BACKGROUND: Acute exposure of part of the skin to cold stimuli can evoke urinary urgency, a phenomenon termed acute cold-induced urgency (ACIU). Despite its high prevalence, particularly in patients with overactive bladder, little is known about the mechanisms that induce ACIU. OBJECTIVE: To develop an animal model of ACIU and test the involvement of cold-activated ion channels transient receptor potential (TRP) M8 and TRPA1. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Intravesical pressure and micturition were monitored in female mice (wild-type C57BL/6J, Trpa1(-/-), Trpm8(+/+), and Trpm8(-/-)) and Sprague Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: An intravesical catheter was implanted. Localized cooling of the skin was achieved using a stream of air or topical acetone. The TRPM8 antagonist (N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-{[(3-methylphenyl) methyl]oxy}-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide (AMTB) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Frequencies of bladder contractions and voids in response to sensory stimuli were compared using the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Brief, innocuously cold stimuli applied to different parts of the skin evoked rapid bladder contractions and voids in anesthetized mice and rats. These responses were strongly attenuated in Trpm8(-/-) mice and in rats treated with AMTB. As rodent bladder physiology differs from that of humans, it is difficult to directly extrapolate our findings to human patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that ACIU is an evolutionarily conserved reflex rather than subconscious conditioning, and provide a useful in vivo model for further investigation of the underlying mechanisms. Pharmacological inhibition of TRPM8 may be useful for treating ACIU symptoms in patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: Brief cold stimuli applied to the skin can evoke a sudden desire to urinate, which can be highly bothersome in patients with overactive bladder. We developed an animal model to study this phenomenon, and found that it depends on a specific molecular cold sensor, transient receptor potential M8 (TRPM8). Pharmacological inhibition of TRPM8 may alleviate acute cold-induced urinary urgency in humans.
Cold Temperature , Hypothermia, Induced , Skin/metabolism , TRPM Cation Channels/metabolism , Urinary Bladder/physiopathology , Urinary Incontinence, Urge/metabolism , Animals , Benzamides/administration & dosage , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Pressure , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reflex , Signal Transduction , Skin/drug effects , Skin/innervation , TRPM Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , TRPM Cation Channels/deficiency , TRPM Cation Channels/genetics , Thiophenes/administration & dosage , Time Factors , Urinary Bladder/innervation , Urinary Incontinence, Urge/etiology , Urinary Incontinence, Urge/physiopathology , Urinary Incontinence, Urge/prevention & control , Urination , Urodynamics
