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1.
Nat Commun ; 7: 12662, 2016 09 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27601008

RESUMEN

The most frequently encountered symbiont on tree roots is the ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum, the only mycorrhizal species within the largest fungal class Dothideomycetes, a class known for devastating plant pathogens. Here we show that the symbiotic genomic idiosyncrasies of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes are also present in C. geophilum with symbiosis-induced, taxon-specific genes of unknown function and reduced numbers of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. C. geophilum still holds a significant set of genes in categories known to be involved in pathogenesis and shows an increased genome size due to transposable elements proliferation. Transcript profiling revealed a striking upregulation of membrane transporters, including aquaporin water channels and sugar transporters, and mycorrhiza-induced small secreted proteins (MiSSPs) in ectomycorrhiza compared with free-living mycelium. The frequency with which this symbiont is found on tree roots and its possible role in water and nutrient transport in symbiosis calls for further studies on mechanisms of host and environmental adaptation.


Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/genética , Ecosistema , Genoma Fúngico , Micorrizas/genética , Acuaporinas/metabolismo , Basidiomycota/genética , ADN de Hongos/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica , Micorrizas/fisiología , Filogenia , Pinus sylvestris/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Transcriptoma , Agua
2.
BMC Plant Biol ; 10: 185, 2010 Aug 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20727216

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Ionic aluminum (mainly Al3+) is rhizotoxic and can be present in acid soils at concentrations high enough to inhibit root growth. Many forest tree species grow naturally in acid soils and often tolerate high concentrations of Al. Previously, we have shown that aspen (Populus tremula) releases citrate and oxalate from roots in response to Al exposure. To obtain further insights into the root responses of aspen to Al, we investigated root gene expression at Al conditions that inhibit root growth. RESULTS: Treatment of the aspen roots with 500 µM Al induced a strong inhibition of root growth within 6 h of exposure time. The root growth subsequently recovered, reaching growth rates comparable to that of control plants. Changes in gene expression were determined after 6 h, 2 d, and 10 d of Al exposure. Replicated transcriptome analyses using the Affymetrix poplar genome array revealed a total of 175 significantly up-regulated and 69 down-regulated genes, of which 70% could be annotated based on Arabidopsis genome resources. Between 6 h and 2 d, the number of responsive genes strongly decreased from 202 to 26, and then the number of changes remained low. The responses after 6 h were characterized by genes involved in cell wall modification, ion transport, and oxidative stress. Two genes with prolonged induction were closely related to the Arabidopsis Al tolerance genes ALS3 (for Al sensitive 3) and MATE (for multidrug and toxin efflux protein, mediating citrate efflux). Patterns of expression in different plant organs and in response to Al indicated that the two aspen genes are homologs of the Arabidopsis ALS3 and MATE. CONCLUSION: Exposure of aspen roots to Al results in a rapid inhibition of root growth and a large change in root gene expression. The subsequent root growth recovery and the concomitant reduction in the number of responsive genes presumably reflect the success of the roots in activating Al tolerance mechanisms. The aspen genes ALS3 and MATE may be important components of these mechanisms.


Asunto(s)
Aluminio/farmacología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Populus/genética , Pared Celular/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Transporte Iónico/genética , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Estrés Oxidativo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Populus/efectos de los fármacos , Populus/metabolismo , ARN de Planta/genética
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