Stronger control of eating 3 months after sleeve gastrectomy predicts successful weight loss outcomes at one year.

Background: Weight loss response to sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is variable and predicting the effectiveness of surgery is challenging and elusive. The aim of our study was to assess and quantify the association between eating control and weight loss outcomes and identify the control of eating (CoE) attributes during the early postoperative period that might predict good vs. poor response to SG at one year. Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort study using the Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ) was designed as a series before and at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-SG. Primary outcomes were changes in CoE attributes and percent of total weight loss (%TWL) 12-months post-surgery. Subjects were categorized based on %TWL as good (GR, ≥25 %) or poor responders (PR, <25 %). A receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: We included 41 participants (80.5% females, 51.2% Hispanic, mean age 41.7±10.6, median baseline body mass index (BMI) 43.6 kg/m2 [range 35.2-66.3]) who completed the CoEQ at all four timepoints. The "Difficulty to control eating" score at 3 months revealed the highest area under the curve (AUC) (AUC 0.711; 95%CI 0.524-0.898; p=0.032). In a trade-off between a high Youden index and high sensitivity, the "Difficulty to control eating" score of 7 at 3 months was identified as the optimal cut-off for distinguishing between GRs and PRs. Score ≤7 at 3 months was strongly independently associated with a successful weight loss target of 25%TWL at one-year post-SG (Relative Risk 4.43; 95%CI 1.06-18.54; p=0.042). Conclusion: "Difficulty to control eating" score at 3 months post-SG is an independent early predictor of optimal response (achieving a successful TWL target of ≥25 % at one-year post-SG). Our results support the utility of this easy-to-administer validated tool for predicting the effectiveness of SG and may assist in identifying individuals with suboptimal response early and helping them with interventions to attain optimal weight loss targets.

Control of Eating Attributes and Weight Loss Outcomes over One Year After Sleeve Gastrectomy.

PURPOSE: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a commonly performed metabolic-bariatric surgery, but its effectiveness is variable and difficult to predict. Our study aimed to compare control of eating (CoE) attributes pre- and post-SG depending on the achievement of optimal weight loss target at 1 year post-SG. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective longitudinal cohort study using the CoE Questionnaire, pre-SG, and postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 months was conducted. Total weight loss (TWL) ≥ 25% at 12 months post-SG was set as an optimal weight loss target. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (80.5% females, mean age 41.7 ± 10.6) were included. Sex, age, baseline weight, BMI, and smoking status were all comparable. At 3 months post-SG, "difficulty to control eating" score became significantly different between ≥ 25%TWL and < 25%TWL groups (7 [0-50] vs. 17 [5-63], p = 0.042). At 6 months, it was followed by "feeling of fullness," "frequency of food cravings," and "difficulty to resist cravings" demonstrating significant differences between ≥ 25%TWL and < 25%TWL groups. At 12 months, significant differences between groups were observed in "feeling hungry," "difficulty to resist cravings," "eating in response to cravings," and difficulty to control eating scores. CONCLUSION: Individuals with obesity who achieved a target of ≥ 25%TWL at 1 year post-SG have an early improvement in overall eating control at 3 months that steadily persists at 6 and 12 months. Improvements in other aspects tend to follow later, at 6 and 12 months. These findings may assist in identifying individuals with inadequate response to help attain optimal weight loss targets and developing a prognostic model to identify predictors of successful weight loss.

Exploring the Effect of Adding an Interactive Lecture to a Standardized Patient Curriculum on the Attitudes of Third-Year Medical Students About Patients With Obesity: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

OBJECTIVES: Anti-obesity bias is pervasive among medical professionals, students, and trainees. Stigmatization of patients leads to suboptimal care and clinical outcomes. Educational strategies in medical training are needed to reverse these attitudes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an innovative didactic intervention and a standardized patient (SP) exercise on attitudes towards patients with obesity among medical students. METHODS: In 2016, a quasi-experimental study design was used at a US medical school. The class was divided into 2 groups according to a pre-determined protocol based on their clinical schedule, one assessed after exposure to a SP group and the other after exposure to the SP and an interactive lecture (IL + SP group) with real patients. The Attitudes about Treating Patients with Obesity and The Perceived Causes of Obesity questionnaires measured changes in several domains. A generalized estimating equations model was used to estimate the effect of the interventions both within and between groups. RESULTS: Both groups showed improvements in negative and positive attitudes, although the reduction in scores for the negative attitude domain did not reach statistical significance in the IL + SP group (for the SP group, P = .01 and < .001, respectively; for the IL + SP group, P = .15 and .01, respectively). For perceived causes of obesity, there were no statistically significant changes for pre-post survey measures within each group, except for the physiologic causes domain in the SP group (P = .03). The addition of an IL to a SP curriculum did not result in any changes for any domain in between-group analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Although adding a novel intervention utilizing real patients to a SP curriculum failed to show an additional educational benefit, our study showed that it is possible to influence attitudes of medical students regarding patients with obesity.

Bite by byte: can fitness wearables help bariatric patients lose more weight after surgery?

BACKGROUND: Multidisciplinary approaches to weight loss have been shown to improve outcomes in bariatric patients. Few studies have been performed assessing the utility and compliance of fitness tracking devices after bariatric surgery. We aim to determine whether use of an activity tracking device assists bariatric patients in improving postoperative weight loss behaviors. METHODS: A fitness wearable was offered to patients undergoing bariatric surgery from 2019 to 2022. A telephone survey was conducted to elucidate the impact of the device on the patient's postoperative weight loss efforts 6 to 12 months after surgery. Weight loss outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) patients receiving the fitness wearable (FW) were compared to those of a group of SG patients who did not receive one (non-FW). RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were given a fitness wearable, 20 of whom responded to our telephone survey. Five patients reported not using the device and were excluded. 88.2% reported that using the device had a positive impact on their overall lifestyle. Patients felt that using the fitness wearable to keeping track of their progress helped them both to achieve short-term fitness goals and sustain them in the long run. From the patients that utilized the device, 44.4% of those that discontinued felt like it helped them build a routine that they maintained even after they were no longer using it. Demographic data between FW and non-FW groups (age, sex, CCI, initial BMI, and surgery BMI) did not differ significantly. The FW group trended towards greater %EWL at 1 year post-operation (65.2% versus 52.4%, p = 0.066) and had significantly greater %TWL at 1 year post-operation (30.3% versus 22.3%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The use of an activity tracking device enhances a patient's post-bariatric surgery experience, serving to keep patients informed and motivated, and leading to improved activity that may translate to better weight loss outcomes.

Despite regression of healthy lifestyle habits, weight loss after bariatric surgery is not affected during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus pandemic has caused a worldwide health crisis. Bariatric patients require extensive pre- and post-operative follow-up, which may be less feasible during public health social distancing mandates. We assessed the impact of the pandemic on the behaviors and weight loss outcomes of our pre- and post-operative bariatric patients. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database identified patients who underwent either sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at a single institution between March 2018 and May 2020. A cohort undergoing surgery within 12 months before the pandemic as well as a cohort undergoing a medically supervised diet prior to surgery was surveyed regarding pre- and post-COVID-19 lifestyle habits. Excess weight loss (EWL) outcomes from a group of pre-COVID surgical patients were compared to that of a group of post-COVID surgical patients. Primary outcome was whether the lockdown changed 1-year weight loss outcomes. Secondary outcome was whether patient lifestyle behaviors were changed during the pandemic. RESULTS: There was no difference in 1-year EWL between pre- and post-COVID SG patients (51.7% versus 55.9%, p = 0.35), or between pre- and post-COVID RYGB patients (88.9% versus 80.4%, p = 0.42). Pre-stay-at-home order, 91.8% endorsed physical activity compared to 80.3% post-stay-at-home order (p = 0.0025). Mean physical activity decreased from 4.2 h/week to 2.7 h/week after the stay-at-home order (p < 0.0001). Additionally, 41.3% reported worsened dietary habits post-stay-at-home order. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the behaviors of bariatric surgery patients. Despite deterioration of lifestyle habits, 1-year weight loss outcomes after bariatric surgery remained the same before and after the instatement of social distancing measures. In the short term, the biological effect of metabolic procedures may mask the effects of suboptimal diet and physical activity, but more studies are necessary to better assess the impact of COVID-19 on outcomes after bariatric surgery.

Weight loss outcomes are not compromised in bariatric patients using cannabis.

BACKGROUND: The legalization of cannabis in several states has led to increased documented use in the population. Bariatric surgery patients are no exception with estimates of anywhere from 6 to 8%. Cannabis is known to be associated with increased appetite, mood disorders, hyperphagia, and rarely, hyperemesis, which can potentially affect post-surgical weight loss. We aim to study the differences in bariatric surgery outcomes between cannabis users and non-users. METHODS: A retrospective review identified patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, cannabis users (CU) and non-cannabis users (non-CU). Cannabis users (defined as using at least once weekly) and a group of non-users were called to obtain additional information. Primary outcome was weight loss. Secondary outcomes included incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), length of stay (LOS), readmission, and need for additional intervention. RESULTS: A cohort of 364 sleeve gastrectomy patients met inclusion criteria, 31 (8.5%) CU and 333 (91.5%) non-CU. There was no difference in EWL between CU and non-CU at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, and 2 years. However, the CU group trended towards greater EWL at 3 years (52.9% vs. 38.1%, p = 0.094) and at 5 years (49.8% vs. 32.7%, p = 0.068). There were no significant differences between CU and non-CU with respect to either incidence or severity of PONV at one year after surgery or longer follow-up. CONCLUSION: Cannabis users did not experience inferior weight loss after bariatric surgery despite common assumptions that appetite stimulation can lead to suboptimal weight loss outcomes. Our findings add to other work challenging this dogma. Larger, long-term, multicenter studies are warranted.

Mesenteric fat cryolipolysis attenuates insulin resistance in the Ossabaw swine model of the metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The rising prevalence of insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are associated with increases in abdominal mesenteric fat. Adipocytes are sensitive to low temperatures, making cryolipolysis of mesenteric fat an attractive treatment modality to potentially reduce IR. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether (1) cryolipolysis is safe in reducing the volume of the mesenteric fat and (2) reduction in mesenteric fat volume reduces indices of IR and glycemic dysfunction. SETTING: Indiana University School of Medicine. METHODS: A novel cooling device and method delivered cryolipolysis in a controlled manner to avoid tissue ablative temperatures. Ossabaw pigs (n = 8) were fed a high-fat diet for 9 months to develop visceral obesity, IR, and metabolic syndrome. Following laparotomy, mesenteric fat cryolipolysis (MFC) was performed in 5 pigs, while 3 served as sham surgery controls. The volume of the mesenteric fat was measured by computed tomography and compared with indices of glucose intolerance before and at 3 and 6 months postprocedure. RESULTS: MFC safely reduced mesenteric fat volume by ∼30% at 3 months, which was maintained at 6 months. Body weight did not change in either the MFC or sham surgery control groups. Measure of glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure significantly improved after MFC compared with sham controls. CONCLUSION: MFC reduces the volume of mesenteric fat and improves glycemic control in obese, IR Ossabaw pigs, without adverse effects.

AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults With Obesity

Pharmacological management of obesity improves outcomes and decreases the risk of obesity-related complications. This American Gastroenterological Association guideline is intended to support practitioners in decisions about pharmacological interventions for overweight and obesity. A multidisciplinary panel of content experts and guideline methodologists used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework to prioritize clinical questions, identify patient-centered outcomes, and conduct an evidence synthesis of the following agents: semaglutide 2.4 mg, liraglutide 3.0 mg, phentermine-topiramate extended-release (ER), naltrexone-bupropion ER, orlistat, phentermine, diethylpropion, and Gelesis100 oral superabsorbent hydrogel. The guideline panel used the evidence-to-decision framework to develop recommendations for the pharmacological management of obesity and provided implementation considerations for clinical practice. The guideline panel made 9 recommendations. The panel strongly recommended the use of pharmacotherapy in addition to lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight and obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, or ≥27 kg/m2 with weight-related complications) who have an inadequate response to lifestyle interventions. The panel suggested the use of semaglutide 2.4 mg, liraglutide 3.0 mg, phentermine-topiramate ER, and naltrexone-bupropion ER (based on moderate certainty evidence), and phentermine and diethylpropion (based on low certainty evidence), for long-term management of overweight and obesity. The guideline panel suggested against the use of orlistat. The panel identified the use of Gelesis100 oral superabsorbent hydrogel as a knowledge gap. In adults with overweight and obesity who have an inadequate response to lifestyle interventions alone, long-term pharmacological therapy is recommended, with multiple effective and safe treatment options.

AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults With Obesity.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pharmacological management of obesity improves outcomes and decreases the risk of obesity-related complications. This American Gastroenterological Association guideline is intended to support practitioners in decisions about pharmacological interventions for overweight and obesity. METHODS: A multidisciplinary panel of content experts and guideline methodologists used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework to prioritize clinical questions, identify patient-centered outcomes, and conduct an evidence synthesis of the following agents: semaglutide 2.4 mg, liraglutide 3.0 mg, phentermine-topiramate extended-release (ER), naltrexone-bupropion ER, orlistat, phentermine, diethylpropion, and Gelesis100 oral superabsorbent hydrogel. The guideline panel used the evidence-to-decision framework to develop recommendations for the pharmacological management of obesity and provided implementation considerations for clinical practice. RESULTS: The guideline panel made 9 recommendations. The panel strongly recommended the use of pharmacotherapy in addition to lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight and obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, or ≥27 kg/m2 with weight-related complications) who have an inadequate response to lifestyle interventions. The panel suggested the use of semaglutide 2.4 mg, liraglutide 3.0 mg, phentermine-topiramate ER, and naltrexone-bupropion ER (based on moderate certainty evidence), and phentermine and diethylpropion (based on low certainty evidence), for long-term management of overweight and obesity. The guideline panel suggested against the use of orlistat. The panel identified the use of Gelesis100 oral superabsorbent hydrogel as a knowledge gap. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with overweight and obesity who have an inadequate response to lifestyle interventions alone, long-term pharmacological therapy is recommended, with multiple effective and safe treatment options.

Effect of Obesity on Risk of Hospitalization, Surgery, and Serious Infection in Biologic-Treated Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A CA-IBD Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is variably associated with treatment response in biologic-treated patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We evaluated the association between obesity and risk of hospitalization, surgery, or serious infections in patients with IBD in new users of biologic agents in a large, multicenter, electronic health record (EHR)-based cohort (CA-IBD). METHODS: We created an EHR-based cohort of adult patients with IBD who were new users of biologic agents (tumor necrosis factor [TNF-α] antagonists, ustekinumab, and vedolizumab) between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2017, from 5 health systems in California. Patients were classified as those with normal body mass index (BMI), overweight, or obese based on the World Health Organization classification. We compared the risk of all-cause hospitalization, IBD-related surgery, or serious infections among patients with obesity vs those overweight vs those with normal BMI, using Cox proportional hazard analyses, adjusting for baseline demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics. RESULTS: Of 3,038 biologic-treated patients with IBD (69% with Crohn's disease and 76% on TNF-α antagonists), 28.2% (n = 858) were overweight, and 13.7% (n = 416) were obese. On a follow-up after biologic initiation, obesity was not associated with an increased risk of hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] vs normal BMI, 0.90; [95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.13]); IBD-related surgery (aHR, 0.62 [0.31-1.22]); or serious infection (aHR, 1.11 [0.73-1.71]). Similar results were observed on stratified analysis by disease phenotype (Crohn's disease vs ulcerative colitis) and index biologic therapy (TNF-α antagonists vs non-TNF-α antagonists). DISCUSSION: In a multicenter, EHR-based cohort of biologic-treated patients with IBD, obesity was not associated with hospitalization, surgery, or serious infections. Further studies examining the effect of visceral obesity on patient-reported and endoscopic outcomes are needed.

Point-of-care magnetic resonance technology to measure liver fat: Phantom and first-in-human pilot study.

PURPOSE: To assess feasibility and accuracy of point-of-care (POC) NMR-proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in phantoms and in a human pilot study in a POC setting. METHODS: POC NMR (LiverScope, Livivos, San Diego CA) PDFF measurements were obtained of certified phantoms with known PDFF values (0%-40%). In an institutional review board-approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant prospective human study, a convenience sample of participants from an obesity clinic was enrolled (November 2020 to June 2021). The inclusion criteria required body mass index (BMI) = 27-40 kg/m2 and willingness to undergo POC NMR and MRI-PDFF measurements. Liver PDFF was measured by POC NMR and, within 35 days after, by a confounder corrected CSE MRI PDFF acquisition and reconstruction method. The adverse events were documented and linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: POC NMR-PDFF measurements agreed with known phantom PDFF values (R2  = 0.99). Fourteen participants were enrolled in the pilot human study. MRI-PDFF could not be obtained in 4 participants (claustrophobia reaction, n = 3, exceeded size of MR scanner bore, n = 1). POC NMR was unevaluable in 2 participants (insufficient signal penetration depth, n = 1, failure to comply with instructions, n = 1). Technical success was 11 of 13 (85%) for POC NMR PDFF. In 7 participants (4 female; 31-74 years old; median BMI 35 kg/m2 ), MRI-PDFF (range, 2.8%-18.1%), and POC NMR-PDFF (range, 3%-25.2%), agreed with R2  = 0.94. POC NMR had no adverse events. CONCLUSION: POC NMR measures PDFF accurately in phantoms and, in a first-in-human pilot study, is feasible and accurate in adults with obesity. Further testing to determine precision and accuracy across larger and more diverse cohorts is needed.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome and Postsurgical Outcomes in a Bariatric Surgery Cohort.

PURPOSE: Patients with obesity and elevated serum bicarbonate suggesting obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) undergoing bariatric surgery may represent a unique subgroup. Information regarding surgical outcomes in this population remains limited. We sought to test the hypothesis that an elevated bicarbonate would be an important predictor of perioperative complications (i.e., length of hospital stay) and postsurgical outcomes (i.e., weight loss at 1 year). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing bariatric surgery between January 2015 and December 2018 were included. Patients with a preoperative serum bicarbonate ≥ 27 mEq/L were classified as suspected OHS. RESULTS: Of 297 patients, the prevalence of suspected OHS based on an elevated bicarbonate was 19.5% (95% CI: 15.3 to 24.6%). Length of hospital stay was similar in the suspected OHS and non-OHS control group (1.50 vs 1.49 days, P = 0.98). The achieved weight loss from peak preoperative weight to 1 year post-surgery was less in the suspected OHS vs the control group (4.2% [95% CI 1.6 to 6.8]; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Patients with serum bicarbonate ≥ 27 mEq/L as a surrogate marker for OHS experienced weight loss that was significantly less than their normal serum bicarbonate counterparts, but still achieved weight loss deemed clinically important by current guidelines. We observed no significant difference in length of hospital stay at time of surgery.

Phentermine-topiramate extended release for the dual treatment of obesity and sleep-related eating disorder: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and eating disorders can present together, and pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the clinician. Generally, lifestyle interventions alone for the treatment of obesity have modest long-term effectiveness. Phentermine-topiramate extended release is a relatively new medication approved for weight reduction. Sleep-related eating disorder is a rare condition that is often underdiagnosed. Both conditions are chronic and require long-term management. There is no definitive treatment for sleep-related eating disorder, and therapeutic options are based on case reports. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old Caucasian male with a body mass index of 41.7 kg/m2 presented for obesity treatment. History revealed nocturnal episodes of hyperphagia associated with amnesia of overeating and other features of sleep-related eating disorder. Treatment was initiated with phentermine-topiramate extended release. Five months later he lost 5% of his body weight and demonstrated resolution of sleep-related eating disorder behaviors. He reported no adverse side effects. Upon self-discontinuation of the medication, his eating disorder recurred. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians intending to help patients reduce body weight should screen for nocturnal eating and other eating disorders. Sleep-related eating disorder can be associated with significant morbidity and excess weight. Patients report adverse effects on quality of life as a result. Phentermine-topiramate extended release may be a good therapeutic option for patients presenting with comorbid obesity and sleep-related eating disorder. More research is needed to explore the efficacy and safety in this patient population.

An ACVR1R375P pathogenic variant in two families with mild fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

Genetic variants are vital in informing clinical phenotypes, aiding physical diagnosis, guiding genetic counseling, understanding the molecular basis of disease, and potentially stimulating drug development. Here we describe two families with an ultrarare ACVR1 gain-of-function pathogenic variant (codon 375, Arginine > Proline; ACVR1R375P ) responsible for a mild nonclassic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) phenotype. Both families include people with the ultrarare ACVR1R375P variant who exhibit features of FOP while other individuals currently do not express any clinical signs of FOP. Thus, the mild ACVR1R375P variant greatly expands the scope and understanding of this rare disorder.

Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Diverse Bariatric Surgery Population.

OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common among bariatric surgery patients and is associated with perioperative risk. Preoperative screening is recommended, but some screening tools lack validation, and their relative performance is unclear in this population. The study objective was to compare the ability of four existing tools (STOP-BANG, NO-OSAS, No-Apnea, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) to screen for moderate to severe OSA in a diverse bariatric cohort. METHODS: Data from patients presenting for first-time bariatric surgery who underwent a sleep study within 1 year of the initial encounter were retrospectively reviewed. Performance of the four tools for detecting moderate to severe OSA was compared based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS: Of the included 214 patients (83.2% female, median age 39 years), 45.3% had moderate to severe OSA. Based on AUC, STOP-BANG (0.75 [95% CI: 0.68-0.81], N = 185), NO-OSAS (0.76 [95% CI: 0.69-0.82], N = 185), and No-Apnea (0.69 [95% CI: 0.62-0.76], N = 190) had similar performance (P > 0.16). Compared with STOP-BANG and NO-OSAS, ESS (0.61 [95% CI: 0.54-0.68], N = 198) had a significantly lower AUC (P < 0.01). Hispanic/Latino self-identification, sex, or obesity class did not significantly modify test performance. CONCLUSIONS: STOP-BANG and NO-OSAS may be preferable to No-Apnea and ESS when screening bariatric surgery patients for moderate to severe OSA. Efforts to screen bariatric patients for OSA are recommended.

Hypoglycemia After Gastric Bypass Successfully Treated With Calcium Channel Blockers: Two Case Reports.

Postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is an uncommon yet well-established complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) that can result in serious morbidity and adversely affect quality of life. It is often unrecognized and may be difficult to diagnose. Management is challenging. As the number of bariatric procedures increases in parallel with the obesity epidemic, clinicians will be tasked to offer effective medical therapies for this complication. Two patients presented several years after RYGB with severe postprandial hypoglycemia. In one of the patients, we were able to document simultaneous postprandial hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Conventional treatment approaches, including medical nutrition therapy, acarbose, diazoxide, and octreotide, were either ineffective or limited by poor tolerance. Nifedipine and verapamil were used adjunctively with dietary modification, resulting in resolution of symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes. These agents are therapeutic options that can be used for some patients refractory to more traditional treatments. They should be tried before surgical procedures are considered for affected patients. These two cases demonstrate that calcium channel blockers may be efficacious and appropriate for select patients refractory to dietary interventions alone.

Development of Obesity Competencies for Medical Education: A Report from the Obesity Medicine Education Collaborative.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity Medicine Education Collaborative (OMEC) was formed to develop obesity-focused competencies and benchmarks that can be used by undergraduate and graduate medical education program directors. This article describes the developmental process used to create the competencies. METHODS: Fifteen professional organizations with an interest in obesity collaborated to form OMEC. Using the six Core Competencies of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education as domains and as a guiding framework, a total of 36 group members collaborated by in-person meetings, email exchange, and conference calls. An iterative process was used by each working subgroup to develop the competencies and assessment benchmarks. The initial work was subsequently externally reviewed by 19 professional organizations. RESULTS: Thirty-two competencies were developed across the six domains. Each competency contains five descriptive measurement benchmarks for evaluator rating. CONCLUSIONS: This set of OMEC obesity-focused competencies is the first evaluation tool developed to be used within undergraduate and graduate medical training programs for both formative and summative assessments. Routine and more robust assessment is expected to increase the competence of health care providers to assess, prevent, and treat obesity. In addition to dissemination, the competencies and benchmarks will need to undergo evaluation for further validity and practicality.