Identification of hydrothermal altered/weathered and clay minerals through airborne AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral data in Jahajpur, India.

Advanced visible infrared imaging spectrometer-new generation (AVIRIS-NG) airborne Hyperspectral data has 5nm spectral resolution which allows us to identify characteristic spectral signatures of the different altered and weathered mineral assemblage. In this study Airborne AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral data were used to identify the different altered, weathered and clay group of minerals in the Jahajpur, Bhilwara, India. In the study area, different hydrothermal minerals such as Montmorillonite, Smectite and Talc were identified. Apart from this, Goethite/Limonite mineral spectral signatures were identified using the AVIRIS-NG data in the VNIR (visible and near infrared) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Minerals thus identified were verified by the conventional geological analysis viz. petrography and XRD of the field samples collected from the study area. The results of the conventional geological methods and spectroscopy were in good confirmation with the results found through the analysis of the AVIRIS-NG data. Identified minerals show a good indication of the advance argillic alteration in the study area which stand in confirmation with the geology of the area. Spectral analysis of the AVIRIS-NG data reveals that the reflectance spectra of the airborne AVIRIS-NG Hyperspectral data found promising for mineral identification and mapping.

Evaluation of AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral images for mineral identification and mapping.

Advancement of airborne hyperspectral remote sensing techniques provides subtle variations to identify minerals and to make distinctions between rock formations. These techniques clearly define barren land versus economically viable zones containing ores and minerals. As we know profitable mineral zones are commonly associated with hydrothermal alteration zones, hyperspectral remote sensing techniques have the capability to identify and distinguish between altered, weathered, and clay minerals. In this research work, airborne hyperspectral remote sensing image from AVIRIS-NG is used to identify hydrothermally altered minerals in the Jahajpur region of Bhilwara district, Rajasthan, India. The purpose of this study is the identification of the minerals through spectral features of image spectra in corroboration with field sample spectra and USGS laboratory spectra. The spectral angle mapper (SAM) and Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF) algorithms were used for the mapping of the minerals. This study was conducted to prove the capability of AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral remote sensing data to identify zones of profitable mineral deposits.

Status of HER-2 in male and female breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: HER-2 overexpression is seen in 20% to 30% of invasive female breast carcinomas. Besides being prognostic, HER-2 may also be predictive of response to therapy. Similar studies in male breast carcinoma are lacking. We compared the overexpression and amplification of HER-2 in female and male breast carcinoma. DESIGN: Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded archival material from 58 invasive male breast carcinomas and 202 invasive female breast carcinomas were immunostained for HER-2. Scoring was performed according to established guidelines. Each case was also assessed for HER-2 gene amplification by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) utilizing the PathVysion assay (Vysis corporation, Downers Grove, Illinois). RESULTS: There were 58 male patients who ranged in age from 38 to 92 years (mean 63). Thirty-five (60%) were T1 lesions and 23 (40%) were T2 lesions. Twenty-five patients (43%) had positive lymph nodes. One (1.7%) of the 58 cases showed 3+ staining of HER-2. The remaining 57 cases did not show overexpression. There was no amplification of the HER-2 gene in any of the cases. There were 202 female patients who ranged in age from 26 to 96 years (mean 52). In all, 129 (64%) were T1 lesions, 61 (30%) were T2 lesions, and 13 (6%) were T3 lesions. Fifty-two (26%) showed positive staining with HER-2 (44 cases 3+, 8 cases 2+). The remaining 150 (74%) did not show overexpression. There was amplification of HER-2 gene in 55 (27%) of the cases. Two of the cases negative by FISH were 3+ positive by IHC. CONCLUSIONS: HER-2 is overexpressed in approximately 27% of female breast carcinomas. A high level of correlation is demonstrated between IHC and FISH techniques. Gene amplification of HER-2 does not play a role in male breast carcinoma. The rate of single-copy overexpression of HER-2 appears identical in male and female breast carcinoma.

Capillaria hepatica parasitism.

Capillaria hepatica is rarely encountered in humans, with fewer than 30 documented cases. The clinico-pathological features of capillaria hepatica infection, diagnosed on liver biopsy of a 6-year-old child are discussed. Pathologically, it is characterised by prominent granulomatous lesions in the liver surrounding the eggs, which on cursory examination may be confused with Schistosoma mansoni.