Gender-specific reference values of dynamometric and non-dynamometric trunk performance in individuals with different body fat percentages: A preliminary study.

Trunk muscles maintain steady effort with adequate strength and endurance. When the muscle performance is subpar, it might cause lower back discomfort. No reference for trunk strength and endurance has been established previously. The aim of this study was to determine the normative reference values for dynamometric and non-dynamometric tests in people with various body fat percentages. Two hundred sixty-four participants aged 19-40 years old were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The Siri equation was used to calculate the individuals body fat proportions, which were divided into normal, high, and very high body fat for men and women. The Modified Sorenson's and the Back-Leg-Chest Dynamometric tests were utilized to measure muscular performance. The means of strength in females with normal, high, and very high body fat percentages were 27.39, 25.75, and 25.37 N/m2, respectively. The males in the same category had the means of 56.48, 51.79, and 60.17 N/m2, respectively. The highest mean of endurance in females was in those with normal body fat percentage (42.28), so did males (71.02). Our findings suggest that males had higher trunk muscle strength and endurance than females, and normal-body-fat individuals had the greatest endurance regardless of gender.

Interspecialty Variation in Perioperative Health Care Resource Usage for Carpal Tunnel Release.

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether any interspecialty variation exists, regarding perioperative health care resource usage, in carpal tunnel releases (CTRs). METHODS: The 2010 to 2021 PearlDiver Mariner Database, an all-payer claims database, was queried to identify patients undergoing primary CTRs. Physician specialty IDs were used to identify the specialty of the surgeon-orthopedic versus plastic versus general surgery versus neurosurgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify whether there was any interspecialty variation between the use of health care resources. RESULTS: A total of 908 671 patients undergoing CTRs were included, of which 556 339 (61.2%) were by orthopedic surgeons, 297 047 (32.7%) by plastic surgeons, 44 118 (4.9%) by neurosurgeons, and 11 257 (1.2%) by general surgeons. In comparison with orthopedic surgeons, patients treated by plastic surgeons were less likely to have received opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral steroids, and preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis but were more likely to have received steroid injections and electrodiagnostic studies (EDSs) preoperatively. Patients treated by neurosurgeons were more likely to have received preoperative opioids, gabapentin, oral steroids, preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, EDSs, and formal preoperative physical/occupational therapy and less likely to have received steroid injections. Patients treated by general surgeons were less likely to receive oral steroids, steroid injections, EDSs, preoperative formal physical therapy, and preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, but were more likely to be prescribed gabapentin. CONCLUSIONS: There exists significant variation in perioperative health care resource usage for CTRs between specialties. Understanding reasons behind such variation would be paramount in minimizing differences in how care is practiced for elective hand procedures.

Validity and Reliability of Hindi version of Foot and Ankle Disability Index in patients with chronic recurrent lateral ankle sprain.

BACKGROUND: Lateral Ankle Sprain (LAS) is a recurrent musculoskeletal injury commonly noticed in primary care, podiatry, orthopaedics, and physical therapy centers. The Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) is a self-reported and region-specific tool with no previous literature available on the translation of the FADI scale into Hindi language. AIM: The study aims to translate and evaluate each translated domain of FADI to see its cross-cultural adaptation, content validity and reliability for patients with chronic recurrent LAS. STUDY DESIGN: A Cross-Sectional Study. METHODS: The scale was translated from the reference language to the target language, Hindi, using the instructions provided in the literature. Delphi survey was conducted for content validation followed by recruitment of 51 participants with a history of long lasting repetitive lateral sprain of ankle to evaluate test-retest reliability of Hindi version of FADI. RESULT: The S-CVI/Ave and S-CVI/UA came out to be 0.988 and 0.884, respectively and I-CVI for all items of Hindi version of FADI were more than 0.90. The ICC (Intra-class Correlation Coefficient) and internal consistency was evaluated, which came out to 0.961 and 0.980, respectively for Hindi version of FADI. CONCLUSION: Hindi version of FADI is a valid and reliable scale that has been translated and adapted to be implemented among Indian population suffering from long lasting repetitive LAS.

The therapeutic effects of gingival mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in a chimeric model of rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that involves transformation of the lining of synovial joints into an invasive and destructive tissue. Synovial fibroblasts become transformed, invading and destroying the bone and cartilage of the affected joint(s). Due to the significant role these cells play in the progression of the disease process, developing a therapeutic strategy to target and inhibit their invasive destructive nature could help patients who are afflicted with this debilitating disease. Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells are known to possess immunomodulatory properties and have been studied extensively as potential cell-based therapeutics for several autoimmune disorders. METHODS: A chimeric human/mouse model of synovitis was created by surgically implanting SCID mice with a piece of human articular cartilage surrounded by RASF. Mice were injected once with either GMSC or GMSCExo at 5-7 days post-implantation. Histology and IHC were used to assess RASF invasion of the cartilage. Flow cytometry was used to understand the homing ability of GMSC in vivo and the incidence of apoptosis of RASF in vitro. RESULTS: We demonstrate that both GMSC and GMSCExo are potent inhibitors of the deleterious effects of RASF. Both treatments were effective in inhibiting the invasive destructive properties of RASF as well as the potential for these cells to migrate to secondary locations and attack the cartilage. GMSC home to the site of the implant and induce programmed cell death of the RASF. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that both GMSC and GMSCExo can block the pathological effects of RASF in this chimeric model of RA. A single dose of either GMSC or GMSCExo can inhibit the deleterious effects of RASF. These treatments can also block the invasive migration of the RASF, suggesting that they can inhibit the spread of RA to other joints. Because the gingival tissue is harvested with little difficulty, relatively small amounts of tissue are required to expand the cells, the simple in vitro expansion process, and the increasing technological advances in the production of therapeutic exosomes, we believe that GMSCExo are excellent candidates as a potential therapeutic for RA.

Complications in Hand Surgery During Early Independent Practice: A Single Surgeon's 5-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to understand the frequency and types of complications, and the associated postoperative outcomes within the first 5 years of practice after hand and upper extremity surgery fellowship. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of all patients seen and surgically treated by a single surgeon at a single institution from August 2014 to September 2019. This corresponded to the first 5 years of practice after fellowship. Data collected included patient demographics, perioperative data, complication type, and outcome of the complication (better/same/worse than preoperative status). Complications were classified using the Clavien-Dindo system and a unique, self-derived system. RESULTS: In total, 3301 surgeries were performed during the first 5 years of practice. The overall complication rate was 7.9% (261 complications from 239 patients). The 30-day complication rate was 5.2% (171/3301). Eleven (4.2%) of the 261 complications occurred intraoperatively. The total number of complications significantly declined during the first 5 years of practice as follows: 74, 71, 46, 37, and 33 (P = .010, R2 = .92). Hand and wrist were the most frequent anatomic locations involved and bone pathology was the predominant indication. CONCLUSION: The overall surgical complication rate for hand and upper extremity surgery was 7.9%, with a 30-day complication rate of 5.2% (171/3301). The rate of complications after fellowship declined over the first 5 years of independent practice. Superficial infections were the most common complication. More than 90% of patients ultimately improved after addressing the complication. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Therapeutic Effects of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes in a Chimeric Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that involves transformation of the lining of synovial joints into an invasive and destructive tissue. Synovial fibroblasts become transformed, invading and destroying bone and cartilage of the affected joint(s). Due to the significant role these cells play in the progression of the disease process, developing a therapeutic strategy to target and inhibit their invasive destructive nature could help patients who are affiicted with this debilitating disease. Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells are known to possess immunomodulatory properties and have been studied extensively as potential cell-based therapeutics for several autoimmune disorders. Methods: A chimeric human/mouse model of synovitis was created by surgically implanting SCID mice with a piece of human articular cartilage surrounded by RASF. Mice were injected once with either GMSC or GMSCExo at 5-7 days post-implantation. Histology and IHC were used to assess RASF invasion of the cartilage. Flow cytometry was used to understand the homing ability of GMSC in vivo and the incidence of apoptosis of RASF in vitro. Results: We demonstrate that both GMSC and GMSCExo are potent inhibitors of the deleterious effects of RASF. Both treatments were effective in inhibiting the invasive destructive properties of RASF as well as the potential of these cells to migrate to secondary locations and attack the cartilage. GMSC home to the site of the implant and induce programmed cell death of the RASF. Conclusions: Our results indicate that both GMSC and GMSCExo can block the pathological effects of RASF in this chimeric model of RA. A single dose of either GMSC or GMSCExo can inhibit the deleterious effects of RASF. These treatments can also block the invasive migration of the RASF, suggesting that they can inhibit the spread of RA to other joints. Because the gingival tissue is harvested with little difficulty, relatively small amounts of tissue are required to expand the cells, the simple in vitro expansion process, and the increasing technological advances in the production of therapeutic exosomes, we believe that GMSCExo are excellent candidates as a potential therapeutic for RA.

Tendon Transfers: Techniques to Minimize Complications.

Outcomes after tendon transfer to restore upper extremity function can be optimized using a standardized, multidisciplinary approach to the patient preoperatively, augmented intraoperative decision-making, and an early postoperative mobilization therapy protocol.

Effectiveness of the physiotherapy interventions on complex regional pain syndrome in patients with stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is an umbrella term for a variety of clinical presentations characterized by persistent pain usually in the hands or feet that is disproportionate to any preceding injury and characterized by many autonomic, sensory, and motor symptoms. CRPS is among the most common causes of post stroke shoulder pain in approximately 80% of stroke survivors. This study reviewed the available literature of physiotherapy treatment for CRPS following a stroke. METHODS: Two electronic databases; PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to screen the articles from 2008 to March 2021 to be included in the study. Meta-analysis was done using the RevMan version 5.4 software. Higgins I2 and Chi-square (Tau2) statistical tests were used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS: Out of all 389 studies, only 4 RCT's were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. Mirror therapy, Laser therapy and Fluidotherapy was found to be effective than control in improving pain intensity (SMD 4.13, 95% CI 3.51 to 4.74, I2 = 99%) and functional independence (SMD 2.07, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.70, I2 = 100%) in patients with CRPS following stroke. CONCLUSION: This review concluded that physiotherapy interventions in the form of exercise therapy and electrotherapy has proven to be effective in treating the symptoms of CRPS following stroke. This commonest and devastating condition has not been studied to an extent in clinical settings, there is an utmost need for further studies using the available literature.

Risk Factors for Secondary Revision After Finger Amputations.

BACKGROUND: Digit amputations are relatively simple and are often performed in the setting of trauma or infection. However, it is not uncommon for digit amputations to undergo secondary revision due to complications or patient dissatisfaction. Identifying factors associated with secondary revision may alter treatment strategy. We hypothesize that the secondary revision rate is affected by digit, initial level of amputation, and comorbidities. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients undergoing digit amputations in operating rooms at our institution from 2011 to 2017. Secondary revision amputations were defined as a separate return to the operating room following initial surgical amputation, excluding emergency room amputations. Patient demographics, comorbidities, level of amputation, and complications were collected. RESULTS: In all, 278 patients were included with a total of 386 digit amputations and mean follow-up of 2.6 months. Three hundred twenty-six primary digit amputations were performed in 236 patients (group A). Sixty digits were secondarily revised in 42 patients (group B). The secondary revision rate was 17.8% for patients and 15.5% for digits. Patients with heart disease and diabetes mellitus were associated with secondary revision, with wound complications being the leading indication overall (73.8%). Medicare covered 52.4% of patients in group B versus 30.1% in group A (P = .005). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for secondary revision include Medicare insurance, comorbidities, previous digit amputations, and initial amputation of either the index finger or the distal phalanx. These data may serve as a prediction model to aid surgical decision-making by identifying patients at risk of secondary revision amputation.

Declining Trend in Anti-osteoporotic Treatment, Despite a Rise in DEXA Screening Following "Sentinel" Distal Radius Fractures.

PURPOSE: To understand national trends and costs associated with the utilization of anti-osteoporotic medication and DEXA screening within the year following a sentinel/primary distal radius fracture. METHODS: The 2008-2015Q1 Humana Administrative Claims database was queried to identify patients aged ≥50 years, with a "sentinel" occurrence of a primary closed distal radius fracture. Linear regression models were used to report and assess for significant trends in utilization of anti-osteoporotic medication and DEXA screenings within the year following the fracture. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors associated with receiving or not receiving anti-osteoporotic medication. RESULTS: A total of 14 526 sentinel distal radius fractures were included in the study. Only 7.2% (n = 1046) of patients received anti-osteoporosis medication in the year following the distal radius fracture. Treatment with medication for osteoporosis declined from 8.2% in 2008 to 5.9% in 2015, whereas the rate of DEXA screening increased from 14.8% in 2008 to 23.6% in 2015. The most common prescribed treatment was alendronate sodium (n = 835; 79.8%-$49/patient). Factors associated with increased odds of receiving anti-osteoporotic medication were age 70 to 79 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; P = .014), age 80 to 89 years (OR, 1.66; P = .001), Asian (OR, 2.95; P = .002) or Hispanic (OR, 1.77; P = .006) ethnicity, belonging to South (OR, 1.19; P = .029) or West (OR, 1.37; P = .010), and having an Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score of 3 (OR, 2.14; P = .024) or > 3 (OR, 2.05; P = .022). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a rising utilization of DEXA screening following "sentinel" distal radius fractures, the proportion of individuals who receive anti-osteoporotic treatment is decreasing over time.

Efeito do taping no Tendão de Aquiles nos parâmetros da marcha em indivíduos assintomáticos obesos e acima do peso / Effect of Achilles Tendon taping on parameters of gait in asymptomatic-overweight and obese individuals

INTRODUÇÃO: Sobrepeso e obesidade afetam variáveis de marcha tais como cadência, comprimento do degrau e comprimento dos passos junto com a deterioração do tendão de Aquiles. A rígida rosca do tendão de Aquiles reduz a tensão e aumenta a estabilidade da articulação e pode ser empregada como suporte externo durante o treinamento da marcha para modificar os parâmetros da marcha. OBJETIVO: Descobrir se o taping modifica os padrões de marcha com o aumento do peso. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Foram recrutados 40 sujeitos (20 acima do peso e 20 obesos) cujo comprimento dos degraus, comprimento dos passos e cadência foram medidos antes e depois da fita rígida do tendão de Aquiles. Cada pessoa completou o teste de caminhada de 10 metros usando o aplicativo Gait Analyzer. RESULTADOS: O teste Shapiro-Wilk é usado para avaliar a normalidade dos dados. O Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test e o Mann-Whitney U Test são usados para diferenças dentro e entre grupos. As diferenças dentro do grupo foram significativas nos parâmetros de marcha p <0,05 (Passo comprimento p<0,001, Stride comprimento p<0,001 e cadência p=0,009). Os parâmetros de marcha não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A aplicação de fita rígida no tendão de Aquiles tem um efeito semelhante nos parâmetros da marcha em indivíduos com excesso de peso e obesos. Após a aplicação da fita adesiva, verificou-se uma diferença significativa em termos de comprimento da passada, comprimento do passo e cadência na população estudada antes e depois da aplicação da fita adesiva para Aquiles. Isto implica que, independentemente do peso corporal, a intervenção com fita adesiva afeta a mecânica da marcha de forma comparável e destina-se a evitar movimentos articulares excessivos, a fornecer informações proprioceptivas durante as atividades e a diminuir o desconforto.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity affect gait variables such as cadence, step length, stride length, and Achilles tendon deterioration. Rigid Achilles tendon Taping reduces stress and enhances joint stability and can be employed as external support during gait training to modify gait parameters. OBJECTIVE: To find out whether taping modifies gait patterns with increasing weight. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 40 subjects were recruited (20 overweight and 20 obese) whose step length, stride length, and cadence were measured before and after rigid Achilles tendon taping. Each person completed the 10-meter walk test using Gait Analyzer application. RESULTS: The Shapiro-Wilk test is used to assess the normality of the data. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is used for within-group differences. Within-group differences were significant in gait parameters p <0.05 (Step length p<0.001, Stride length p<0.001 and cadence p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Rigid Achilles tendon taping have a similar effect on gait parameters in overweight and obese individuals. After taping, there was a significant difference in terms of stride length, step length and cadence in the study population before and after Achilles taping. This implies that regardless of body weight, the tape intervention affects gait mechanics in a comparable way and is intended to prevent excessive joint motion, provide proprioceptive input during activities, and lessen discomfort.

Firework Injuries to the Hand in the United States: An Epidemiological and Cost Analysis.

Although prior literature has evaluated firework injuries broadly, there are no focused investigations examining trends, etiology, and costs associated with firework injuries to the hand. The 2006 to 2014 National Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) was used. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes identified patients presenting to the emergency department with a firework-related injury of the hand that resulted in a burn, open wound, fracture, blood vessel injury, or traumatic amputation. A linear regression model was used to identify significant changes over time, with a significance threshold of P<.05. A total of 19,473 patients with a firework-related injury to the hand were included, with no significant change in the incidence from 2006 to 2014 (7.5 per 1,000,000 population). The greatest number of injuries occurred in July (57.1%), January (7.4%), and December (3.7%). Age groups affected were young adults (18-35 years; 43.6%), older adults (36-55 years; 19.2%), adolescents (12-17 years; 18.6%), and children (0-11 years; 16.1%). Nearly 74% of the injuries resulted in burns, 24.5% resulted in open wounds, 8.0% resulted in fracture, 7.6% resulted in traumatic amputation, and 1.4% resulted in blood vessel injury. Of 14,320 burn injuries, 15.2% had first-degree burns, 69.9% had second-degree burns, and 5.1% had third-degree burns involving the skin. The median emergency department charge was $914 and the median hospitalization charge (for inpatient admittance) was $30,743. Incidence of firework-related injuries to the hand has not changed over time. There is a need for better dissemination of safety information to mitigate the occurrences of these avoidable accidents. [Orthopedics. 2023;46(3):180-184.].

Fracture Gap Closure and Reduction Are Affected by the Orientation of the Headless Compression Screw.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the impact of a variable-pitch headless screw's angle of insertion relative to the fracture plane on fracture gap closure and reduction. METHODS: Variable-pitch, fully threaded headless screws were inserted into polyurethane blocks of "normal" bone model density using a custom jig. Separate trials were completed with a 28-mm screw placed perpendicular and oblique/longitudinal to varying fracture planes (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°). Fluoroscopic images were taken after each turn during screw insertion and analyzed. Initial screw push-off, residual fracture gap at optimal fracture gap reduction, and malreduction were determined in each trial. Statistical analysis was performed via a 1-way analysis of variance followed by Student t tests. RESULTS: Malreduction was found to be significantly different between the perpendicular (1.88 mm ± 1.38) and the oblique/longitudinal (0.58 mm ± 0.23) screws. The malreduction increased for the perpendicular screw as the fracture angle increased (60° > 45°=30° > 15° > 0°). Residual fracture gap at optimal fracture gap reduction was also found to be significantly different between the perpendicular (0.97 ± 0.42) and oblique/longitudinal (1.43 ± 1.14) screws. The residual fracture gap increased for the oblique/longitudinal screw as the fracture angle increased, although the oblique/longitudinal screw with a 60° fracture angle was the only configuration significantly larger than all the other configurations. Screw push-off was not found to be significantly different between the oblique/longitudinal screw and perpendicular screw trials. CONCLUSIONS: The perpendicular screw had a larger malreduction that increased with fracture angle, whereas the oblique/longitudinal screw had a larger residual fracture gap that increased with fracture angle.

The Effect of Derotational Kirschner Wires on Fracture Gap Reduction With Variable-Pitch Headless Screws.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the impact of angled derotational Kirschner wires (K-wires) on fracture gap reduction with variable-pitch headless screws. METHODS: Fully threaded variable-pitch headless screws (20 and 28 mm) were inserted into "normal" bone models of polyurethane blocks. In separate trials, derotational K-wires were inserted at predetermined angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 40° and compared with each other, with no K-wire as a control. Fluoroscopic images taken after each screw turn were analyzed. The optimal fracture gap closure, initial screw push-off, and screw back-out gap creation were determined and compared at various derotational K-wire angles. RESULTS: Initial screw push-off due to screw insertion and screw back-out gap creation were not significantly affected by the angle of the derotational K-wire. With a 20-mm screw, only a 40° derotational K-wire led to significantly less gap closure compared with control and with 0°, 15°, and 30° derotational K-wires. It led to an approximately 60% decrease in gap closure compared with no K-wire. With the 28-mm screw, compared with no K-wire, 15° and 30° derotational K-wires led to statistically significant decreases in gap closure (approximately 25%), whereas a 40° derotational K-wire led to an approximately 60% decrease. With the 28-mm screw, the 40° derotational K-wire also led to a statistically significant smaller gap closure when compared with 0°, 15°, and 30° derotational K-wires. CONCLUSIONS: A derotational K-wire placed in parallel to the planned trajectory of a headless compression screw does not affect fracture gap closure. With greater angulation of the derotational K-wire, the fracture gap is still closed, but less tightly. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Derotational K-wires can help prevent fracture fragment rotation during headless compression screw insertion. At small deviations from parallel (≤30°), fracture gap closure achieved by the screw is minimally affected. At greater angles (ie, 40°), fracture gap closure may be substantially reduced, preventing fracture compression.

Role of Dynamic Stabilizers of the Elbow in Radiocapitellar Joint Alignment: A Prospective In Vivo Study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of dynamic stabilizers of the elbow on radiocapitellar joint alignment, before and after the administration of regional anesthesia. METHODS: At a single institution, 14 patients were prospectively enrolled in a study using a within-subjects control design. Before performing a supraclavicular regional block, 10 fluoroscopic images (1 anteroposterior and 9 lateral views) of the elbow were obtained for each patient. The lateral images were obtained with the forearm in maximal supination, neutral rotation, and maximal pronation, and these forearm positions were repeated for 3 elbow positions: (1) full extension; (2) flexion to 90°, with 0° of shoulder internal rotation; and (3) flexion to 90°, with 90° of shoulder internal rotation. After obtaining the 10 initial images, a block was performed to achieve less than 3/5 motor strength of the imaged extremity, followed by obtaining the same 10 images in each patient. Radiocapitellar ratio, defined as the minimal distance between the right bisector of the radial head and the center of the capitellum divided by the diameter of the capitellum, was measured in each image. RESULTS: The 14 patients had a mean age of 47.8 ± 15.7 years, and 10 (71.4%) patients were women. A difference between radiocapitellar ratios measured before and after the regional block administration was observed for all lateral images (-1.0% ± 7.2% to -2.2% ± 8.0%), although this difference was less than the minimum clinically important difference. CONCLUSIONS: Paralysis of the dynamic stabilizers of the elbow produces a difference in the radiocapitellar joint alignment, but this did not reach the minimum clinically important difference. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Paralysis of the dynamic stabilizers of the elbow via a supraclavicular nerve block produces no clinically relevant effect on the radiocapitellar alignment of uninjured elbows.

Risk Factors for Loss of Reduction After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Isolated Olecranon Fractures in Adults.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether any relevant patient, fracture, surgical, or postoperative characteristics are associated with loss of reduction after plate fixation of isolated olecranon fractures in adults. METHODS: Patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of an olecranon fracture at our institution over an 11-year period were analyzed. Electronic patient charts and radiographic images were reviewed to gather patient, fracture, surgical, and postoperative data. Statistical analysis to explore the differences between groups was performed. RESULTS: Seven of 96 patients experienced a loss of fracture reduction diagnosed at a median of 19 days after their initial surgery (range: 4-116 days). The radiographic mode of failure of all patients who lost reduction was proximal migration of the proximal fracture fragment with or without implant failure. The group that lost reduction had a significantly smaller proximal fragment (14.2 vs 18.6 mm), a higher incidence of malreduction with a persistent articular step-off greater than 2 mm (6/7 vs 14/89), a greater distance between the most proximal screw and the olecranon tip (19.8 vs 13.5 mm), a higher proportion of constructs with screws placed outside of the primary plate (4/7 vs 14/89), and a higher proportion of patients that were not immobilized postoperatively (3/7 vs 8/89). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest anatomical reduction at the articular surface and adequate fixation of the proximal fragment are key factors in maintenance of reduction, with smaller proximal fragments being at higher risk for failure. A period of postoperative immobilization may decrease the risk of loss of reduction.

Effect of Strengthening Exercises on Sleep Quality among Females Suffering from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Sleep problems also occur in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) of normal weight. Furthermore, PCOS and sleep disturbances are linked with worsening of cardiometabolic health in the long term. Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of strengthening exercises on sleep quality among females suffering from PCOS. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four female participants aged 20-45 years suffering from PCOS from at least 1 year with body mass index of 18.5-29.9 kg/m2 and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score ≥5 were randomized into experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups; allocation (1:1). The participants were blinded. Experimental group received strengthening exercises thrice per week for 4 weeks, and no intervention was given in control group. Sleep quality was assessed using PSQI. Results: The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, and global score with strengthening exercises. Mann-Whitney U-test revealed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in use of medication (P = 0.016) and global score (P = 0.045). Conclusion: Four weeks of strengthening exercises has significant benefits in improving the sleep quality among females with PCOS.