic fields, are under study. In the framework of the EU FP7 SR2S Project - Space Radiation Superconducting Shield--a toroidal magnetic system based on MgB2 superconductors has been analyzed through detailed Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 interface GRAS. Spacecraft and magnets were modeled together with a simplified mechanical structure supporting the coils. Radiation transport through magnetic fields and materials was simulated for a deep-space mission scenario, considering for the first time the effect of secondary particles produced in the passage of space radiation through the active shielding and spacecraft structures. When modeling the structures supporting the active shielding systems and the habitat, the radiation protection efficiency of the magnetic field is severely decreasing compared to the one reported in previous studies, when only the magnetic field was modeled around the crew. This is due to the large production of secondary radiation taking place in the material surrounding the habitat.

Comparison of CT and chemical-shift MRI for differentiating thymoma from non-thymomatous conditions in myasthenia gravis: value of qualitative and quantitative assessment.

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) and chemical-shift magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) for differentiating thymoma (THY) from thymic lymphoid hyperplasia (TLH) and normal thymus (NT), and to determine which technique is more accurate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-three patients with generalised MG who underwent surgery were divided into the TLH/NT group (A; 65 patients) and THY group (B; 24 patients). Differences in qualitative characteristics and quantitative data (CT: radiodensity in Hounsfield units; MRI: signal intensity index [SII]) between groups were tested using Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test. Logistic regression models were estimated for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. At quantitative analysis, discrimination abilities were determined according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUROC) with computation of optimal cut-off points. The diagnostic accuracies of CT and MRI were compared using McNemar's test. RESULTS: At qualitative assessment, MRI had higher accuracy than CT (96.4%, 80/83 and 86.7%, 72/83, respectively). At quantitative analysis, both the radiodensity and SII were significantly different between groups (p<0.0001). For CT, at quantitative assessment, the AUROC of the radiodensity in discriminating between groups was 0.904 (optimal cut-off point, 20 HU) with an accuracy of 77.1% (64/83). For MRI, the AUROC of the SII was 0.989 (optimal cut-off point, 7.766%) with an accuracy of 96.4% (80/83), which was significantly higher than CT (p<0.0001). By using optimal cut-off points for cases with an erroneous diagnosis at qualitative assessment, accuracy improved both for CT (89.2%, 74/83) and MRI (97.6%, 81/83). CONCLUSION: Quantitative analysis is useful in evaluating patients with MG and improves the diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI based on qualitative assessment. Chemical-shift MRI is more reliable than CT in differentiating THYs from non-thymomatous conditions.

Cytochrome P450s from the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda): responses to plant allelochemicals and pesticides.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a polyphagous lepidopteran pest that encounters a wide range of toxic plant metabolites in its diet. The ability of this insect to adapt to its chemical environment might be explained by the action of major detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450s (or CYP). Forty-two sequences coding for P450s were identified and most of the transcripts were found to be expressed in the midgut, Malpighian tubules and fat body of S. frugiperda larvae. Relatively few P450s were expressed in the established cell line Sf9. In order to gain information on how these genes respond to different chemical compounds, larvae and Sf9 cells were exposed to plant secondary metabolites (indole, indole-3-carbinol, quercetin, 2-tridecanone and xanthotoxin), insecticides (deltamethrin, fipronil, methoprene, methoxyfenozide) or model inducers (clofibrate and phenobarbital). Several genes were induced by plant chemicals such as P450s from the 6B, 321A and 9A subfamilies. Only a few genes responded to insecticides, belonging principally to the CYP9A family. There was little overlap between the response in vivo measured in the midgut and the response in vitro in Sf9 cells. In addition, regulatory elements were detected in the promoter region of these genes. In conclusion, several P450s were identified that could potentially be involved in the adaptation of S. frugiperda to its chemical environment.

[Unidentified bright objects and neuropsychiatric disturbances]. / Unidentified bright objects: evoluzione neuroradiologica delle lesioni e correlazioni neuropsichiatriche in pazienti pediatrici affetti da neurofibromatosi tipo 1.

AIM: The neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disease. In 40-70% of cases are described signal hyperintensity on MRI, called unidentified bright objects (UBO). Their correlation with clinical disorders is still debated. The present study investigated the correlation between the UBOs and neuropsychiatric outcomes overall, observes the long-term through the comparison of MRI brain and considers the utility of including MRI early in the investigation of NF1. METHODS: We included 100 patients (age 2-18 years) with NF1. The parents were given a medical questionnaire to fill, a clinical neurologic examination (Touwen) was performed and brain MRI were analyzed during the years. RESULTS: In 72% of cases were detected UBO's last MRI. It was observed that the UBO's tend to shrink over time and in some cases to disappear in pre-adolescent. There were significant correlations between UBOs and minor disturbances in motor function (P=0.004) and between UBO's and cognitive deficits (P=0.016). The 79.62% of the patients is followed by a specialist in neuropsychiatry, as correlated significantly (P=0.027) with changes on MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Given the correlation between UBO's, neurological disorders, cognitive and behavioral, suggest be included in the diagnostic protocol MRI brain areas as T2H can be considered predictive for a neuropsychiatric disorder.

Point-of-care multiorgan ultrasonography for the evaluation of undifferentiated hypotension in the emergency department.

PURPOSE: We analyzed the efficacy of a point-of-care ultrasonographic protocol, based on a focused multiorgan examination, for the diagnostic process of symptomatic, non-traumatic hypotensive patients in the emergency department. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 108 adult patients complaining of non-traumatic symptomatic hypotension of uncertain etiology. Patients received immediate point-of-care ultrasonography to determine cardiac function and right/left ventricle diameter rate, inferior vena cava diameter and collapsibility, pulmonary congestion, consolidations and sliding, abdominal free fluid and aortic aneurysm, and leg vein thrombosis. The organ-oriented diagnoses were combined to formulate an ultrasonographic hypothesis of the cause of hemodynamic instability. The ultrasonographic diagnosis was then compared with a final clinical diagnosis obtained by agreement of three independent expert physicians who performed a retrospective hospital chart review of each case. RESULTS: Considering the whole population, concordance between the point-of-care ultrasonography diagnosis and the final clinical diagnosis was interpreted as good, with Cohen's k = 0.710 (95 % CI, 0.614-0.806), p < 0.0001 and raw agreement (Ra) = 0.768. By eliminating the 13 cases where the final clinical diagnosis was not agreed upon (indefinite), the concordance increased to almost perfect, with k = 0.971 (95 % CI, 0.932-1.000), p < 0.0001 and Ra = 0.978. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency diagnostic judgments guided by point-of-care multiorgan ultrasonography in patients presenting with undifferentiated hypotension significantly agreed with a final clinical diagnosis obtained by retrospective chart review. The integration of an ultrasonographic multiorgan protocol in the diagnostic process of undifferentiated hypotension has great potential in guiding the first-line therapeutic approach.

El potencial del topinambur en la salud y la nutrición / The potential of Jerusalem artichokes in health and nutrition

Introducción: El topinambur es un tubérculo con alto contenido en inulina. La inulina es un carbohidrato soluble no digerible que está presente en muchos vegetales, frutas y cereales siendo usada ampliamente como ingrediente en alimentos funcionales. Objetivo: Obtener tubérculos de topinambur, fijar distintos parámetros de extracción de inulina y preparar diversos alimentos, reemplazando parte de las harinas tradicionales por harina de topinambur. Se propuso, además, evaluar la preferencia de los consumidores sobre los mismos. Material y métodos: Se sembraron y cosecharon tubérculos de topinambur partiendo de 4 parcelas con diferentes condiciones de riego y fertilización. Los mismos se conservaron a variadas temperaturas. Se determinó el contenido de inulina por HPLC y se realizó la extracción de la misma de los tubérculos. A partir de los tubérculos cosechados en la parcela 3 se elaboraron harinas que fueron utilizadas para reemplazar parcialmente a la harina de trigo en la preparación de diferentes productos alimenticios. Sobre los mismos se realizó una evaluación de preferencia. Resultados: El rinde de la cosecha fue mayor en la parcela 3 (tierra fértil y riego según necesidades), 91 ton/Ha. El método de conservación más adecuado fue el frío, sin embargo no se utilizaron estos tubérculos para la extracción de inulina. Los productos alimenticios obtenidos fueron considerados adecuados por los jueces intervinientes. Conclusiones: la elaboración de productos alimenticios a partir de harina de topinambur podría ser una alternativa de alimento funcional por su contenido de inulina.

Identificación y recuento de Lactobacillus Casei en leches fermentadas comerciales / Identification and count of Lactobacillus Casei in commercial fermented milks

Debido a las características de las bacterias acido lácticas probióticas (BAL), existe un aumento de la oferta comercial de productos lácteos conteniéndolas en crnes, bebidas y vegetales. Se identificó y cuantificó en leches fermentadas comerciales uno de los probióticos más importante que es el Lactobacillus casei. Todas las muestras analizadas cumlen con las especificaciones del Código Alimentario Argentino.

Identificación y recuento de Lactobacillus Casei en leches fermentadas comerciales / Identification and count of Lactobacillus Casei in commercial fermented milks

Debido a las características de las bacterias acido lácticas probióticas (BAL), existe un aumento de la oferta comercial de productos lácteos conteniéndolas en crnes, bebidas y vegetales. Se identificó y cuantificó en leches fermentadas comerciales uno de los probióticos más importante que es el Lactobacillus casei. Todas las muestras analizadas cumlen con las especificaciones del Código Alimentario Argentino.(AU)

Embutidos cocidos funcionales / Functional cooked sausage-type product

Se ha optimizado, desde el punto de vista funcional, un embutido cocido, útil para prevenir la aterosclerosis, usando aceites vegetales con alto contenido en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados.El producto obtenido a nivel artesanal y posteriormente a nivel industrial con el apoyo de importante frigorífico, no posee grasas animales adicionadas, no contiene ácidos grasos trans, tiene bajo contenido en sodio, es bajo en calorías, no presenta cambios organolépticos considerables con relación a productos similares de primeras marcas, y esta enriquecido con AGPIw3 obteniéndose una relación w6:w3 ideal.

Embutidos cocidos funcionales / Functional cooked sausage-type product

Se ha optimizado, desde el punto de vista funcional, un embutido cocido, útil para prevenir la aterosclerosis, usando aceites vegetales con alto contenido en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados.El producto obtenido a nivel artesanal y posteriormente a nivel industrial con el apoyo de importante frigorífico, no posee grasas animales adicionadas, no contiene ácidos grasos trans, tiene bajo contenido en sodio, es bajo en calorías, no presenta cambios organolépticos considerables con relación a productos similares de primeras marcas, y esta enriquecido con AGPIw3 obteniéndose una relación w6:w3 ideal.(AU)

Restricted pain and thermal sensory loss in a patient with pontine lacunar infarction: a clinical MRI study.

Pure sensory syndrome (PSS) is characterized by hemisensory symptoms without other major neurological signs. It was initially attributed to thalamic lacunar infarction, but several reports have shown the PSS can be due to small infarcts involving the posterior part of the internal capsula, the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Paramedian and lateral pontine infarctions are associated respectively with lemniscal and spinothalmic (ST) sensory impairment. We describe a patient with an isolated impairment of the ST modalities caused by a segmental paramedian pontine infarction.