Frozen elephant trunk technique using hybrid grafts: 15-year outcomes from a single-centre experience.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to compare the short- and long-term outcomes of the frozen elephant trunk (FET) technique based on 2 different hybrid grafts implanted from January 2007 to July 2022. METHODS: The study includes patients who underwent an elective or emergency FET procedure. Short-term, long-term mortality and freedom from thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) were the primary end points. Analyses were carried out separately for the periods 2007-2012 and 2013-2022. RESULTS: Of the 367 enrolled, 49.3% received E-Vita Open implantation and 50.7% received Thoraflex Hybrid implants. Overall mean age was 61 years [standard deviation (SD) = 11] and 80.7% were male. The average annual volume of FET procedures was 22.7 cases/year. Compared to E-Vita Open, patients implanted with Thoraflex Hybrid grafts were more likely to receive distal anastomosis in zone 2 (68.3% vs 11.6%, P < 0.001) with a shorter stent portion, mean = 103mm (SD = 11.3) vs mean = 149 mm (SD = 12.7; P < 0.001) and they underwent a reduced visceral ischaemia time, mean = 42.5 (SD = 14.2) vs mean= 61.0 (SD = 20.2) min, P < 0.001. In the period 2013-2022, overall survival at 1, 2 and 5 years was 74.8%, 72.5% and 63.2% for Thoraflex and 73.2%, 70.7% and 64.1% for E-Vita, without significant differences between groups (log-rank test = 0.01, P = 0.907). Overall freedom from TEVAR at 1, 2 and 5 years was 66.7%, 57.6% and 39.3% for Thoraflex and 79%, 69.7% and 66% for E-Vita, with significant differences between groups (log-rank test = 5.28, P = 0.029). In a competing risk analysis adjusted for chronic/residual aortic syndromes and stent diameter, the Thoraflex group was more likely to receive TEVAR during follow-up (subdistribution hazard ratio SHR = 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.06-4.22). CONCLUSIONS: The FET technique addresses acute and chronic arch disease with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Downstream endovascular reinterventions are very common during follow-up.

Survival and reoperation in acute aortic syndromes-a single-centre experience of 912 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Acute aortic syndromes are associated with poor outcomes, despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances. We analysed trends in volumes and outcomes from 2000 to 2021. METHODS: The study population includes 494 type A acute aortic syndromes (TAAAS) (54.2%) and 418 type B acute aortic syndromes (TBAAS) (45.8%). Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, long-term survival and freedom from aortic reoperation. RESULTS: Regardless the type of acute aortic syndrome, patient volumes increased over time. Patients with TBAAS were older, more likely to have comorbid conditions and previous cardiac surgery (P < 0.001), while cerebrovascular accidents were more frequent in TAAAS (P < 0.05). Among TAAAS, 143 (28.9%) required total arch and 351 (71.1%) hemiarch replacement. TBAAS management was medical therapy in 182 (43.5%), endovascular in 198 (47.4%) and surgical in 38 (9.1%) cases. Overall in-hospital mortality was 14.6% [18.2% in TAAAS (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.4-21.2%) vs 10.7% in TBAAS (95% CI 7.8%-13.7%); P = 0.0027]. After propensity score adjustment, in-hospital mortality exhibited a significantly decreasing trend from 2000 to 2021 (P < 0.001) in TAAAS and TBAAS. 1-, 5- and 10-year survival was 74.2%, 62.2% and 45.5% in TAAAS and 75.4%, 60.7% and 41.0% in TBAAS (P = 0.975), with no differences among treatment strategies. The adjusted cumulative reoperation risk at 10 years was more than two-fold in TBAAS versus TAAAS (9.5% vs 20.5%, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.30, 95% I 1.31-4.04). CONCLUSIONS: In the last decades, better patient triage and surgical/endovascular techniques led to substantial improvements in the management of acute aortic syndrome, with reduction in early mortality and reoperation rate. However, long-term mortality is still >50%.

Impact of preoperative mitral regurgitation on left ventricular assist device patients: propensity score-matched analysis of the EUROMACS dataset.

OBJECTIVES: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is frequently observed in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation. We investigated the impact of preoperative MR on left ventricular assist device patients. METHODS: A retrospective propensity score-matched analysis of adult patients enrolled in the EUROMACS registry between 1 January 2011 and 30 November 2021 was performed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the grade of preoperative MR: none-to-mild (MR 0-II) or moderate-to-severe (MR III-IV). RESULTS: Following 1:1 propensity score matching, each group consisted of 914 patients. Incidence of postoperative temporary right ventricular support, reoperation for bleeding and dialysis was similar. MR III-IV demonstrated shorter median intensive care unit stay [14 days (6; 27.8) vs 10 days (5; 22), P = 0.004] and ventilation time [72 h (22, 320) vs 31 h (18, 150), P < 0.001]. Mortality was lower for MR III-IV patients [subdistribution hazard ratio: 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.73, P < 0.001]. The 1-year survival was 68.1% (95% CI: 65.1-71.3%) in MR 0-II and 75% (95% CI: 72.1-78%) in MR III-IV. A lower incidence of total complications [odds ratio (OR): 0.93 (0.89-0.98), P = 0.003] and trend towards a lower risk of neurological dysfunction (subdistribution hazard ratio: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.61-1.01, P = 0.063) and sustained ventricular tachycardia [OR: 0.93 (0.54-1.03), P = 0.074] were demonstrated for MR III-IV. The risk of fatal stroke and pump thrombosis was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-to-severe MR in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation is associated with better mid-term survival and lower incidence of total major adverse events and complications. The incidence of severe postoperative complications including fatal stroke and device thrombosis was similar.

Effect of Preoperative Right Ventricular Dysfunction on Heart Transplantation Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: We investigated if the occurrence of preoperative right ventricular dysfunction is capable of influencing heart transplant results in terms of in-hospital mortality, incidence of primary graft dysfunction, and follow-up mortality. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 517 patients who underwent heart transplant between January 2000 and December 2020. We defined right ventricular dysfunction (RVD), as central venous pressure (CVP) > 15 mm Hg and CVP/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio > 0.63. We identified 2 subgroups in our population: 33 patients with preoperative RVD and 484 patients without RVD. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 7.9%. Severe early graft failure occurred in 6.6% of patients, with 26 patients (5.1%) needing intra-aortic balloon pump and 17 patients (3.3%) needing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Clinical variables that significantly influenced in-hospital mortality were age, peripheral artery disease, and bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dL, while hemodynamic variables influencing in-hospital mortality were CVP (odds ratio [OR], 1.09 [confidence interval {CI}, 1.03-1.15], P = .004], pulmonary artery systolic pressure (OR, 1.02 [CI, 1.00-1.04], P = .05), CVP/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio (OR, 2.78 [CI, 1.14-6.80], P = .025), pulmonary vascular resistance (OR, 1.15 [CI, 1.01-1.32], P = .042), transpulmonary gradient (TPG) (OR, 1.11 [CI, 1.03-1.18], P = .003) , diastolic transpulmonary gradient (OR, 1.10 [CI, 1.02-1.20], P = .015], together with right ventricular dysfunction (OR, 3.56 [CI, 1.44-8.80], P = .011). On the other hand, clinical variables influencing the incidence of early graft failure were body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) > 30, peripheral artery disease, bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dL, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score excluding international normalized ratio before transplant, and preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, while hemodynamic variables were pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (OR, 1.03 [CI, 1.00-1.05], P = .016), TPG (OR, 1.08 [1.01-1.17], P = .03), and right ventricular dysfunction (OR, 3.00 [CI, 1.07-8.40] P = .046). On the multivariable analysis, RVD and TPG were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, while only TPG was a predictor of early graft failure. Follow-up mortality was 38.7% and was influenced by recipient age, recipient body mass index, and preoperative diabetes. Moreover, 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival of patients with preoperative RVD was significantly worse than patients without RVD (log-rank = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our population, RVD influenced both in-hospital and long-term results after heart transplant. For these reasons, it appears crucially important to optimize preoperative right ventricular function to improve these patients' outcomes.

Mechanical recovery plug for left ventricular assist device explantation.

Myocardial recovery occurs in approximately 5% of left ventricular assist device recipients. In selected patients, it is possible to electively perform left ventricular assist device explantation after accurate myocardial function recovery assessment. Several surgical approaches and techniques have been reported in the literature that focus on left ventricular assist device removal and preservation of left ventricular geometry. We provide a detailed step-by-step tutorial for continuous-flow left ventricular assist device explantation facilitated by the use of a manufactured titanium apical recovery plug.

Is Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi) a Predictor of Outcome after Pulmonary Endarterectomy?

Background: Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the gold standard therapy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Traditionally, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) represents the main prognostic factor after surgery. The pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPi) has been proposed for the assessment of RV in advanced heart failure, but it has never been applied in CTEPH patients. The aim of the present study is to describe PAPi in patients who underwent PEA, before and after surgery, and to define its predictive impact on postoperative outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 188 consecutive adult patients who underwent PEA, between December 2003 and December 2021. PAPi was calculated for 186 patients and reported. Patients were partitioned in two groups using median preoperative PAPi as cutoff value: Group 1 with PAPi ≤ 8.6 (n = 94) and Group 2 with PAPi > 8.6 (n = 92). The propensity-score-matched analysis identified 67 pairs: Early outcomes were compared between two groups. Results: Mean preoperative PAPi was 10.3 ± 7.2. Considering matched populations, no differences emerged in terms of postoperative hemodynamics; Group 1 demonstrated higher 90-day mortality significance (10.4% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.082); the need for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) was similar, but successful weaning was unlikely (25% vs. 85.7%, p = 0.032). Conclusions: Mean PAPi in the CTEPH population is higher than in other diseases. Low PAPi (≤8.6) seems to be associated with lower postoperative survival and successful weaning from MCS.

Sutureless and rapid deployment versus sutured aortic valve replacement: a propensity-matched comparison from the Sutureless and Rapid Deployment International Registry.

OBJECTIVES: To compare procedural and in-hospital outcomes of patients undergoing sutureless (Perceval, Livanova PLC, London, UK) and rapid deployment (Intuity Elite, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) aortic valve replacement (group 1) versus sutured aortic valve replacement (group 2). METHODS: Patients receiving isolated aortic valve replacement between 2014 and 2020 were analysed using data from the Sutureless and Rapid Deployment International Registry. Patients in group 1 and group 2 were propensity-score matched in a 1:1 ratio. RESULTS: A total of 7708 patients were included in the study. After matching, 2 groups of 2643 each were created. Patients in group 1 were more likely to undergo minimally invasive approaches and were associated with shorter operative times when compared with group 2. Overall in-hospital mortality was similar between groups. While an increased risk of stroke was observed in group 1 in the first study period (2014-2016; relative risk 3.76, P < 0.001), no difference was found in more recent year period (relative risk 1.66, P = 0.08; P for heterogeneity 0.003). Group 1 was associated with reduced rates of postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, atrial fibrillation and mild aortic regurgitation. New pacemaker implant was three-fold higher in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed significant differences in procedural and clinical outcomes between the study groups. These results suggest that sutureless and rapid deployment aortic valve replacement should be considered as part of a comprehensive valve programme. The knowledge of the respective post-aortic valve replacement benefits for different valve technologies may result in patient-tailored valve selection with improved clinical outcomes.

Asymmetrical aortic root aneurism in patient with Filamin A mutation.

We report the case of a 28 years old woman with periventricular nodular heterotopia, due to Filamin A mutation. She had an asymmetrical aneurysm of the aortic root, involving, above all, noncoronary Valsalva sinus. She was asymptomatic and she had moderate aortic regurgitation. Reimplantation of the aortic valve with replacement of the aortic root was successfully accomplished. Filamin A is a protein that is encoded by the FLNA gene, which shows X-linked dominant inheritance. This protein is involved in neuronal migration, angiogenesis, cytoskeleton regulation, and cell signaling. Therefore, mutations of FLNA gene might result in brain, blood vessels, heart, and connective tissue disorders. A miscellany of cardiovascular abnormalities could be present in this subset of patients; cardiac symptoms may precede neurological manifestations. Aorta seems to be frequently affected. Consequently, in presence of FLNA gene mutations, cardiovascular evaluation should include vascular magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan.

Elective aortic arch surgery: cerebral perfusion flows and transient neurological dysfunctions.

AIMS: Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion technique is a method of cerebral protection used worldwide during aortic arch surgery. This study was designed to identify a potential correlation between perfusion flows and the development of postoperative transient neurological dysfunctions. METHODS: From January 2015 to May 2020, 175 patients underwent elective surgical replacement of the aortic arch using selective antegrade cerebral perfusion at the Cardiac Surgery Unit of Sant'Orsola Hospital in Bologna. Considering that patients who developed a permanent neurological dysfunction and those who died before a possible evaluation of neurological status were excluded, the study population included 160 patients. The perfusion flows were collected and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the statistical risk factors involved in the onset of transient neurological dysfunctions. RESULTS: The study population was divided into two groups: 138 patients (86.3%) without and 22 (13.8%) with postoperative transient neurological complications. Among the intra-operative parameters collected in the study, the univariate analysis showed that the indexed medium perfusion flow of selective antegrade cerebral perfusion was significantly lower in the transient neurological dysfunctions group (11.63 ±â€Š2.41 ml/kg/min vs 12.62 ±â€Š2.39 ml/kg/min, P -value = 0.03). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the female gender ( P  = 0.004, OR = 4.816, IC = 1.636-14.174) was predictor of transient neurological dysfunctions. CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that lower perfusion flows seem to be related to a higher probability of developing transient neurological dysfunctions. However, the analysis of a wider population is required to confirm these preliminary data.

Reoperations on the ascending aorta and aortic arch: A retrospective series of 453 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to analyze the outcomes of reoperative thoracic aortic surgery at our institution from January 1986 to December 2018 to identify specific risk factors for early and late mortality. METHODS: Two groups of patients were identified: aortic root or ascending aorta repair (group 1: proximal repair, 218 patients, 48%) and arch surgery or descending thoracic aorta repair (group 2: distal repair, 235 patients, 52%). Primary end points were 30-day mortality, 10-year survival, and freedom from aortic reoperations. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality (6.4% vs 8.1%) and in-hospital mortality (8.3% vs 11.9%) were similar (P > .05) in the 2 groups. Multivariable analysis identified female gender (odds ratio, 8.60, P < .01), endocarditis (odds ratio, 2.96, P = .04), and cardiopulmonary bypass time (odds ratio, 1.02, P < .01) as risk factors for 30-day mortality. Mean follow-up time was 163 months (confidence interval, 147-179). Long-term survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 91.2%, 79.4%, and 66.3% in the proximal repair group and 80.7%, 68.8%, the and 55.3% in distal repair group, respectively (P = .03). According to the indication, 1-, 5-, and 10-year survivals were 92.1%, 82.3%, and 68.8% in degenerative aneurysms; 82.7%, 72.4%, and 56.3% in residual dissections; 80.9%, 65.4%, and 50.3% in endocarditis and pseudoaneurysms; 69.2%, 52.7%, and 42.2% in acute type A aortic dissections, respectively (P < .01). Competing risk analysis showed a significantly different cumulative incidence of reoperation at 1, 5, and 10 years between the 2 groups: 0.50%, 0.50%, and 0.90%, respectively, for the proximal repair group, and 0.40%, 4.30%, and 7.70%, respectively, the for distal repair group (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, short- and long-term results of reoperative thoracic aortic surgery were satisfactory in chronic aneurysms but poor in aortic dissections, pseudoaneurysms, and active endocarditis. Reoperative aortic surgery carries a high risk, regardless of the anatomic extension of the procedure.

Does the distance between residency and implanting center affect the outcome of patients supported by left ventricular assist devices? A multicenter Italian study on radial mechanically assisted circulatory support (MIRAMACS) analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with LVAD require continuous monitoring and care, and since Implanting Centers (ICs) are more experienced in managing LVAD patients than other healthcare facilities, the distance between patient residency and IC could negatively affect the outcomes. METHODS: Data of patients discharged after receiving an LVAD implantation between 2010 and 2021 collected from the MIRAMACS database were retrospectively analyzed. The population was divided into two groups: A (n = 175) and B (n = 141), according to the distance between patient residency and IC ≤ or >90 miles. The primary endpoint was freedom from Adverse Events (AEs), a composite outcome composed of death, cerebrovascular accident, hospital admission because of GI bleeding, infection, pump thrombosis, and right ventricular failure. Secondary endpoints were incidences of mortality and complications. All patients were followed-up regularly, according to participating center protocols. RESULTS: Baseline clinical characteristics and indications for LVAD did not differ between the two groups. The mean duration of support was 25.5 ± 21 months for Group A and 25.7 ± 20 months for Group B (p = 0.79). At 3 years, freedom from AEs was similar between Group A and Group B (p = 0.36), and there were no differences in rates of mortality and LVAD-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Distance from the IC does not represent a barrier to successful outcomes as long as regular and continuous follow-up is provided.

Therapeutic alternatives in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: from pulmonary endarterectomy to balloon pulmonary angioplasty to medical therapy. State of the art from a multidisciplinary team.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare disease with a very complex pathophysiology differing from other causes of pulmonary hypertension (PH). It is an infrequent consequence of acute pulmonary embolism that is frequently misdiagnosed. Pathogenesis has been related to coagulation abnormalities, infection or inflammation, although these disturbances can be absent in many cases. The hallmarks of CTEPH are thrombotic occlusion of pulmonary vessels, variable degree of ventricular dysfunction and secondary microvascular arteriopathy. The definition of CTEPH also includes an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure of more than 25 mmHg with a normal pulmonary capillary wedge of less than 15 mmHg. It is classified as World Health Organization group 4 PH, and is the only type that can be surgically cured by pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). This operation needs to be carried out by a team with strong expertise, from the diagnostic and decisional pathway to the operation itself. However, because the disease has a very heterogeneous phenotype in terms of anatomy, degree of PH and the lack of a standard patient profile, not all cases of CTEPH can be treated by PEA. As a result, PH-directed medical therapy traditionally used for the other types of PH has been proposed and is utilized in CTEPH patients. Since 2015, we have been witnessing the rebirth of balloon pulmonary angioplasty, a technique first performed in 2001 but has since fallen out fashion due to major complications. The refinement of such techniques has allowed its safe utilization as a salvage therapy in inoperable patients. In the present keynote lecture, we will describe these therapeutic approaches and results.

Impact of Predicted Heart Mass-Based Donor-Recipient Size Matching on Transplant Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Currently, guidelines for appropriate donor sizing in recipients mostly focuses on donor-recipient body weight matching. The purpose is to retrospectively determine the impact of predicted heart mass (pHM)-based size matching on heart transplant (HT) outcomes. METHODS: According to our institutional registry, 512 consecutive adult patients underwent HT between January 2000 and August 2020. For each patient, pHM and donor-recipient pHM ratio were calculated. Patients were partitioned into quintiles in terms of pHM ratio: undersizing 2, undersizing 1, reference, oversizing 1, and oversizing 2, with mean pHM donor-recipient ratio of 0.81, 0.96, 1.04, 1.12, and 1.28, respectively. Severe early graft failure and 30-day, 90-day, 1-year, and 10-year mortality were analyzed as outcomes. RESULTS: Recipients of the most oversized group were mostly female (P < .001), had higher preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance (P = .009), had higher rate of mechanical circulatory support (P < .05), and showed a lower United Network for Organ Sharing score (P = .041); the respective donors were younger and more frequently male (P = .001). Ischemic time was similar in all groups (P = .358). Pulmonary vascular resistance (P = .023; odds ratio [OR], 2.38), preoperative mechanical circulatory support (P = .05; OR, 3.06), and United Network for Organ Sharing score (P = .033; OR, 1.76) were identified as risk factors for early mortality. Donor-recipient pHM ratio did not impact early graft failure (P = .871) and early mortality (P = .526). Survival analysis after adjustment for pHM ratio subgroups did not show any difference in outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of pHM ratios seems to be safe. A careful allocation of organs, by considering a pHM ratio mismatch, may balance rescue preoperative clinical profiles and preserve HT outcomes.

Impact of prior sternotomy on survival and allograft function after heart transplantation: A single center matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) remains the gold standard for the treatment of end-stage heart failure. The number of patients who have had at least one prior sternotomy while awaiting transplantation has increased over the years reaching 50% in the last ISHLT registry report. We analysed our institutional transplant activity focusing on prior-sternotomy setting to identify the real burden of this preoperative variable and its potential consequences. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2020, a total of 512 consecutive adult patients underwent OHT. We divided them into two groups according to the previous sternotomy variable: a prior sternotomy group (PS-group, n = 131, 25.6%) and a heart transplant as first sternotomy group (FS-group, n = 381, 74.4%). After propensity score matching, a total of 106 matched-pairs were identified for the final analysis. RESULTS: The overall 30-day mortality was similar in the two groups (7.5% vs. 5.7%, p = .58). The prior sternotomy was not an independent risk factor for 90-day mortality (odds ratio: 0.89, p = .81). In the matched sample, prior cardiac surgery was not predictive for any major postoperative complication: primary graft failure, AKI, bleeding, acute respiratory insufficiency, need for extra-corporeal life support (p > .05). The log-rank test revealed no significant difference between the two groups in the unmatched and matched pools (p = .93 and 0.69 respectively. At univariable analysis prior sternotomy was not associated with an increased risk of posttransplant mortality (hazard ratio: 0.87, p = .599). CONCLUSIONS: Despite it increases surgical complexity, the reoperation alone does not represent a proper risk factor and among different co-variates that may affect post-OHT outcomes.

Multiple organ retrieval in a brain dead left ventricular assist device donor.

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support in donors may contribute in preserving proper haemodynamics and systemic perfusion during organ retrieval thus decreasing the risk of multiple organ injury. This is an option to expand the current organ supply. We report on intra-abdominal organs procurement strategy in a selected LVAD recipient who suffered a fatal cerebrovascular accident at the time of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The liver and kidneys grafts have been successfully transplanted.

Impact of concomitant cardiac valvular surgery during implantation of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices: A European registry for patients with mechanical circulatory support (EUROMACS) analysis.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the clinical outcomes after cardiac valvular surgery procedures concomitant (CCPs) with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation compared to propensity score (PS) matched controls using the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) data. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2018, 2760 continuous-flow LVAD patients were identified. Of these, 533 underwent a CCP during the LVAD implant. RESULTS: Cardiopulmonary bypass time (p < 0.001) and time for implant (p < 0.001) were both significantly longer in the LVAD+CCP group. Hospital mortality was comparable between the two groups from the unmatched population (15.7% vs. 14.1%, p = 0.073). Similarly, short-to-mid-term survival was similar in both groups, with 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of 67.9%, 48.2%, and 27.7% versus 66.4%, 46.1%, and 26%, respectively (log-rank, p = 0.25). The results were similar in the PS-matched population. Hospital mortality was comparable between the two groups (18.9% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.074). The short-to-mid-term Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was similar for both groups, with 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of 63.4%, 49.2%, and 24.7% versus 66.5%, 46%, and 25.1%, respectively (log-rank, p = 0.81). In the unmatched population, LVAD+CCP patients had longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays (p < 0.0001), longer mechanical ventilation time (p = 0.001), a higher rate of temporary right ventricular assist device (RVAD) support (p = 0.033), and a higher rate of renal replacement therapy (n = 35, 6.6% vs. n = 89, 4.0%, p = 0.014). In the PS-matched population, the LVAD+CCP patients had longer ICU stays (p = 0.019) and longer mechanical ventilation time (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of additive valvular procedures (CCPs) does not seem to affect short-term survival, significantly, based on our registry data analysis. However, the decision to perform CCPs should be balanced with the projected type of surgery and preoperative characteristics. LVAD+CCP patients remain a delicate population and adverse device-related events should be strictly monitored and managed.

How Would the Authors Treat Their Own Temporary Left Ventricular Failure With Mechanical Circulatory Support?

In the last 20 years, mechanical circulatory supports (MCS) have overturned completely the outcomes and the clinical recovery of patients with isolated acute left ventricle failure (iALVF). This usually occurs more frequently than right-sided heart failure or biventricular dysfunction, and it mainly is caused by acute myocardial infarction. The primary role of MCS is to restore the tissue metabolism to preserve the vital organs' function but, on the other hand, they also have to relieve the workload stress on the heart. In this way, they allow not only the heart to recover from the acute event, but MCS also can stabilize the patient toward cardiac transplantation. The short-term MCS devices currently used in clinical practice are the intraaortic balloon pump, the Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, MA), and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), but the choice of the right and tailored device for each patient, as well as the timing to use it, is actually one of the most debated topics of MCS management.