Salpingectomy for ovarian cancer prevention: Video education for the surgeon.

Given the unremitting obstacles to effectively screen for and treat ovarian cancer (OC), prevention is a necessary countermeasure. The recent discovery of the fallopian tube as the origin of the most common and deadly type of OC, high grade serous cancer (HGSC), makes prevention through salpingectomy possible (Madsen et al., 2015). Opportunistic salpingectomy (OS) is the practice of removing the post-reproductive fallopian tubes at the time of other intraperitoneal surgery, or for sterilization in lieu of tubal ligation, to decrease OC risk (Falconer et al., 2015). The safety, effectiveness, and reach of OS as a primary prevention strategy depends on the knowledge mobilization of a standard surgical approach for surgeons (Hanley et al., 2017, Morelli et al., 2013). Resources for accomplishing this knowledge mobilization activity are needed. We therefore aim to create a peer-reviewed, publicly available surgical instructional video that facilitates standardization of the practice of salpingectomy for the purpose of OC prevention. Content creation was generated by a team of surgeon stakeholders, medical illustrators, instructional designers, and health education specialists. Expert gynecologic surgeons were filmed performing salpingectomy in order to build a video library. Accurate illustration and editing of live video footage was executed to support surgeons in visualizing key anatomic landmarks to ensure safe and complete fallopian tube excision. Review of eligibility criteria, fundamentals of preoperative counseling, and strategic and technical points were prioritized. This endeavor is strictly educational, with no commercial benefit. Publicly available, peer-reviewed surgical education tools will help us collaborate to safely and equitably expand OS within and beyond the current scope of surgical practice.

Robotic-assisted uterine transposition followed by anatomic pelvic repositioning for a patient with intramural fibroids and rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To report the first described case of robotic-assisted utero-ovarian transposition followed by anatomic repositioning in the pelvis and cervicovaginal anastomosis in a woman with uterine fibroids, which was performed for fertility preservation in the context of pelvic radiation for rectal cancer. DESIGN: Description of technique and live-action narrated surgical footage showing uterine transposition and repositioning. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: A 36-year-old woman with a new diagnosis of cT3N2M0 rectal adenocarcinoma planned for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and pelvic radiation and desired fertility preservation permissive of future pregnancy. A transvaginal ultrasound revealed a 5-cm posterior leiomyoma and a normal endometrial cavity. The patient elected for utero-ovarian transposition before chemoradiation. The patient included in this video gave consent for publication and posting of the video online, including on social media, the journal website, scientific literature websites, and other applicable sites. Per institutional guidelines, an Institutional Review Board review was not required. INTERVENTIONS: Robotic-assisted utero-ovarian transposition was performed in an inpatient setting 2 weeks after ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval. She was given a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for menstrual suppression after oocyte retrieval. The uterus and adnexa were transposed en bloc to the upper abdomen, with perfusion via retroflected infundibulopelvic ligaments. Intravenous indocyanine green was administered intraoperatively to visualize uterine perfusion. Three weeks postoperatively, the patient underwent surgical management of small bowel obstruction, which was successfully managed with laparoscopic adhesiolysis. The patient subsequently completed chemoradiation and had a complete response to the rectal tumor. She therefore elected for surveillance. Seven months after transposition and 2 months after completion of treatment, the patient underwent uncomplicated robotic-assisted utero-ovarian anatomic repositioning in the pelvis with cervicovaginal anastomosis. Chromopertubation confirmed tubal patency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Restoration of normal pelvic anatomy and resumption of reproductive physiology. RESULTS: At her 4-month postoperative visit, the cervix and vagina were normal in appearance. The patient reported the return of spontaneous menses and sexual activity without complications. CONCLUSION: This case is unique because of the presence of bulky intramural uterine fibroids. The described technique may be useful for selected cancer patients who desire to carry a pregnancy after pelvic radiation for cancer treatment, and demonstrates that patients considering utero-ovarian transposition need not be excluded solely on the basis of the presence of uterine fibroids.

Cardiometabolic profile of women with uterine leiomyoma: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that cardiometabolic risk factors contribute to uterine leiomyoma development, but cardiometabolic profiles of women with the tumor remain poorly defined. This study aimed to determine the association of cardiometabolic comorbidities and cardiometabolic medication use with a leiomyoma diagnosis. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, aggregate-level data from 2013-2020 were collected using the SlicerDicer feature of Epic (Epic, Verona, WI, USA) electronic medical record system. Women ≥18 years with at least one visit or hospital encounter at the Johns Hopkins Health System (N.=679,981) were assigned as cases or controls according to leiomyoma status. Individual prevalence of each prespecified cardiometabolic comorbidity and relevant prescription medications was obtained. Prevalence Odds Ratios were used to assess the association of cardiometabolic comorbidities and medication use with uterine leiomyoma. RESULTS: Women with uterine leiomyoma (N.=27,703) were more likely to be obese (2.56; 95% CI: 2.49-2.63), have metabolic syndrome (1.82; 95% CI: 1.51-2.19), essential hypertension (1.45; 95% CI: 1.42-1.49), diabetes mellitus (1.29; 95% CI: 1.24-1.33) and hyperlipidemia (1.23; 95% CI: 1.19-1.26). These associations were stronger among younger women and persisted after excluding those with a hysterectomy. Notably, statins were the only medications associated with a lower leiomyoma risk (0.81; 95% CI: 0.79-0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Uterine leiomyoma is associated with a spectrum of cardiometabolic comorbidities and use of associated medications, constituting an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile in women with the tumor. If definitively correlated, prevention and early management of cardiometabolic risk factors may decrease uterine leiomyoma incidence, and screening women with uterine leiomyoma for cardiometabolic comorbidities may aid in cardiovascular disease prevention.

The Impact of Uterine Fibroids on Fertility: How the Uncertainty Widens the Gap in Reproductive Outcomes in Black Women.

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common pelvic tumor in women. While the decreased quality of life and significant morbidity has been implicated with UFs, several important questions regarding the effect of UFs on reproductive outcomes remain unanswered. Furthermore, there is a disproportionate impact of UFs in Black women, in whom these tumors are known to be more common and more severe. The racial difference in UF burden is heightened during prime reproductive years, during which Black women undergo surgical intervention at an astoundingly increased rate compared to other races. Despite this, Black women are underrepresented in UF and treatment outcome research, and thus the uncertainty of the impact of UFs and UF treatment on fertility and pregnancy outcomes in this population is less defined. The purpose of this review article is to discuss recent findings in the literature regarding the impact of uterine UFs on reproductive outcomes with a primary focus on the implications for Black women. Additionally, we briefly discuss the importance of increased UF research funding and investigation and propose actionable items to help increase the representation of Black women in UF research.

Teaming in the contemporary fertility clinic: creating a culture to optimize patient care.

When a diverse group of individuals is working together in the contemporary fertility clinic to provide time-sensitive and complex care for patients, a high degree of coordination and collaboration must take place. When performed dynamically, this process is referred to as teaming. Although the positive impact of teamwork in health care settings has been well established in the literature, the concept of teaming has limited foundation in the clinic. This review will provide an overview of how teaming can be used to improve patient care in today's fertility clinics. Approaches to integrating teaming into the clinic that will be discussed include framing, the creation of a psychologically safe environment for staff input, and facilitating collaborative constructs to support teaming. Best practices to implement teaming and how to address challenges to teaming in today's clinical environment will also be addressed.

Cost-effectiveness of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy for fresh donor oocyte cycles.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether in vitro fertilization (IVF) with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) is cost effective to achieve a live birth compared with IVF alone in fresh donor oocyte cycles. DESIGN: Theoretical cost-effectiveness study. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENTS: None. INTERVENTIONS: Comparison between the cost of IVF with PGT-A vs. IVF alone to achieve a live birth. The model analyzed a hypothetical single fresh oocyte donor IVF cycle with PGT-A vs. IVF alone and followed the progression of a single embryo through the different decision nodes. Cost estimates assigned to each clinical event were based on data obtained from the literature and institutional costs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost per live birth. RESULTS: In the base-case analysis, IVF with PGT-A was not cost effective in fresh donor oocyte cycles when compared with IVF alone to achieve a live birth. The cycles using PGT-A cost an additional $6,018.66. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was found to be $119,606.59 per additional live birth achieved with IVF with PGT-A. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that IVF with PGT-A was not cost effective in nearly all iterations. CONCLUSIONS: PGT-A in fresh donor oocyte IVF cycles is not cost effective compared with IVF alone over a wide range of probabilities and costs.

Conservatively treated endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia/cancer: Risk of intrauterine synechiae.

INTRODUCTION: To determine whether progestin type or number of dilation and curettage procedures (D&Cs) were associated with intrauterine synechiae (IS) or pregnancy outcomes in patients conservatively treated for endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) or endometrial cancer (EC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated patients conservatively treated for EIN or EC from 2000 to 2017 at an academic center. IS were identified hysteroscopically. We calculated proportions for categorical variables and tested associations between D&C number, progestin, and pregnancy outcomes using Pearson chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. A post-hoc power analysis indicated sufficient power to detect livebirth. RESULTS: We analyzed 54 patients, 15 with EIN (28 %) and 39 with EC (72 %), with a mean age of 34 ± 1.2 years. Progestin treatment types included megestrol acetate (MA) (n = 24), MA with levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LngIUD) (n = 10), MA followed by LngIUD (n = 3), and LngIUD alone (n = 6). Mean number of D&Cs was 3.9 ± 0.9. Overall, 53 subjects underwent hysteroscopy; 10 (19 %) had IS. When D&Cs were grouped into 0-2, 3-4 and ≥5, each increase in D&C group had a 2.9 higher odds of IS (OR: 2.91, p = 0.04, CI: 1.05-10.02). LngIUD was associated with a nonsignificant 46 % decrease in the odds of IS (OR: 0.54, p = 0.66, CI: 0.08-2.87). Twenty-two women attempted pregnancy; 14 women achieved a total of 20 pregnancies and 9 women had total of 15 livebirths (41 % livebirth rate). The number of D&Cs and progestin treatment type were not associated with pregnancy outcomes. DISCUSSION: Among 54 patients conservatively treated for EC/EIN, nearly 20 % developed IS. However, hysteroscopic and/or fertility treatments may improve pregnancy outcomes.

Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome as Referred Pain From Injured T12/L1 Nerves: Symptomatic Improvement With Resection of Ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric Nerves.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the specific contribution of ilioinguinal (II) and iliohypogastric (IH) nerve injury and referred pain to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and patient-reported chronic pelvic pain, and to enumerate the effects of II and IH nerve resection on the pain and voiding symptoms in patients with IC/BPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of 8 patients with ICS/BPS who had prior abdominal surgery. All patients received diagnostic image guided T12/L1 nerve blocks, followed by II and IH nerve resections. Validated O'Leary-Sant ICS symptom indices (OSPI) and pelvic pain and urgency/frequency patient symptoms scale (PUF) scores were collected at specified intervals pre- and post-operatively. RESULTS: Median scores at pre-operative (OSPI 13.9, PUF 20.4) and 1 week time points (OSPI 5.9, PUF 11), as well as differences between pre-operative and 10 month time points (OSPI 3.7, PUF 6) were all statistically significant (P = .008 and .009 at 1 week, and .007 and .008 at 10 months, for OSPI and PUF respectively). The mean difference in score from pre-operative to longest follow-up as measured by the OSPI was -14.4 (P < .001) and by PUF -10.3 (P < .001). All time points registered demonstrated improvement in pain scores. There were no surgical complications or adverse events. CONCLUSION: II and IH nerve resection may be an effective and durable treatment option for those with prior abdominal surgery who have referred interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome pain from these injured nerves.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its effect on gametogenesis and early pregnancy.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and pregnancy has been the topic of hundreds of publications over the last several months; however, few studies have focused on the implications of infection in early pregnancy and reproductive tissues. Here, we analyzed available evidence pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 infection, in early pregnancy, and in reproductive tissues. We searched PubMed and Embase databases in accordance with guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for publications from inception to June 4, 2020. Four reviewers screened titles and abstracts and obtained full-text articles for analysis. Sixty-two studies were included in the review. Biological plausibility for infection with SARS-CoV-2 exists in testis, ovaries, and placenta as they express ACE2 receptor activity. In males, SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to functional abnormalities leading to spermatogenic failure and male infertility. In females, an alteration of the ACE2 cascade via SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to impairment in important follicular and luteal processes. There is also evidence of significant placental pathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is unclear what effects there may be for early pregnancy, though available data suggest less severe effects compared to other respiratory virus outbreaks. Further investigation is needed regarding SARS-CoV-2 in reproductive function and early pregnancy.

Radial Artery Pseudoaneurysm with Aberrant Radial Artery Anatomy: An Unusual Presentation of Flexor Tenosynovitis.

Purpose Radial artery pseudoaneurysm is uncommon and mainly associated with radial artery cannulization for cardiac intervention or invasive hemodynamic monitoring. It is rarely seen as a result of intra-arterial recreational drug injection. Methods We present the case of a 35-year-old man with a 12-year history of intravenous drug use and 1-year history of intra-arterial drug use who developed radial artery pseudoaneurysm with a right long finger suppurative flexor tenosynovitis and subsequent acute radial-sided hand ischemia. Computed tomography (CT) angiography with three-dimensional reconstructions was used in diagnosis. We treated him with parenteral antibiotics followed by surgical debridement of his infection and removal of the infected pseudoaneurysm. Results Examination of the three-dimensional CT angiogram showed an unusual anatomical variant that likely predisposed him to isolated long finger flexor tenosynovitis. Conclusion Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pseudoaneurysm in this context is crucial to avoiding sepsis, hemorrhage, and irreversible ischemia. In rare cases, imaging can demonstrate an underlying anatomical variant that may be a predisposing factor.

Fractures of the axis: a review of pediatric, adult, and geriatric injuries.

Fractures of the second cervical vertebra (C2, axis) are common in adult spine surgery. Those fractures occurring in younger adult patients are often associated with high-energy mechanism trauma, resulting in a "Hangman's Fracture." Management of these fractures is often successful with nonoperative means, though surgery may be needed in those fractures with greater displacement and injury to the C2-C3 disc. Older patients are more likely to sustain fractures of the odontoid process. The evidence supporting surgical management of these fractures is evolving, as there may be a mortality benefit to surgery. Regardless of treatment, longer-term mortality rates are high in this patient population, which should be discussed with the patient and family at the time of injury. Pediatric patients may suffer fractures of the axis, though differentiation of normal and pathologic findings is necessary and more difficult with the skeletally immature spine.

Zika Virus in Semen: What We Know and What We Need to Know.

The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in South and Central America has ascended to the forefront of international attention. While research regarding the effects and details surrounding ZIKV in pregnancy is well underway, especially related to blood-borne transmission, less attention has been devoted to ZIKV infection in semen and questions concerning implications of ZIKV infection in men. In this review, we present what is known and unknown, and the implications for localization of ZIKV to the male urogenital system. We examine the duration and viral load of ZIKV in semen, male and female transmission of ZIKV, the asymptomatic male carrier, and the consequences for assisted reproductive technology and sperm banking facilities. Furthermore, we discuss the potential for active ZIKV transmission in the United States as world travel continues to rise and the evolution and case history of ZIKV sexual transmission. We also review the current government-sponsored and reproductive society recommendations for managing sexual transmission of ZIKV and elucidate future research needs.

The DEG/ENaC cation channel protein UNC-8 drives activity-dependent synapse removal in remodeling GABAergic neurons.

Genetic programming and neural activity drive synaptic remodeling in developing neural circuits, but the molecular components that link these pathways are poorly understood. Here we show that the C. elegans Degenerin/Epithelial Sodium Channel (DEG/ENaC) protein, UNC-8, is transcriptionally controlled to function as a trigger in an activity-dependent mechanism that removes synapses in remodeling GABAergic neurons. UNC-8 cation channel activity promotes disassembly of presynaptic domains in DD type GABA neurons, but not in VD class GABA neurons where unc-8 expression is blocked by the COUP/TF transcription factor, UNC-55. We propose that the depolarizing effect of UNC-8-dependent sodium import elevates intracellular calcium in a positive feedback loop involving the voltage-gated calcium channel UNC-2 and the calcium-activated phosphatase TAX-6/calcineurin to initiate a caspase-dependent mechanism that disassembles the presynaptic apparatus. Thus, UNC-8 serves as a link between genetic and activity-dependent pathways that function together to promote the elimination of GABA synapses in remodeling neurons.