Orbital pseudotumor--historical origin and modern relevance.

PURPOSE: To translate the original article from German in order to understand what the author was describing when Birch-Hirschfeld first used the diagnosis of orbital pseudotumor in 1905. To study why he used that diagnosis in the context of medical care and orbital diagnosis at the beginning of the twentieth century. Then to determine whether the term still has scientific relevance today. DESIGN: Perspective. RESULTS: In 1905, orbital pseudotumor was used as a term to describe clinical situations in which modern scientific methods would have provided more accurate and specific diagnoses. The original reasons for its use were a consequence of the limitations of medical care at the juncture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the nature of orbital diseases more than a century ago. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital pseudotumor should no longer be used as a diagnosis because it is not based on current scientific knowledge. It is not specific and it hinders the application of diagnoses that are more useful in patient management.

Comparison of free tarsoconjunctival grafts and Hughes tarsoconjunctival grafts for lower eyelid reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To review the use of free autogenous tarsoconjunctival (TC) grafts and Hughes TC flaps in the practice of one of the authors (MJH) and compare complications and outcomes and develop a rationale for the selection of surgical technique. METHODS: Retrospective comparative case series of 70 patients who underwent reconstructive surgery for a major full-thickness lower eyelid defect using a free autogenous TC graft or Hughes TC pedicle flap by one of the authors (MJH). Rates of complications, including erythema of the eyelid margin, eyelid position abnormalities, and need for additional surgeries, were reviewed. RESULTS: During a 15-year period, 70 patients with full-thickness lower eyelid defects were treated with autogenous TC grafts and flaps. The average age of the patients receiving a free TC graft was younger than the average age of patients receiving a Hughes TC graft (63 versus 73 years, p < 0.001). Patients with a free TC graft were more likely to have a smaller eyelid defect than the patients receiving a Hughes TC graft (52% versus 72%, p < 0.001). Patients receiving a free TC graft were less likely to require surgery to repair eyelid margin erythema than those in receiving a Hughes TC flap (one patient [2%] versus 5 patients [19%], respectively [odds ratio = 0.10, confidence interval = 0.01 to 0.95]). The average follow up was 22 months. CONCLUSIONS: Free TC flaps associated with mycocutaneous advancement flaps are less likely to lead to complications of eyelid margin erythema and subsequent revision surgery than Hughes TC flaps with full-thickness skin grafts.