Spatial distribution analysis of dentists, dental technicians, and dental therapists in Indonesia.

Background: Access to health services is needed around the world, from healthcare providers to doctors. One of the needs in public health is a system that is accessible for everyone, but, unequal distribution of healthcare provider and health workers, especially in dentistry fields is still a main problem in several countries, including Indonesia. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of dentists, dental technicians, and dental therapists. Methods: This spatial analysis study was conducted after obtaining secondary data in Indonesia. All data were collected between September 1 st, 2020 and October 1 st, 2020 from open access sources of de-identified data. The data of dentists per area, dental technicians per area, and dental therapists per area were calculated for analysis. A spatial distribution map was prepared using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS Desktop, version 3.10.6). Results: The results of this study found a ratio of dentists to members of the population in Indonesia of 1:17,105. The average number of dental technicians that work in the public health centers in each province (dental technicians per area) in Indonesia was calculated to be 0.13. The average number of dental therapists that work in the public health centers in each province (dental therapists per area) in Indonesia was calculated to be 0.40. This spatial autocorrelation illustrates that there is a relationship between values of dentists per area and dental therapists per area between provinces in Indonesia, and shows geographic clustering relationships or patterns that are grouped and have similar characteristics in adjacent locations. This spatial autocorrelation did not occur in the value of dental technicians. Conclusions: From this study we can conclude that there is an unequal distribution of dental personnel in Indonesia.

Periodontal Comparison on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and Healthy Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze periodontal comparison between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) subject and healthy control. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 122 subjects, 61 SLE patients and 61 healthy subjects who visited the Rheumatology Department, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, during 2017-2018. Clinical examination of SLE was using Mexican SLE Disease Activity Index and oral cavity conditions were assessed using the periodontal index, gingival index, calculus index, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss and mobility teeth. Results: The age of SLE patients ranged from 18-55 years old with the mean age of 29.50 ± 9.57 years old. Periodontitis was higher in SLE patients (88.5%) than healthy subjects (22.95%). In addition, periodontitis occurrence in SLE (2.66 ± 1.02) was significantly different (p<0.001) compared to healthy subjects (0.51 ± 0.81). Conclusion: This study found higher rates of periodontitis, gingivitis, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, and mobility tooth among SLE patients compared to healthy subjects. Periodontitis was also found to be higher along with more severe SLE group.

Periodontal Tissue Condition on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Clinical Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate periodontal tissue condition on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and its characteristics. Material and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study involved 61 SLE patients. Clinical examination of the oral cavity was performed using periodontal index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and number of loose teeth. Also, we evaluated SLE duration, treatment duration, ethnics, marital status, educational background, family income, and occupation. Results: In the evaluation of periodontal tissue, 93.4% had bleeding on probing, 80.3% clinical attachment loss, and 16.3% loose teeth. A total of 54 patients (88.5%) with SLE had periodontitis. Seven subjects had no periodontitis, 11 mild periodontitis, 29 moderate periodontitis and 14 severe periodontitis. Mean Periodontal Index score, Gingival Index, Clinical Attachment Loss (mm), and the number of mobility teeth, Plaque Index and Calculus Index respectively were 2.66 ± 1.20, 1.95 ± 1.02, 0.75 ± 0.59 mm, 1,49 ± 1.77. There was a significant difference in periodontal index score, shown periodontitis between employment and unemployment subjects (p=0.004) and a moderate correlation between periodontitis and occupation. Conclusion: Periodontitis found as manifestations SLE patients, followed by bleeding on probing and loose teeth. Its characteristics is playing a role in periodontitis in SLE patients.

Oral Hygiene and Dental Caries Status on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the oral hygiene and dental caries status on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients, also it's with SLE disease activity. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted on 93 SLE patients from 2017 to 2019 on Saiful Anwar Hospital Indonesia. All SLE patients had clinical examination using DMF-T, Personal Hygiene Performance-Modified (PHP-M), Calculus Index (CI), Debris Index (DI), Plaque Index (PI) and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Clinical examination and laboratory tests are conducted to assess the activity of SLE measured using. The data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA test. Results: A total of 74% of subjects with SLE had dental caries. PHP-M with SLE severity was found significant (p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.982). Plaque with SLE severity was found significant (p=0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.938). OHI-S with SLE severity was found significant (p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.953). DMF-T levels with SLE severity was found significant (p=0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.974). It showed that the severity of disease activity was related to poor oral hygiene and a high incidence of dental caries. Conclusion: There is a correlation between oral hygiene, dental caries and SLE severity.