Discovery of BI-9787, a potent zwitterionic ketohexokinase inhibitor with oral bioavailability.

Fructose metabolism by ketohexokinase (KHK) is implicated in a variety of metabolic disorders. KHK inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The first small-molecule KHK-inhibitors have entered clinical trials, but it remains unclear if systemic inhibition of KHK by small-molecules will eventually benefit patients. Here we report the discovery of BI-9787, a potent, zwitterionic KHK inhibitor characterized by high permeability and favorable oral rat pharmacokinetics. BI-9787 was identified by optimizing chemical starting points generated via a ligand-based virtual screening of Boehringer's virtual library of synthetically accessible compounds (BICLAIM). It serves as a high-quality in vitro and in vivo tool compound for investigating the role of fructose metabolism in disease.

mARC1 in MASLD: Modulation of lipid accumulation in human hepatocytes and adipocytes.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the gene MTARC1 (mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1) protect carriers from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and cirrhosis. MTARC1 encodes the mARC1 enzyme, which is localized to the mitochondria and has no known MASH-relevant molecular function. Our studies aimed to expand on the published human genetic mARC1 data and to observe the molecular effects of mARC1 modulation in preclinical MASH models. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified a novel human structural variant deletion in MTARC1, which is associated with various biomarkers of liver health, including alanine aminotransferase levels. Phenome-wide Mendelian Randomization analyses additionally identified novel putatively causal associations between MTARC1 expression, and esophageal varices and cardiorespiratory traits. We observed that protective MTARC1 variants decreased protein accumulation in in vitro overexpression systems and used genetic tools to study mARC1 depletion in relevant human and mouse systems. Hepatocyte mARC1 knockdown in murine MASH models reduced body weight, liver steatosis, oxidative stress, cell death, and fibrogenesis markers. mARC1 siRNA treatment and overexpression modulated lipid accumulation and cell death consistently in primary human hepatocytes, hepatocyte cell lines, and primary human adipocytes. mARC1 depletion affected the accumulation of distinct lipid species and the expression of inflammatory and mitochondrial pathway genes/proteins in both in vitro and in vivo models. CONCLUSIONS: Depleting hepatocyte mARC1 improved metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related outcomes. Given the functional role of mARC1 in human adipocyte lipid accumulation, systemic targeting of mARC1 should be considered when designing mARC1 therapies. Our data point to plasma lipid biomarkers predictive of mARC1 abundance, such as Ceramide 22:1. We propose future areas of study to describe the precise molecular function of mARC1, including lipid trafficking and subcellular location within or around the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

Crystal structures of human and mouse ketohexokinase provide a structural basis for species- and isoform-selective inhibitor design.

A molecular understanding of the proteins involved in fructose metabolism is essential for controlling the current spread of fructose-related obesity, diabetes and related adverse metabolic states in Western populations. Fructose catabolism starts with the phosphorylation of D-fructose to fructose 1-phosphate by ketohexokinase (KHK). KHK exists in two alternatively spliced isoforms: the hepatic and intestinal isoform KHK-C and the peripheral isoform KHK-A. Here, the structure of apo murine KHK (mKHK), which differs from structures of human KHK in overall conformation, is reported. An isoform-selective ligand, which offers a 50-fold higher potency on mKHK and human KHK-A compared with KHK-C, is further characterized. In mKHK, large-scale conformational changes are observed upon ligand binding. The structures suggest a combined strategy for the design of species- and isoform-selective KHK inhibitors.

Synthesis of 2'-modified N6-methyladenosine phosphoramidites and their incorporation into siRNA.

A synthesis of 2'-fluoro and 2'-methoxy N6-methyladenosine phosphoramidites and their successful incorporation into oligonucleotides is reported. 2'-fluoro and 2́-methoxy modifications of sugars in siRNAs are known to aid stability and N6-methylation modifies the potency of therapeutic silencing RNAs (siRNA). We demonstrate that a combination of those modifications incorporated into the antisense strand of siRNA leads to efficient knockdown of a target gene in cells. This work broadens the available pool of chemical modifications of therapeutic siRNAs and provides tools for their efficient synthesis.

Access to 1'-Amino Carbocyclic Phosphoramidite to Enable Postsynthetic Functionalization of Oligonucleotides.

We report a synthesis of a carbocyclic, abasic RNA phosphoramidite decorated with an amino functionality. The building block was efficiently incorporated into an RNA oligonucleotide in a site-specific manner, followed by deprotection to a free amino group. The amino moiety could be further derivatized as exemplified with fluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Hence, this convertible building block may provide access to a variety of RNA oligonucleotides via postsynthetic amino group functionalization. In particular, providing a vector toward nucleobase replacements.

Epigenetic Modification 6-Methyladenosine Can Impact the Potency and Specificity of siRNA.

The introduction of N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) into siRNA targeting Factor VII impacts its potency in cells and has a significant influence on the selectivity of siRNA, including reduced off-targeting. These effects are dependent on the position of m6 A in the siRNA duplex, with some of the sequences identified as more potent and/or selective than their non-methylated counterpart. These findings broaden the repertoire of available chemical modifications for siRNA therapeutics and imply potential regulatory role of N6-methyladenosine in the RNAi pathways.

A Small-Molecule-Responsive Riboswitch Enables Conditional Induction of Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Expression in Mice.

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene therapy holds great potential for future medical applications. However, to facilitate safer and broader applicability and to enable patient-centric care, therapeutic protein expression should be controllable, ideally by an orally administered drug. The use of protein-based systems is considered rather undesirable, due to potential immunogenicity and the limited coding space of AAV. Ligand-dependent riboswitches, in contrast, are small and characterized by an attractive mode-of-action based on mRNA-self-cleavage, independent of coexpressed foreign protein. While a promising approach, switches available to date have only shown moderate potency in animals. In particular, ON-switches that induce transgene expression upon ligand administration so far have achieved rather disappointing results. Here we present the utilization of the previously described tetracycline-dependent ribozyme K19 for controlling AAV-mediated transgene expression in mice. Using this tool switch, we provide first proof for the feasibility of clinically desired key features, including multiorgan functionality, potent regulation (up to 15-fold induction), reversibility, and the possibility to fine-tune and repeatedly induce expression. The systematic assessment of ligand and reporter protein plasma levels further enabled the characterization of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. Thus, our results strongly support future efforts to develop engineered riboswitches for applications in clinical gene therapy.

Towards the combinatorial synthesis of spongistatin fragment libraries by using asymmetric aldol reactions on solid support.

By relying on asymmetric boron-mediated aldol reactions, solid phase methodology for the stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted spiroacetals was developed and applied to the preparation of a complex AB-spiroacetal subunit of the antimitotic agent spongistatin 1 (altohyrtin A).

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of α4 ß1 Integrin Antagonists Based on ß-D-Mannose as Rigid Scaffold.

A cyclic peptide role model was used for the design and synthesis of a new class of biologically active and α4 -selective integrin antagonists (e.g. 1) based on ß-D-mannose. These carbohydrate-based peptidomimetics were synthesized to include the functional groups of their cyclic peptide precursors without the redundant amide backbone.