The new preservative-free ophthalmic formulation of bilastine 0.6% preserves the ocular surface epithelial integrity in a comparative in vitro study.

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is the most common form of allergic eye disease and an increasingly prevalent condition. Topical eye drop treatments are the usual approach for managing AC, although their impact on the ocular surface is not frequently investigated. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative physicochemical characterization, and in vitro biological evaluations in primary conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells of the new multidose preservative-free bilastine 0.6% and main commercially available eye drops. MTT assay was used to measure cell viability; oxidative stress was analyzed with a ROS-sensitive probe; and apoptosis was evaluated monitoring caspase 3/7 activation. Differences in pH value, osmolarity, viscosity and phosphate levels were identified. Among all formulations, bilastine exhibited pH, osmolarity and viscosity values closer to tear film (7.4, 300 mOsm/l and ~ 1.5-10 mPa·s, respectively), and was the only phosphates-free solution. Single-dose ketotifen did not induce ROS production, and single-dose azelastine and bilastine only induced a mild increase. Bilastine and single-dose ketotifen and azelastine showed high survival rates attributable to the absence of preservative in its formulation, not inducing caspase-3/7-mediated apoptosis after 24 h. Our findings support the use of the new bilastine 0.6% for treating patients with AC to preserve and maintain the integrity of the ocular surface.

Development of an Electrochemical Sensor for SARS-CoV-2 Detection Based on Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification.

The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused more than 6 million deaths all over the world, demonstrating the need for a simple, fast and cost-effective point-of-care (POC) test for the detection of the virus. In this work, we developed an electrochemical sensor for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection on clinical samples based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). With the development of this novel sensor, the time of each measurement is significantly reduced by avoiding the DNA extraction step and replacing it with inactivation of the sample by heating it at 95 °C for 10 min. To make the reaction compatible with the sample pre-treatment, an RNase inhibitor was added directly to the premix. The LAMP product was measured in a novel, easy-to-use manufactured sensor containing a custom-made screen-printed carbon electrode. Electrochemical detection was performed with a portable potentiostat, and methylene blue was used as the redox-transducing molecule. The developed sensor achieved a limit of detection of 62 viral copies and was 100% specific for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The performance of the electrochemical sensor was validated with nasopharyngeal samples, obtaining a sensibility and specificity of 100% compared to the gold standard RT-PCR method.

Potential use of heat shock protein 90 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of human diseases.

INTRODUCTION: The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a protein involved in many different biological processes and especially in cell survival. Some of these functions require the participation of other biological molecules, so Hsp90 is a chaperone that takes part in many protein-protein interactions working as a critical signaling hub protein. As a member of the heat shock protein family, Hsp90 expression is regulated under certain environmental and/or stressful situations, therefore Hsp90 concentration can be monitored and linked to these effects. AREAS COVERED: This review discusses the Hsp90 expression in samples from individuals affected by different diseases (from infectious to cancer origin), and the biological consequences of these disorders, including the potential use of Hsp90 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of human diseases. EXPERT OPINION: The potential of Hsp90 as a biomarker disease has been demonstrated in several studies in relation to infectious diseases and especially cancer. However, further research in this field is still needed, mainly to validate in statistically significant clinical studies that the detection of Hsp90 protein allows the diagnosis of some cancers at an early stage and also that it can act as a biomarker for monitoring the efficacy of their therapies.

Extraction-Free Colorimetric RT-LAMP Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva.

The pandemic situation caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the need of fast, simple, and cost-effective tests for the diagnosis of emerging pathogens. RT-qPCR has been established as the reference technique for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This method requires a time-consuming protocol for the extraction of the nucleic acids present in the sample. A colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification using the calcein molecule combined with a simple extraction-free method for saliva samples (calcein RT-LAMP) has been developed. Samples are heated 95 °C for 10 min before amplification at 63 °C for 40 min. The results can be observed by fluorescence or by the naked eye with a color change from orange to green. The method was compared with commercialized available colorimetric and fluorescent RT-LAMP kits. The developed method shows better sensitivity and specificity than the colorimetric commercial RT-LAMP and the same as the fluorescent RT-LAMP, without the need of a fluorescent reader. Moreover, the calcein RT-LAMP has, compared to RT-qPCR, a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 100% for saliva samples with a Ct ≤ 34, without the need for expensive RT-qPCR instruments, demonstrating the potential of this method for population screening.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Quorum Sensing Effect of Camellia sinensis Callus Lysate for Treatment of Acne.

Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is involved in the pathogenesis of acne by inducing inflammation and biofilm formation, along with other virulence factors. A Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) callus lysate is proposed to reduce these effects. The aim of the present work is to study the anti-inflammatory properties of a callus extract from C. sinensis on C. acnes-stimulated human keratinocytes and the quorum-quenching activities. Keratinocytes were stimulated with thermo-inactivated pathogenic C. acnes and were treated with the herbal lysate (0.25% w/w) to evaluate its anti-inflammatory effect. C. acnes biofilm was developed in vitro and treated with 2.5 and 5% w/w of the lysate to evaluate quorum sensing and the lipase activity. The results showed that the lysate was able to reduce the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), and decrease the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). The lysate did not show bactericidal activity but showed diminished biofilm formation, the lipase activity, and the production of autoinducer 2 (AI-2), a member of a family of signaling molecules used in quorum sensing. Therefore, the proposed callus lysate could have the potential to reduce acne-related symptoms without the eradication of C. acnes, which is part of the natural skin microbiome.

Design and 3D printing of an electrochemical sensor for Listeria monocytogenes detection based on loop mediated isothermal amplification.

The aim of this work is the design and 3D printing of a new electrochemical sensor for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The food related diseases involve a serious health issue all over the world. Listeria monocytogenes is one of the major problems of contaminated food, this pathogen causes a disease called listeriosis with a high rate of hospitalization and mortality. Having a fast, sensitive and specific detection method for food quality control is a must in the food industry to avoid the presence of this pathogen in the food chain (raw materials, facilities and products). A point-of-care biosensor based in LAMP and electrochemical detection is one of the best options to detect the bacteria on site and in a very short period of time. With the numerical analysis of different geometries and flow rates during sample injection in order to avoid bubbles, an optimized design of the microfluidic biosensor chamber was selected for 3D-printing and experimental analysis. For the electrochemical detection, a novel custom gold concentric-3-electrode consisting in a working electrode, reference electrode and a counter electrode was designed and placed in the bottom of the chamber. The LAMP reaction was optimized specifically for a primers set with a limit of detection of 1.25 pg of genomic DNA per reaction and 100% specific for detecting all 12 Listeria monocytogenes serotypes and no other Listeria species or food-related bacteria. The methylene blue redox-active molecule was tested as the electrochemical transducer and shown to be compatible with the LAMP reaction and very clearly distinguished negative from positive food samples when the reaction is measured at the end-point inside the biosensor.

In vitro and in vivo Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma-Based Autologous Topical Serum on Cutaneous Wound Healing.

INTRODUCTION: Skin injury and wound healing is an inevitable event during lifetime. However, several complications may hamper the regeneration of the cutaneous tissue and lead to a chronic profile that prolongs patient recovery. Platelet-rich plasma is rising as an effective and safe alternative to the management of wounds. However, this technology presents some limitations such as the need for repeated blood extractions and health-care interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the use of an endogenous and storable topical serum (ES) derived from plasma rich in growth factors promoting wound healing, and to obtain preliminary data regarding its clinical and experimental effect over ulcerated skin models and patient care. METHODS: Human dermal fibroblast and 3D organotypic ulcerated skin models were used to assess ES over the main mechanisms of wound healing including cell migration, edge contraction, collagen synthesis, tissue damage, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell death, metabolic activity, and histomorphometry analysis. Additionally, 4 patients suffering from skin wounds were treated and clinically assessed. RESULTS: ES promoted dermal fibroblast migration, wound edge contraction, and collagen synthesis. When topically applied, ES increased collagen and elastin deposition and reduced tissue damage. The interstitial edema, structural integrity, and cell activity were also maintained, and apoptotic levels were reduced. Patients suffering from hard-to-heal wounds of different etiologies were treated with ES, and the ulcers healed completely within few weeks with no reported adverse events. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study suggests that ES might promote cutaneous wound healing and may be useful for accelerating the re-epithelization of skin ulcers.

A Complete In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of the Biological Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: From Acute Toxicity to Multi-Dose Subchronic Cytotoxicity Study.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are of significant relevance due to their unique properties, which have been exploited for widespread applications. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) are one of most exploited ENM in the industry due to their excellent catalytic and multi-enzyme mimetic properties. Thus, the toxicological effects of these ENMs should be further studied. In this study, the acute and subchronic toxicity of CeO2-NPs were assessed. First, an in vitro multi-dose short-term (24 h) toxicological assessment was performed in three different cell lines: A549 and Calu3 were used to represented lung tissue and 3T3 was used as an interstitial tissue model. After that, a sub-chronic toxicity assessment (90 days) of these NPs was carried out on a realistic and well-established reconstituted primary human airway epithelial model (MucilAir™), cultured at the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI), to study the long-term effects of these particles. Results showed minor toxicity of CeO2-NPs in acute exposures. However, in subchronic exposures, cytotoxic and inflammatory responses were observed in the human airway epithelial model after 60 days of exposure to CeO2-NPs. These results suggest that acute toxicity approaches may underestimate the toxicological effect of some ENMs, highlighting the need for subchronic toxicological studies in order to accurately assess the toxicity of ENM and their cumulative effects in organisms.

Enfermedades mentales y nutrición saludable. Nuevas alternativas para su tratamiento / Healthy nutrition and mental disorders. New treatment alternatives

Los denominados trastornos mentales comunes (trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad) son patologías muy frecuentes en la población y tienen un impacto notable en las personas afectadas. Se revisarán la prevalencia de estos trastornos, así como los tratamientos clásicos y otros más novedosos basados en la nutrición. La OMS estima que la depresión afecta al 4,4% de la población mundial y los trastornos de ansiedad al 3,6%. Los tratamientos clásicos para estos trastornos se han basado principalmente en la combinación de psicoterapia y el uso de antidepresivos y ansiolíticos. Sin embargo, los incómodos efectos secundarios que presentan estos fármacos reducen su adherencia, contribuyendo a la disminución de su eficacia y a la cronificación de la enfermedad. Tras el descubrimiento del eje intestino microbiota-cerebro y la postulación de la comunicación bidireccional de la microbiota del tracto digestivo y del sistema nervioso central, los trabajos más recientes están centrando sus investigaciones en la influencia de la dieta sobre el estado anímico. De esta manera se han recabado evidencias científicas que promueven el uso de nutracéuticos de diferentes tipos como posibles coadyuvantes de las terapias farmacológicas para los trastornos mentales. Estos nutracéuticos están basados en probióticos de los géneros Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium. Las últimas tendencias exploran el campo de los insectos como fuente de principios activos para la salud mental. Aunque se necesitan más estudios en este campo, existen ya evidencias de que la nutracéutica podría ser una alternativa para el tratamiento de la depresión y la ansiedad. (AU)

The so-called common mental disorders (depressive andanxiety disorders) are very common pathologies among thepopulation and their impact is very striking on the affected people. The prevalence of these disorders will be reviewed, as well as the classic and other novel treatments based on nutrition. WHO estimates that depression affects 4.4% and anxiety disorders 3.6% of the world's population. Classic treatments aremainly based on the combination of psychotherapy and antidepressants and anxiolytics. However, the unpleasantside-effects of these drugs reduce patients’ adherence, decreasing their efficacy and increasing the chronicity of the disease. Since the discovery of the brain-gut-microbiota axisand the bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the central nervous system, most recent researches arefocusing on the influence of the diet on the mood. In this way, scientific evidences have been collected promoting the use of nutraceuticals as possible adjuvants for the treatment of mental disorders. These kinds of nutraceuticals are based on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotics. The latest trends explore the field of insects as source of active ingredients for mental health. Although more studies are needed in this field, there are already clear evidences supporting nutraceuticals as an alternative treatment for depression and anxiety. (AU)

Biomarker sensing platforms based on fluorescent metal nanoclusters.

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) and their unique properties are increasing in importance and their applications are covering a wide range of areas. Their remarkable fluorescence properties and easy synthesis procedure and the possibility of functionalizing them for the detection of specific targets, such as biomarkers, make them a very interesting biosensing tool. Nowadays the detection of biomarkers related to different diseases is critical. In this context, NCs scaffolded within an appropriate molecule can be used to detect and quantify biomarkers through specific interactions and fluorescence properties of the NCs. These methods include analytical detection and biolocalization using imaging techniques. This review covers a selection of recent strategies to detect biomarkers related to diverse diseases (from infectious, inflammatory, or tumour origin) using fluorescent nanoclusters.

Extracellular vesicles in hepatology: Physiological role, involvement in pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities.

Since the first descriptions of hepatocyte-released exosome-like vesicles in 2008, the number of publications describing Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) released by liver cells in the context of hepatic physiology and pathology has grown exponentially. This growing interest highlights both the importance that cell-to-cell communication has in the organization of multicellular organisms from a physiological point of view, as well as the opportunity that these circulating organelles offer in diagnostics and therapeutics. In the present review, we summarize systematically and comprehensively the myriad of works that appeared in the last decade and lighted the discussion about the best opportunities for using EVs in liver disease therapeutics.

Evaluation of the Influence of Astrocytes on In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models.

In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are a useful tool to screen the permeability and toxicity of new drugs. Currently, many different in vitro BBB models coexist, but none stands out as being notably better than the rest. Therefore, there is still a need to evaluate the quality of BBB models under various conditions and assess their ability to mimic the in vivo situation. In this study, two brain endothelial cell lines (bEnd.3 and hCMEC/D3) and two epithelial-like cell lines (MDCKII and Caco-2) were selected for BBB modelling purposes. They were grown as monolayers of a single cell type, under the following conditions: in coculture with either primary or immortalised astrocytes; or in the presence of primary or immortalised astrocyte-derived conditioned media. A total of 20 different BBB models were established in this manner, in order to assess the effects of the astroglial components on the BBB phenotype in each case. To this end, six parameters were studied: the expression of selected tight junction proteins; the enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; the transendothelial/transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); restriction in paracellular transport; and efflux transporter inhibition were each evaluated and correlated. The results showed that coculturing with either primary or immortalised astrocytes led to a general improvement in all parameters studied, evidencing the contribution of this cell type to effective BBB formation. Furthermore, the permeability coefficient (P e) of the tracer molecule, Lucifer Yellow, correlated with three of the six parameters studied. In addition, this study highlights the potential for the use of the Lucifer Yellow P e value as an indicator of barrier integrity in in vitro BBB models, which could be useful for screening the permeability of new drugs.

Better understanding of the activated sludge process combining fluorescence-based methods and flow cytometry: A case study.

This study aims to demonstrate the validity of fluorescence-based methods, together with flow cytometry, as a complementary tool to conventional physicochemical analyses carried out in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), for the control of the currently largely unknown activated sludge process. Staining with SYTO 9, propidium iodide and 5-(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-difluorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-H2DFFDA) was used for cell viability and oxidative stress monitoring of the bacterial population forming the activated sludge of a WWTP. Throughout the period of research, several unstable periods were detected, where the non-viable bacteria exceeded the 75% of the total bacterial population in the activated sludge, but only in one case the cells with oxidative stress grew to 9%, exceeding the typical values of 2%-5% of this plant. These periods coincided in two cases with high values of total suspended solids (SST) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the effluent, and with an excess of ammonia in other case. A correlation between flow cytometric and physicochemical data was found, which enabled to clarify the possible origin of each case of instability in the biological system. This experience supports the application of bacterial fluorescence staining, together with flow cytometric analysis, as a simple, rapid and reliable tool for the control and better understanding of the bacteria dynamics in a biological wastewater treatment process.

Cannabinoid-mediated Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Early Inflammatory Response after Hypoxia-Ischemia.

In the process of neonatal encephalopathy, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have a prominent role after perinatal asphyxia. With the exception of therapeutic hypothermia, no therapeutic interventions are available in the clinical setting to target either the oxidative stress or inflammation, despite the high prevalence of neurological sequelae of this devastating condition. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), recently recognized as a widespread neuromodulatory system, plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). This study aims to evaluate the potential effect of the cannabinoid (CB) agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and early inflammatory cytokine production after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in fetal lambs. Hypoxic-ischemic animals were subjected to 60 min of HI by partial occlusion of the umbilical cord. A group of lambs received a single dose of 0.01 µg/kg WIN, whereas non-asphyctic animals served as controls. WIN reduced the widespread and notorious increase in inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 induced by HI, a modulatory effect not observed for oxidative stress. Our study suggests that treatment with a low dose of WIN can alter the profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines 3 h after HI.

Novel Non-Steroidal Facial Cream Demonstrates Antifungal and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Ex Vivo Model for Seborrheic Dermatitis.

INTRODUCTION: Seborrheic dermatitis (SEBD) is a chronic, recurrent skin disorder that typically occurs as an inflammatory response to fungi of the genus Malassezia. The development of an ex vivo model that mimics the fungal proliferation and skin inflammation of SEBD would play an important role in screening formulations for their efficacy in treating SEBD. METHODS: An ex vivo model for SEBD using human skin explants that had been mechanically manipulated to facilitate colonization of Malassezia furfur was developed. This model was used to evaluate the efficacy of a novel non-steroidal facial cream (NSFC) in inhibiting M. furfur proliferation and reducing inflammatory cytokine levels. RESULTS: This model reproduced some of the key pathological features of SEBD, including M. furfur proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production. Topical application of NSFC facial cream reduced M. furfur counts by 92% (p < 0.05) and levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by 82% and 40%, respectively (p < 0.05, both). CONCLUSION: The proposed ex vivo model for SEBD could be a useful tool to evaluate topical antifungal treatments. The novel NSFC tested in this study reduced M. furfur proliferation and inflammatory cytokine levels following topical application and may be helpful in the management of SEBD. FUNDING: ISDIN.

Hipoxia-isquemia neonatal: bases celulares y moleculares del daño cerebral y modulación terapéutica de la neurogénesi / Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia: cellular and molecular brain damage and therapeutic modulation of neurogenesis

Introducción. La asfixia perinatal continúa siendo una de las mayores causas de morbimortalidad neurológica. La encefalopatía neonatal derivada constituye una causa importante de daño cerebral, que afecta de manera moderada-grave a 1-3 de cada 1.000 recién nacidos y comporta un alto riesgo de déficits neurológicos permanentes. La única aproximación terapéutica actual consiste en la hipotermia moderada, cuya eficacia, aunque constatada, no siempre consigue una recuperación funcional total. Desarrollo. Se desconoce con certeza si la hipotermia tiene la capacidad de promover la proliferación celular en los nichos neurogénicos cerebrales, donde permanecen células madre neuronales con capacidad de proliferación y diferenciación. El empleo de agentes terapéuticos, como la eritropoyetina o los cannabinoides, y de células madre mesenquimales ha mostrado resultados prometedores en diversos modelos experimentales de asfixia perinatal y es capaz de modular los procesos de neurogénesis, de plasticidad neuronal y de neurorreparación tras un daño cerebral hipóxico-isquémico. Conclusiones. Aún se desconocen los efectos de estas terapias en modelos clínicos y si las células recién formadas serán capaces de integrarse de forma efectiva en las redes neuronales existentes o si podrán desarrollar sus funciones adecuadamente en un microambiente de lesión cerebral, por lo que se hace necesario el desarrollo de nuevos trabajos enfocados a evaluar el potencial real de estos agentes en la modulación terapéutica de la neurogénesis tras una hipoxia-isquemia neonatal

Introduction. Perinatal asphyxia remains a major cause of both mortality and neurological morbidity. Neonatal encephalopathy affects to 1-3/1,000 newborns, leading to significant brain damage and childhood disability. The only standard therapy is moderate hypothermia, whose efficacy, despite proved, is limited, being partially effective.Development. The capacity of hypothermia in promoting cell proliferation in the neurogenic niches of the central nervous system remains subject of investigation. The use of therapeutic agents such as erythropoietin and cannabinoids and mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results in experimental models of perinatal asphyxia, being able of modulate neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity and neuroreparation processes after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Conclusions. The effects of these therapies in clinics are still unknown, so as if the newborn cells will be able to effectively integrate in the existing neuronal networks or if they will develop their proper functions in a brain-damaged microenvironment, thus being necessary new works focused on the evaluation of the real potential of these therapies in the modulation of neurogenesis after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia

Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxic Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Targeted and Plitidepsin Loaded Co-Polymeric Polymersomes on Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines.

Encapsulating chemotherapy drugs in targeted nanodelivery systems is one of the most promising approaches to tackle cancer disease, avoiding side effects of common treatment. In the last decade, several nanocarriers with different nature have been tested, but polypeptide-based copolymers have attracted considerable attention for their biocompatibility, controlled and slow biodegradability as well as their low toxicity. In this work, we synthesized, characterized and evaluated poly(trimethylene carbonate)-bock-poly(L-glutamic acid) derived polymersomes, targeted to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), loaded with plitidepsin and ultimately tested in HT29 and LS174T colorectal cancer cell lines for specificity and efficacy. Furthermore, morphology, physico-chemical properties and plitidepsin loading were carefully investigated. A thorough in vitro cytotoxicity analysis of the unloaded polymersomes was carried out for biocompatibility check, studying viability, cell membrane asymmetry and reactive oxygen species levels. Those cytotoxicity assays showed good biocompatibility for plitidepsin-unloaded polymersomes. Cellular uptake and cytotoxic effect of EGFR targeted and plitidepsin loaded polymersome indicated that colorectal cancer cell lines were.more sensitive to anti-EGFR-drug-loaded than untargeted drug-loaded polymersomes. Also, in both cell lines, the use of untargeted polymersomes greatly reduced plitidepsin cytotoxicity as well as the cellular uptake, indicating that the use of this targeted nanocarrier is a promising approach to tackle colorectal cancer disease and avoid the undesired effects of the usual treatment. Furthermore, in vivo assays support the in vitro conclusions that EGFR targeted polymersomes could be a good drug delivery system. This work provides a proof of concept for the use of encapsulated targeted drugs as future therapeutic treatments for cancer.

Establishment of toxicity thresholds in subpopulations of coelomocytes (amoebocytes vs. eleocytes) of Eisenia fetida exposed in vitro to a variety of metals: implications for biomarker measurements.

Coelomocytes comprise the immune system of earthworms and due to their sensitivity responding to a wide range of pollutants have been widely used as target cells in soil ecotoxicology. Recently, in vitro assays with primary cultures of coelomocytes based in the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay have been developed as promising tools for toxicity assessment chemical in a reproducible and cost-effective manner. However, NRU showed a bimodal dose-response curve previously described after in vivo and in vitro exposure of earthworm coelomocytes to pollutants. This response could be related with alterations in the relative proportion of coelomocyte subpopulations, amoebocytes and eleocytes. Thus, the aims of the present work were, first, to establish the toxicity thresholds that could be governed by different cell-specific sensitivities of coelomocytes subpopulations against a series of metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni), and second to understand the implication that coelomocyte population dynamics (eleocytes vs. amoebocytes) after exposure to pollutants can have on the viability of coelomocytes (measured by NRU assay) as biomarker of general stress in soil health assessment. Complementarily flow cytometric analyses were applied to obtain correlative information about single cells (amoebocytes and eleocytes) in terms of size and complexity, changes in their relative proportion and mortality rates. The results indicated a clear difference in sensitivity of eleocytes and amoebocytes against metal exposure, being eleocytes more sensitive. The bimodal dose-response curve of NRU after in vitro exposure of primary cultures of coelomocytes to metals revealed an initial mortality of eleocytes (decreased NRU), followed by an increased complexity of amoebocytes (enhanced phagocytosis) and massive mortality of eleocytes (increased NRU), to give raise to a massive mortality of amoebocytes (decrease NRU). A synergistic effect on NRU was exerted by the exposure to high Cu concentrations and acidic pH (elicited by the metal itself), whereas the effects on NRU produced after exposure to Cd, Ni and Pb were due solely to the presence of metals, being the acidification of culture medium meaningless.

Nanoparticles and blood-brain barrier: the key to central nervous system diseases.

Major central nervous system disorders represent a significant and worldwide public health problem. In fact, the therapeutic success of many pharmaceuticals developed to treat central nervous system diseases is still moderate, since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the access of systemically administered compounds to the brain. Therefore, they require the application of a large total dose of a drug, and cause numerous toxic effects. The development of nanotechnological systems are useful tools to deliver therapeutics and/or diagnostic probes to the brain due to nanocarriers having the potential to improve the therapeutic effect of drugs and to reduce their side effects. This review provides a brief overview of the variety of carriers employed for central nervous system drug and diagnostic probes delivery. Further, this paper focuses on the novel nanocarriers developed to enhance brain delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Special attention is paid to liposomes, micelles, polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles, dendrimers and carbon nanotubes. The recent developments in nanocarrier implementation through size/charge optimization and surface modifications (PEGylation, targeting delivery, and coating with surfactants) have been discussed. And a detailed description of the nanoscaled pharmaceutical delivery devices employed for the treatment of central nervous system disorders have also been defined. The aim of the review is to evaluate the nanotechnology-based drug delivery strategies to treat different central nervous system disorders.

[Neurological disorders and the blood-brain barrier. Strategies and limitations for drug delivery to the brain]. / Afecciones neurologicas y barrera hematoencefalica. Limitaciones y estrategias para la liberacion de farmacos al cerebro.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence in the central nervous system diseases has increased with a growing elderly population. Unfortunately, conventional treatments used to treat the mentioned diseases are frequently ineffective due to the presence of the blood brain barrier. AIM: To illustrate the blood-brain barrier properties that limit drug transport into the brain and the main strategies employed to treat neurologic disorders. DEVELOPMENT: The blood-brain barrier is mainly composed of a specialized microvascular endothelium and of glial cells. It constitutes a valuable tool to separate the central nervous system from the rest of the body. Nevertheless, it also represents an obstacle to the delivery of therapeutic drugs to the brain. CONCLUSIONS: To be effective, drugs must reach their target in the brain. On one hand, therapeutic agents could be designed to be able to cross the blood brain barrier. On the other hand, drug delivery systems could be employed to facilitate the therapeutic agents' entry into the central nervous system. In vivo models of neurological diseases, in addition to in vitro models of the blood brain barrier, have been widely employed for the evaluation of drugs utilized to treat central nervous system diseases.

TITLE: Afecciones neurologicas y barrera hematoencefalica. Limitaciones y estrategias para la liberacion de farmacos al cerebro.Introduccion. La incidencia de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central (SNC) aumenta a causa del envejecimiento de la sociedad. Desgraciadamente, los tratamientos clasicos para tratarlas no resultan efectivos debido a la presencia de la barrera hematoencefalica. Objetivo. Abordar las propiedades de la barrera hematoencefalica que impiden el transporte de los farmacos al cerebro y las principales estrategias para tratar las afecciones neurologicas. Desarrollo. La barrera hematoencefalica esta compuesta principalmente por un endotelio vascular especializado y las celulas de la glia. Esta constituye una herramienta a disposicion del organismo para aislar al SNC del resto del cuerpo. Sin embargo, tambien supone un impedimento para que muchos farmacos alcancen su diana en el cerebro. Conclusiones. Para poder tratar las afecciones neurologicas, los farmacos deben ser capaces de alcanzar el cerebro. Los agentes terapeuticos pueden diseñarse para que sean capaces de atravesar esta barrera, o bien facilitar su entrada mediante el uso de sistemas de liberacion. Para evaluar la efectividad de los tratamientos dirigidos a enfermedades del SNC, se emplean los modelos animales de enfermedades neurologicas asi como modelos in vitro de barrera hematoencefalica.