Factors related to early weaning in babies born at term in a public maternity. / Fatores relacionados ao desmame precoce em bebês nascidos a termo em uma maternidade pública.

PURPOSE: to analyze how socioeconomic, pregnancy and childbirth factors relate to the feeding situation in the sixth month of life of full-term babies. METHODS: longitudinal observational study, with 98 mothers of full-term babies. Data collection was structured by capturing information regarding the clinical history and moment of birth in the babies' medical records, followed by the application of two questionnaires to the postpartum women, with questions regarding sociodemographic data, pre- and post-pregnancy data and the baby's nutrition. baby, the first being answered during hospital stay and the second, by telephone, in the 6th month of life. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed, using the frequency distribution of categorical variables, inferential analysis using Pearson's Chi-square test and multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression, adopting, for inclusion in the final model, the significance level of 5%. RESULTS: there was an association between exclusive breastfeeding in the 6th month and maternal education and between the period of food introduction and family income. Mothers with higher education were 4.82 times more likely to breastfeed their children exclusively until the sixth month. Families with lower income (up to one minimum wage) were 2.54 times more likely to start food introduction before the sixth month than families with higher income. CONCLUSION: higher maternal education was a predictive factor for exclusive breastfeeding at the 6th month and higher military income was a predictive factor for introducing food after the 6th month.

OBJETIVO: analisar como os fatores socioeconômicos, da gestação e do parto se relacionam com a situação da alimentação no sexto mês de vida de bebês nascidos a termo. MÉTODO: estudo observacional longitudinal, com 98 mães de bebês termos. A coleta de dados foi estruturada pela captação das informações referentes à história clínica e ao momento do parto nos prontuários dos bebês, seguida da aplicação de dois questionários, com questões referentes a dados sociodemográficos, dados pré e pós-gestacionais e da alimentação do bebê, sendo o primeiro respondido durante a internação hospitalar e o segundo, por contato telefônico, no 6° mês de vida. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados, por meio da distribuição de frequência das variáveis categóricas, análise inferencial utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e análise multivariada por regressão logística binária, adotando-se, para inclusão no modelo final, o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: houve associação entre aleitamento materno exclusivo no 6º mês e escolaridade materna e entre o início da introdução alimentar e a renda familiar. Mães com ensino superior apresentaram 4,82 vezes mais chances de amamentarem os filhos de forma exclusiva até o sexto mês. Famílias de menor renda (até um salário mínimo) tiveram 2,54 vezes mais chances de iniciarem a introdução alimentar antes do sexto mês do que as famílias de maior renda. CONCLUSÃO: maior escolaridade materna foi fator preditor para o aleitamento materno exclusivo ao 6º mês e maior renda familiar foi fator preditor para introdução alimentar após o 6º mês.

Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age in full-term newborns during the pandemic and factors associated with early weaning / Prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo até seis meses de vida em bebês nascidos a termo em período da pandemia e fatores associados ao desmame precoce

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months old in full-term newborns at a public hospital and the main factors associated with early weaning, during the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Methods: an observational, cross-sectional study with 98 mothers of full-term babies, conducted from January to August 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants answered two structured questionnaires. One was applied immediately after childbirth, with questions on identification and socioeconomic data, obstetric-gynecological background, and current pregnancy and childbirth. The second questionnaire, applied 6 months after childbirth, had questions about the child's feeding status. Statistical tests were used to associate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months old and other variables, at the 5% significance level. Results: 16.3% of the babies were exclusively breastfeeding until the sixth month, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the public hospital where the study was carried out. Exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months old was not associated with the study variables. Conclusion: the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month in full-term babies, in a public hospital, during the COVID-19 pandemic, was 16.3%. None of the variables analyzed was associated with early weaning.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo aos seis meses de vida em bebês nascidos a termo em um hospital público e os principais fatores associados ao desmame precoce em período de pandemia causada pela síndrome respiratória aguda grave. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal, realizado com 98 mães de bebês a termo, no período de janeiro a agosto de 2021, intervalo marcado pela pandemia da COVID-19. As participantes responderam a dois questionários, um no pós-parto imediato, com questões de identificação e socioeconômicas, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos, gestação e parto atual; e, o segundo, seis meses após o parto, continha questões sobre a situação alimentar da criança. Para verificar a associação entre a prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo aos seis meses de vida e as demais variáveis foram aplicados os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Qui-quadrado de comparações múltiplas e Teste T, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 16,3% dos lactentes encontravam-se em aleitamento materno exclusivo no sexto mês, no período da pandemia da COVID-19, no hospital público onde o estudo foi realizado. Não houve associação entre o aleitamento materno exclusivo aos seis meses de vida e as variáveis pesquisadas. Conclusão: a prevalência de amamentação exclusiva no sexto mês em bebês nascidos a termo em um hospital público, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, foi de 16,3% e nenhuma das variáveis analisadas apresentou associação com o desmame precoce.

Applicability, Safety, and Efficiency of Salpingectomy versus Electrocoagulation and Laparoscopic Tubal Section in Ambulatory / Aplicabilidade, segurança e eficiência da salpingectomia versus eletrocoagulação e secção tubar laparoscópica em regime de ambulatório

Abstract Objective Female sterilization is a surgical procedure that aims women to permanently stop the use of conception. The benefits, risks and cost-effectiveness are important issues. The purpose of this study was comparing the applicability, complications and efficacy of salpingectomy versus electrocoagulation and tubal occlusion by laparoscopy in the Ambulatory Surgery Unit. Methods We performed a retrospective and observational study that included women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization procedures at our Ambulatory Surgery Unit, during three years. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, applying the Fisher exact test, the Mann-Whitney test, and Linear Regression. Results Two hundred and twenty-one laparoscopic surgical procedures were performed, including 79 (35.7%) bilateral total salpingectomies and 142 (64.3%) electrocoagulation and bilateral tubal occlusion procedures. The majority of the procedures were performed by a resident (n = 162; 73.3%), with 40% (n = 33) of salpingectomies. The surgical time, independently the type of surgeon, was significantly shorter in the tubal occlusion (42.2 vs. 52.7 min, p < 0.001). Safety and efficacy endpoints were not significantly different between the two groups, with a case of pregnancy in tubal occlusion group. Conclusion Salpingectomy is a safe and effective alternative comparing with electrocoagulation and tubal occlusion.

Resumo Objetivo A esterilização feminina é um procedimento cirúrgico que auxilia as mulheres na paragem permanente de utilização de métodos contraceptivos. Os objetivos desde estudo foram comparar a aplicabilidade, complicações e eficácia da salpingectomia vs. eletrocoagulação e secção tubar na esterilização feminina em regime de ambulatório. Métodos Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo e observacional que incluiu mulheres submetidas a procedimentos de esterilização por laparoscopia no Serviço de Cirurgia de Ambulatório da ULSAM, durante três anos. A análise estatística foi realizada com recurso ao SPSS, aplicando o teste exato de Fisher, o teste de Mann-Whitney e Regressão Linear. Resultados Foram realizados 221 procedimentos cirúrgicos por laparoscopia, incluindo 79 (35,7%) salpingectomias totais bilaterais e 142 (64,3%) procedimentos por eletrocoagulação e secção tubar bilateral. A maioria dos procedimentos foram realizados por um interno de formação específica (n = 162; 73,3%), com 40% (n = 33) de salpingectomias. O tempo operatório foi significativamente inferior no grupo da eletrocoagulação (42,2 vs. 52,7 min, p < 0,001). Em relação à segurança e à eficácia não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos, com um caso de gravidez após eletrocoagulação e secção tubar. Conclusão A salpingectomia é uma alternativa segura e com alta taxa de eficácia quando comparada com eletrocoagulação e secção tubar.

Applicability, Safety, and Efficiency of Salpingectomy versus Electrocoagulation and Laparoscopic Tubal Section in Ambulatory.

OBJECTIVE: Female sterilization is a surgical procedure that aims women to permanently stop the use of conception. The benefits, risks and cost-effectiveness are important issues. The purpose of this study was comparing the applicability, complications and efficacy of salpingectomy versus electrocoagulation and tubal occlusion by laparoscopy in the Ambulatory Surgery Unit. METHODS: We performed a retrospective and observational study that included women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization procedures at our Ambulatory Surgery Unit, during three years. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, applying the Fisher exact test, the Mann-Whitney test, and Linear Regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-one laparoscopic surgical procedures were performed, including 79 (35.7%) bilateral total salpingectomies and 142 (64.3%) electrocoagulation and bilateral tubal occlusion procedures. The majority of the procedures were performed by a resident (n = 162; 73.3%), with 40% (n = 33) of salpingectomies. The surgical time, independently the type of surgeon, was significantly shorter in the tubal occlusion (42.2 vs. 52.7 min, p < 0.001). Safety and efficacy endpoints were not significantly different between the two groups, with a case of pregnancy in tubal occlusion group. CONCLUSION: Salpingectomy is a safe and effective alternative comparing with electrocoagulation and tubal occlusion.

OBJETIVO: A esterilização feminina é um procedimento cirúrgico que auxilia as mulheres na paragem permanente de utilização de métodos contraceptivos. Os objetivos desde estudo foram comparar a aplicabilidade, complicações e eficácia da salpingectomia vs. eletrocoagulação e secção tubar na esterilização feminina em regime de ambulatório. MéTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo e observacional que incluiu mulheres submetidas a procedimentos de esterilização por laparoscopia no Serviço de Cirurgia de Ambulatório da ULSAM, durante três anos. A análise estatística foi realizada com recurso ao SPSS, aplicando o teste exato de Fisher, o teste de Mann-Whitney e Regressão Linear. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 221 procedimentos cirúrgicos por laparoscopia, incluindo 79 (35,7%) salpingectomias totais bilaterais e 142 (64,3%) procedimentos por eletrocoagulação e secção tubar bilateral. A maioria dos procedimentos foram realizados por um interno de formação específica (n = 162; 73,3%), com 40% (n = 33) de salpingectomias. O tempo operatório foi significativamente inferior no grupo da eletrocoagulação (42,2 vs. 52,7 min, p < 0,001). Em relação à segurança e à eficácia não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos, com um caso de gravidez após eletrocoagulação e secção tubar. CONCLUSãO: A salpingectomia é uma alternativa segura e com alta taxa de eficácia quando comparada com eletrocoagulação e secção tubar.

Percepção materna sobre a importância do pré-natal odontológico na estratégia de saúde da família / Percepción materna de la importancia de la atención estomatológica prenatal en la estrategia de salud familiar / Maternal perception of the importance of antenatal dental care in the family health strategy

RESUMO A inserção do pré-natal odontológico durante o acompanhamento do pré-natal habitual é tida como parte integrante relacionada aos cuidados globais com a saúde materno-infantil. Objetivo: Apreciar a percepção e os conhecimentos de gestantes cadastradas na estratégia saúde da família sobre a importância do pré-natal odontológico, em um município do sul do Brasil. Estudo descritivo, de cunho exploratório e de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em uma unidade básica de saúde de Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de junho a setembro de 2021. Foi aplicado um questionário autoelaborado, por meio da técnica de entrevista semiestruturada, junto a gestantes cadastradas na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), envolvendo questões sociodemográficas e conhecimentos e percepções sobre o pré-natal odontológico. Participaram 25 gestantes, com idade média de 29,2 (±25,6) anos, com predominância do ensino médio completo, brancas, com companheiro, com até 1,5 salário mínimo. Surgiram duas categorias de análise: Percepção sobre o autocuidado com a saúde bucal e a importância do pré-natal odontológico e Fatores que influenciam na realização do pré-natal odontológico. Houve consenso sobre a importância de realizar o pré-natal e os benefícios que o mesmo traz à saúde materno-infantil. Participantes deste estudo referiram adoção de práticas saudáveis e promotoras da saúde durante o período de gestação. Os achados contribuem para a gestão local da saúde bucal no segmento populacional feminino.

RESUMEN La inserción de la atención prenatal estomatológica durante el período prenatal se considera parte integral relacionada con la atención global a la salud materno infantil. Objetivo: Valorar la percepción y el conocimiento de las gestantes registradas en la estrategia de salud de la familia sobre la importancia del control prenatal odontológico en un municipio del sur de Brasil. Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, desarrollado en una unidad básica de salud en Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil. La recogida de datos tuvo lugar de junio a septiembre de 2021. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoelaborado, a partir de la técnica de entrevista semiestructurada, con gestantes registradas en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF), el cual involucra cuestiones sociodemográficas, conocimientos y percepciones sobre el prenatal odontológico. Participaron 25 gestantes, blancas, con edad media de 29,2 (±25,6) años, con predominio de habar cursado la secundaria y tener pareja, con hasta 1,5 salario mínimo. Se asumieron dos categorías de análisis: Percepción del autocuidado con la salud bucal y la importancia del control prenatal estomatológico y Factores que influyen en la realización del control prenatal estomatológico. Hubo consenso sobre la importancia del control prenatal y los beneficios para la salud materno-infantil. Las participantes en este estudio informaron haber adoptado prácticas saludables y que promueven la salud durante el período de embarazo. Los hallazgos contribuyen a la gestión local de la salud bucal en el segmento de la población femenina.

ABSTRACT The insertion of dental prenatal during regular prenatal care is considered an integral part related to overall maternal and child health care. Objective: to know the perception and knowledge of pregnant women registered in the family health strategy about the importance of dental prenatal care, in a city in southern Brazil. A descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach, developed in a basic health unit in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Data collection took place from June to September 2021. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to pregnant women enrolled in the Family Health Strategy (FHS), involving sociodemographic questions and knowledge and perceptions about dental prenatal care. 25 pregnant women participated, with a mean age of 29.2 (±25.6) years, with a predominance of complete elementary school education, white, with a partner, earning up to 1.5 minimum wage. Two categories of analysis emerged: Perception about self-care with oral health and the importance of dental prenatal care and Factors that influence the performance of dental prenatal care. There was consensus on the importance of performing the prenatal care and the benefits that it brings to maternal and child health. Participants in this study reported adopting healthy and health-promoting practices during pregnancy. The findings contribute to the local management of oral health in the female population segment.

A atuação coordenadora do governo do Rio Grande do Norte no combate à covid-19: inovação em tempos de crise? / The coordination role of Rio Grande do Norte state government in response to covid-19: Innovation in times of crisis?

Resumo A partir de um estudo de caso do Rio Grande do Norte, este artigo discute o papel dos estados na coordenação da saúde durante a pandemia do novo coronavírus. A ausência de coordenação federal no enfrentamento do surto pandêmico no Brasil tem sido compreendida por diversos analistas como algo inédito na federação brasileira, rompendo com um padrão recorrente de normatização e indução nacional por diferentes governos desde a Constituição de 1988. Nesse sentido, estados e municípios passaram a adotar iniciativas próprias para o enfrentamento da pandemia. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada em dados documentais - mídia local, boletins epidemiológicos e regulamentações estaduais - e em entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores estaduais e municipais, foi possível identificar mudanças na relação estado-municípios durante a pandemia no Rio Grande do Norte, caso marcado, historicamente, pela ausência de cooperação estadual. A pandemia, dessa forma, funcionou como um choque exógeno, que induziu uma mudança no padrão de atuação do governo estadual na saúde. Não está claro, porém, se essas alterações são pontuais ou permanentes, na medida em que o peso do autorreforço - especificação dos efeitos do legado histórico - atua como um mecanismo que produz dinâmicas inerciais de difícil rompimento com o passado.

Abstract From a case study of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in Brazil, this article discusses the role of states in coordinating healthcare with its local governments in the context of the new coronavirus pandemic. The absence of federal government initiatives in responding to the pandemic in Brazil have been acknowledged by several specialists as an unprecedented event in the Brazilian federation, breaking with a recurrent pattern of national coordination and regulation by different governments since the 1988 Constitution. In this sense, states and municipalities had to adopt their own initiatives to respond to the pandemic. Qualitative research based on the collection of documents (local media, epidemiological reports, and state regulations) and in-depth interviews with state and municipal managers reveals significant changes in the state-municipal relationship throughout the pandemic period in Rio Grande do Norte, a state historically characterized by the lack of state coordination. The pandemic, thus, functioned as an exogenous shock, which induced changes in the pattern of state coordination in healthcare. It is unclear, however, whether these changes are one-off or permanent since the weight of increasing returns - a specification of a path dependency process - seem to work as a mechanism producing inertial dynamics of difficult disruption with the past.

Isolated and combined effects of glyphosate and its by-product aminomethylphosphonic acid on the physiology and water remediation capacity of Salvinia molesta.

We evaluate the isolated and combined effects of glyphosate and its by-product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and the potential of the aquatic macrophyte Salvinia molesta to remove these chemicals from contaminated water. Plants were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg l-1) or AMPA (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µg l-1) for seven days. Then, based on the effective concentrations of glyphosate found to reduce photosynthetic rates by 10% (EC10) and 50% (EC50), the plants were exposed to combinations of 0, 16 and 63.5 µg glyphosate l-1 and 0, 5, 15, 25 µg AMPA l-1. The EC(10) and EC(50) were lower for AMPA (6.1 µg l-1 and 28.4 µg l-1 respectively) than for glyphosate (16 and 63.5 µg glyphosate l-1 respectively). When occurring together, the deleterious effects of those chemicals to plants increased. S. molesta plants removed up to 74.15% of glyphosate and 71.34% of AMPA from culture water. Due to its high removal efficiency, S. molesta can be used in phytoremediation programs. It will be important to evaluate the combined effects of glyphosate and AMPA in any toxicological studies of the herbicide.

N-Way NIR Data Treatment through PARAFAC in the Evaluation of Protective Effect of Antioxidants in Soybean Oil.

The use of chemometric tools is progressing to scientific areas where analytical chemistry is present, such as food science. In analytical food evaluation, oils represent an important field, allowing the exploration of the antioxidant effects of herbs and seeds. However, traditional methodologies have some drawbacks which must be overcome, such as being time-consuming, requiring sample preparation, the use of solvents/reagents, and the generation of toxic waste. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect provided by plant-based substances (directly, or as extracts), including pumpkin seeds, poppy seeds, dehydrated goji berry, and Provençal herbs, against the oxidation of antioxidant-free soybean oil. Synthetic antioxidants tert-butylhydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene were also considered. The evaluation was made through thermal degradation of soybean oil at different temperatures, and near-infrared spectroscopy was employed in an n-way mode, coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) to extract nontrivial information. The results for PARAFAC indicated that factor 1 shows oxidation product information, while factor 2 presents results regarding the antioxidant effect. The plant-based extract was more effective in improving the frying stability of soybean oil. It was also possible to observe that while the oxidation product concentration increased, the antioxidant concentration decreased as the temperature increased. The proposed method is shown to be a simple and fast way to obtain information on the protective effects of antioxidant additives in edible oils, and has an encouraging potential for use in other applications.

Perfil de estrangeiros e brasileiros atendidos pela odontologia na atenção básica em município de fronteira / Profile of foreigners and brazilians assisted by dentistry in basic care in a border municipality

Introduction: Brazilian municipalities in border regions with other countries have assisted cross-border citizens who seek to solve health problems in the services offered by SUS. Objective: to analyze oral health care based on the profile of foreigners and Brazilian residents in countries bordering the city of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, who sought dental care in primary care (AB) in this municipality. Methodology: Quantitative cross-sectional study whose sources were the total dental records of users assisted from 2010 to 2015 (n=751). The data collected reflect sociodemographic conditions, history of dental care, medical and dental history and dental history for users under five years of age and were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Results: Brazilians living in Paraguay (98.67%); did not continue treatment (81.09%), restorative treatment was the most accomplished in AB (51.93%), endodontic the most sought in the Dental Specialties Center (47.77%), presenting a higher percentage of abandonment and pendency (56.78%). Discussion: cessation of treatment was one of the most worrying findings, suggesting barriers to integrality of care and underreporting of data, a limiting factor in the research. Conclusion: the integrality of dental care must be analyzed by management; in addition, it is suggested that the professionals be trained in the work process and in information records.

Introdução: Municípios brasileiros em regiões de fronteira com outros países têm assistido cidadãos transfronteiriços que buscam resolver problemas de saúde nos serviços ofertados pelo SUS. Objetivo: analisar a atenção à saúde bucal a partir do perfil de estrangeiros e de brasileiros residentes em países de fronteira com o município de Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, que buscaram assistência odontológica na atenção básica (AB) desse município. Metodologia: Pesquisa quantitativa, transversal, cujas fontes foram a totalidade dos prontuários odontológicos de usuários atendidos de 2010 a 2015 (n=751). Os dados coletados retratam condições sociodemográficas, histórico de atendimento odontológico, história médica e odontológica e, história odontológica para usuários menores de cinco anos e foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva simples. Resultados:São brasileiros residentes no Paraguai (98,67%); não continuaram o atendimento (81,09%), o tratamento restaurador foi o mais realizado na AB (51,93%), a endodontia mais procurada no Centro Especialidades Odontológicas (47,77%), apresentando maior percentual de abandono e pendência (56,78%). Discussão: A interrupção do tratamento foi um dos achados mais preocupantes, o que sugere barreiras na integralidade da assistência e a subnotificação de dados um fator limitante da pesquisa. Conclusão: a integralidade da assistência odontológica deve ser analisada pela gestão; além disso, sugere-se a capacitação dos profissionais quanto ao processo de trabalho e de registros de informações.

Volatile Organic Compounds Induced by Herbivory of the Soybean Looper Chrysodeixis includens in Transgenic Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and the Behavioral Effect on the Parasitoid, Meteorus rubens.

Transgenic soybean plants (RR) engineered to express resistance to glyphosate harbor a variant of the enzyme EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) involved in the shikimic acid pathway, the biosynthetic route of three aromatic amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The insertion of the variant enzyme CP4 EPSPS confers resistance to glyphosate. During the process of genetic engineering, unintended secondary effects are likely to occur. In the present study, we quantified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted constitutively or induced in response to herbivory by the soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens in transgenic soybean and its isogenic (untransformed) line. Since herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are known to play a role in the recruitment of natural enemies, we assessed whether changes in VOC profiles alter the foraging behavior of the generalist endoparasitic larval parasitoid, Meteorus rubens in the transgenic line. Additionally, we assessed whether there was a difference in plant quality by measuring the weight gain of the soybean looper. In response to herbivory, several VOCs were induced in both the conventional and the transgenic line; however, larger quantities of a few compounds were emitted by transgenic plants. Meteorus rubens females were able to discriminate between the odors of undamaged and C. includens-damaged plants in both lines, but preferred the odors emitted by herbivore-damaged transgenic plants over those emitted by herbivore-damaged conventional soybean plants. No differences were observed in the weight gain of the soybean looper. Our results suggest that VOC-mediated tritrophic interactions in this model system are not negatively affected. However, as the preference of the wasps shifted towards damaged transgenic plants, the results also suggest that genetic modification affects that tritrophic interactions in multiple ways in this model system.

Subcritical extraction of flaxseed oil with n-propane: Composition and purity.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) oil was obtained via subcritical n-propane fluid extraction (SubFE) under different temperatures and pressures with an average yield of 28% and its composition, purity and oxidative stability were compared to oils obtained via conventional solvent extraction methods (SEMs). When the oxidative stability was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, the oil was found to be up to 5 times more resistant to lipid oxidation as compared to the SEM oils. Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis showed characteristic and similar TAG profiles for SubFE and SEMs oils but higher purity for the SubFE oil. The flaxseed oil content of ß-tocopherol, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were quantified via GC-MS. SubFE showed to be a promising alternative to conventional SEM since SubFE provides an oil with higher purity and higher oxidation stability and with comparable levels of biologically active components.

Effect of the addition of chia's by-product on the composition of fatty acids in hamburgers through chemometric methods.

BACKGROUND: Hamburger is a meat-based food that is easy to prepare and is widely consumed. It can be enriched using different ingredients, such as chia's by-product, which is rich in omega-3. Chemometrics is a very interesting tool to assess the influence of ingredients in the composition of foods. A complete factorial design 2(2) (two factors in two levels) with duplicate was performed to investigate the influence of the factors (1) concentration of textured soy proteins (TSP) and (2) concentration of chia flour partially defatted (CFPD) as a partial replacement for the bovine meat and porcine fat mix in hamburgers. RESULTS: The results of proximal composition, lipid oxidation, fatty acids sums, ratios, and nutritional indexes were used to propose statistical models. The factors TSP and CFPD were significant, and the increased values contributed to improve the composition in fatty acids, crude protein, and ash. Principal components analysis distinguished the samples with a higher content of chia. In desirability analysis, the highest level of TSP and CFPD was described as the optimal region, and it was not necessary to make another experimental point. CONCLUSION: The addition of chia's by-product is an alternative to increase the α-linolenic contents and to obtain nutritionally balanced food.

Psycho-social risks at work: stress and coping strategies in oncology nurses / Riscos psicossociais no trabalho: estresse e estratégias de coping em enfermeiros em oncologia / Riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo: estrés y estrategias de coping en enfermeros en oncología

OBJECTIVE: to identify sources of stress and coping strategies in nurses who work in three Head and Neck Surgery Oncology Services, in three central hospitals in Portugal. METHOD: a cross-sectional descriptive-exploratory study, whose sample was made up of the 96 nurses from the three services. The following were used in the data collection: a socio-demographic questionnaire; the 12-item General Health Questionnaire; and the Occupational Stress Inventory; Brief COPE. RESULTS: reasonable levels of general health were ascertained. The most-mentioned stressors were: burden with work; low pay; the physical space where they work; emotionally-disturbing situations and lack of recognition of the profession. The most-used coping strategies were: planning; active coping; acceptance and self-distraction. CONCLUSION: the stressors identified are mainly related to organizational aspects and work conditions, and the coping strategies chosen are aimed at resolving problems and improving the nurses' well-being. A significant percentage of the nurses presents high levels of pressure and depressed emotions. The results presented corroborate previous studies which warn of the importance of developing strategies for preventing these stress levels. .

OBJETIVO: identificar fontes de estresse e estratégias de coping em enfermeiros que exercem funções em três Serviços de Oncologia de Cirurgia Cabeça e Pescoço, de três hospitais centrais de Portugal. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, de carácter descritivo e exploratório, cuja amostra foi constituída pelos 96 enfermeiros dos três serviços. Na recolha de dados, foram utilizados: Questionário Sociodemográfico, Questionário de Saúde Geral-12, Inventário de Estressores Ocupacionais e Brief COPE. RESULTADOS: verificaram-se níveis razoáveis de saúde geral. Os estressores mais referidos foram: sobrecarga de trabalho, baixa remuneração salarial, espaço físico onde se desenvolve a profissão, situações emocionalmente perturbadoras e falta de reconhecimento da profissão. As estratégias de coping mais utilizadas foram: planeamento, coping ativo, aceitação e autodistração. CONCLUSÃO: os estressores identificados relacionam-se principalmente a aspetos organizacionais e condições de trabalho, e as estratégias de coping escolhidas estão direcionadas para a resolução de problemas e melhoria do bem-estar dos enfermeiros. Percentagem expressiva de enfermeiros apresentou níveis elevados de pressão e emoções deprimidas. Os resultados apresentados corroboram estudos anteriores que alertam para a importância do desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção dos níveis de estresse. .

OBJETIVO: identificar fuentes de estrés y estrategias de coping en enfermeros que ejercen funciones en tres Servicios de Oncología de Cirugía Cabeza y Cuello, de tres hospitales centrales de Portugal. MÉTODO: estudio transversal, de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio, cuya muestra fue constituida por los 96 enfermeros de los tres servicios. En la recolección de datos fueron utilizados: Cuestionario Socio-demográfico; Cuestionario de Salud General-12; Inventario de estresores Ocupacionales; Brief COPE. RESULTADOS: se verificaron niveles razonables de salud general. Los estresores más referidos fueron: sobrecarga de trabajo; baja remuneración salarial; espacio físico donde se desarrolla la profesión; situaciones emocionalmente perturbadoras y falta de reconocimiento de la profesión. Las estrategias de coping más utilizadas fueron: planificación; coping activo; aceptación y auto-distracción. CONCLUSIÓN: los estresores identificados se relacionan principalmente con aspectos de organización y condiciones de trabajo, y las estrategias de coping escogidas están dirigidas para la resolución de problemas y la mejoría del bienestar de los enfermeros. Un porcentaje expresivo de enfermeros presentó niveles elevados de presión y emociones de depresión. Los resultados presentados corroboran estudios anteriores que alertan para la importancia del desarrollo de estrategias de prevención de los niveles de estrés. .

Psycho-social risks at work: stress and coping strategies in oncology nurses.

OBJECTIVE: to identify sources of stress and coping strategies in nurses who work in three Head and Neck Surgery Oncology Services, in three central hospitals in Portugal. METHOD: a cross-sectional descriptive-exploratory study, whose sample was made up of the 96 nurses from the three services. The following were used in the data collection: a socio-demographic questionnaire; the 12-item General Health Questionnaire; and the Occupational Stress Inventory; Brief COPE. RESULTS: reasonable levels of general health were ascertained. The most-mentioned stressors were: burden with work; low pay; the physical space where they work; emotionally-disturbing situations and lack of recognition of the profession. The most-used coping strategies were: planning; active coping; acceptance and self-distraction. CONCLUSION: the stressors identified are mainly related to organizational aspects and work conditions, and the coping strategies chosen are aimed at resolving problems and improving the nurses' well-being. A significant percentage of the nurses presents high levels of pressure and depressed emotions. The results presented corroborate previous studies which warn of the importance of developing strategies for preventing these stress levels.

Perfis do professorado da rede pública de São Paulo: a interação entre espaço, regras institucionais e escolhas individuais no resultado de uma política pública / Profiles of public schoolteachers in São Paulo, Brazil: the interaction between space, institutional rules, and individual choices in public policy outcome / Profils des enseignants de l'école publique à São Paulo: interaction entre espace, règles institutionnelles et choix individuels dans les résultats d'une politique publique

Unlike classical public policy analyses that emphasize the policymakers' role, this article argues that the choices by professionals that directly implement policies inside primary schools have a significant impact on their outcome. The analysis is based on a survey of 800 State and Municipal first-to-fourth-grade schoolteachers in São Paulo and was based on a typology of teachers using the "grade of membership" (GoM) technique. This analysis showed that the types of teachers are allocated differently according to the school system (State versus Municipal) and school locations (poor versus non-poor neighborhoods).

Contrairement aux analyses classiques des politiques publiques qui soulignent le rôle de leurs auteurs, dans cet article on cherche à montrer que les choix des responsables directs de la mise en place de la politique de l'enseignement fondamental se répercutent significativement sur l'impact de ces politiques. Cette analyse, dont le point de départ est un survey réalisé auprès de 800 professeurs des écoles de l'État et de la municipalité de São Paulo, de la première à la quatrième année de l'enseignement fondamental, a été organisée selon l'établissement d'une typologie des enseignants par le moyen de la technique de "grade of membership" (GoM). L'analyse a montré que les types d'enseignants en poste diffèrent selon les réseaux d'enseignement et selon l'emplacement de l'école (en zone de pauvreté ou non).

Acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric hospital in rio de janeiro in pre- and post-rotavirus vaccination settings.

A 4(1/2)-year hospital-based survey was conducted in Rio de Janeiro to determine baseline rates of gastroenteritis-related cases, hospitalizations, and deaths; to examine the prevalence of rotavirus strains causing admissions; and to assess the immediate impact of the nationwide rotavirus immunization program launched in March 2006. From August 2002 to May 2007, 14,473 (10.4%) of the 139,747 consultations had AGE as primary diagnosis, 491 (3.4%) children required hospitalization and two (0.4%) dehydrated children died. Gastroenteritis contribution to hospitalizations varied from ~2.3% in 2004 and 2006 to 6.4% in 2005, being roughly half of them rotavirus-related cases. A gradual decrease in rotavirus strain diversity was observed from 2002 to 2005 when a single G9P[8] prevailed until April 2006. Then only short profile G9P[4] and G2P[4] strains were detected. Gastroenteritis cases were distributed year-round in a trimodal pattern with major winter peaks. Local climate apparently affected the incidence of gastroenteritis: reduction in dry years (2004 and 2007) and explosive outbreaks caused by multiple agents during the heavy rainfalls and recurrent floods of the 2005-early 2006 period. Besides rotavirus, adenovirus and calicivirus were major gastroenteritis agents of these seemingly waterborne outbreaks. In conclusion, rotavirus vaccination impacted marginally, if at all, on the incidence of childhood gastroenteritis, as favorable results obtained by comparing data from the post-vaccine period to the preceding unusual 2005 year all but disappeared when comparing to previous pre-vaccination periods, and the shift towards G2P[4] rotavirus strains may be a global trend unrelated to vaccination.

Políticas nacionais e implementação subnacional: uma revisão da descentralização pós-Fundef / National policies and subnational implementation: a review of the decentralization of education in Brazil

O artigo apresenta uma revisão das estratégias para a coordenação nacional usada pelo governo federal brasileiro e propõe uma distinção conceitual entre normas dependentes de iniciativas e normas que geram efeitos imediatos do governo subnacional. Ao acompanhar a política de descentralização das escolas de ensino fundamental, o estudo analisa o poder explicativo normalmente atribuída a uma única lei nacional (Fundef), uma norma aprovada em 1996, que define as regras relativas à distribuição e alocação de todas as receitas educacionais coletados por ou transferidos para os governos subnacionais . Outros fatores explicativos emergiram como relevante para explicar o resultado, especialmente a existência ou ausência de programas a nível de Estado com incentivos adicionais para o direito nacional.

The article presents a revision of the strategies for national coordination used by the Brazilian federal government and proposes a conceptual distinction between norms dependent on subnational government's initiatives and norms that generate immediate effect. By tracking the decentralization policy of elementary schools, the study reviews the explanatory power normally attributed to one single national law (Fundef), a norm approved in 1996 which defined rules concerning the distribution and allocation of all educational revenues collected by or transferred to subnational governments. Other explanatory factors emerge as relevant to explain the outcome, especially the existence or absence of state-level programs with additional incentives to the national law.

Dans cet article, on présente une relecture des stratégies de coordination nationale utilisées par le gouvernement fédéral brésilien et on propose une distinction conceptuelle entre normes d'effet immédiat et normes dépendantes de l'adhésion des gouvernements subnationaux. En observant la politique d'encouragement à la municipalisation de l'enseignement de base, on reconsidère le pouvoir d'explication qui est attribué exclusivement au Fundef (Fond de Maintien et Développement de l'Enseignement Fondamental et Mise en Valeur du Professorat), une politique de gestion des finances pour l'éducation approuvée en 1996. D'autres explications s'avèrent importantes dans la compréhension des résultats, en particulier l'existence ou l'absence de programmes des états avec des aides complémentaires en faveur du Fundef.

Políticas nacionais e implementação subnacional: uma revisão da descentralização pós-Fundef / Politiques nationales et implantation subnationale: une révision de la décentralisation après le Fundef / National policies and subnational implementation: a review of the decentralization of education in Brazil

The article presents a revision of the strategies for national coordination used by the Brazilian federal government and proposes a conceptual distinction between norms dependent on subnational government's initiatives and norms that generate immediate effect. By tracking the decentralization policy of elementary schools, the study reviews the explanatory power normally attributed to one single national law (Fundef), a norm approved in 1996 which defined rules concerning the distribution and allocation of all educational revenues collected by or transferred to subnational governments. Other explanatory factors emerge as relevant to explain the outcome, especially the existence or absence of state-level programs with additional incentives to the national law.

Dans cet article, on présente une relecture des stratégies de coordination nationale utilisées par le gouvernement fédéral brésilien et on propose une distinction conceptuelle entre normes d'effet immédiat et normes dépendantes de l'adhésion des gouvernements subnationaux. En observant la politique d'encouragement à la municipalisation de l'enseignement de base, on reconsidère le pouvoir d'explication qui est attribué exclusivement au Fundef (Fond de Maintien et Développement de l'Enseignement Fondamental et Mise en Valeur du Professorat), une politique de gestion des finances pour l'éducation approuvée en 1996. D'autres explications s'avèrent importantes dans la compréhension des résultats, en particulier l'existence ou l'absence de programmes des états avec des aides complémentaires en faveur du Fundef.

O impacto das regras de organização do processo legislativo no comportamento dos parlamentares: um estudo de caso da Assembléia Nacional Constituinte (1987-1988) / The impact of legislative procedural rules on voting by members of congress: a case study of the 1987-1988 Brazilian Constitutional Congress

This article discusses the importance of considering legislative procedures when analyzing voting behavior by legislators and thus for understanding political choices in decision-making contexts organized by majority rule. In order to test the impact of procedural rules on voting choices, the author analyzes the two Standing Orders of the Brazilian Constitutional Congress (1987-88) as a case study, showing the effects of legislative and voting procedures on the characteristics (scope and substantive aspects) of the new Constitution. It thus becomes possible to compare, within the same political environment, the impact of the 1st and 2nd Standing Orders on the choices made by Brazilian national legislators. The analysis shows that prior information on individual preferences is not sufficient to predict the outcome.