RESUMEN
The ability of iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) to generate any cell type in the body makes them valuable tools for cell replacement therapies. However, differentiation of iPSCs can be demanding, slow and variable. During differentiation chromatin is re-organized and silent dense heterochromatin becomes tethered to the nuclear periphery by processes involving the nuclear lamina and proteins of the INM (inner nuclear membrane). The INM protein, Samp1 (Spindle Associated Membrane Protein 1) interacts with Lamin A/C and the INM protein Emerin, which has a chromatin binding LEM (Lap2-Emerin-Man1)-domain. In this paper we investigate if Samp1 can play a role in the differentiation of iPSCs. Samp1 levels increased as differentiating iPSCs started to express Lamin A/C. Interestingly, even under pluripotent culturing conditions, ectopic expression of Samp1 induced a rapid differentiation of iPSCs, of which some expressed the neuronal marker ßIII-tubulin already after 6days. This suggests that Samp1 is involved in early differentiation of iPSCs and could potentially be explored as a tool to promote progression of the differentiation process.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/citología , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Membrana Nuclear/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Proteínas Nucleares , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismoRESUMEN
Investigating interactions of proteins in the nuclear envelope (NE) using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) has previously been difficult or even impossible due to their inherent resistance to extraction. We have developed a novel method, MCLIP (Membrane protein Cross-Link ImmunoPrecipitation), which takes advantage of a cell permeable crosslinker to enable effective detection and analysis of specific interactions of NE proteins in live cells using Western blot. Using MCLIP we show that, in U2OS cells, the integral inner nuclear membrane protein Samp1 interacts with Lamin B1, the LINC (Linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex protein, Sun1 and the soluble small GTPase Ran. The results show that the previously detected in vitro interaction between Samp1 and Emerin also takes place in live cells. In vitro pull down experiments show, that the nucleoplasmic domains of Samp1 and Emerin can bind directly to each other. We also, show that MCLIP is suitable to coprecipitate protein interactions in different stages of the cell cycle.
Asunto(s)
Membrana Celular , Proteínas de la Membrana , Membrana Nuclear , Proteínas Nucleares , Línea Celular Tumoral , Membrana Celular/química , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Membrana Nuclear/química , Membrana Nuclear/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
The LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex forms a transcisternal bridge across the NE (nuclear envelope) that connects the cytoskeleton with the nuclear interior. This enables some proteins of the NE to communicate with the centrosome and the microtubule cytoskeleton. The position of the centrosome relative to the NE is of vital importance for many cell functions, such as cell migration and division, and centrosomal dislocation is a frequent phenotype in laminopathic disorders. Also in mitosis, a small group of transmembrane NE proteins associate with microtubules when they concentrate in a specific membrane domain associated with the mitotic spindle. The present review discusses structural and functional aspects of microtubule association with NE proteins and how this association may be maintained over the cell cycle.
Asunto(s)
Interfase , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Mitosis , Membrana Nuclear/metabolismo , Animales , HumanosRESUMEN
The transmembrane inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein Samp1 is required for anchoring centrosomes near the nuclei. Using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy we show that Samp1 is distributed in a distinct and characteristic pattern in the nuclear envelope (NE), where it partially colocalizes with the LINC complex protein Sun1. By studying the localization of Samp1 deletion mutants and fusion proteins, we conclude that the cysteine-rich N-terminal half of Samp1 is nucleoplasmically exposed and is responsible for targeting to the INM. It contains four conserved CxxC motifs with the potential to form zinc fingers. The distribution of cysteine-to-alanine substitution mutants, designed to prevent zinc finger formation, showed that NE localization of Samp1 depends on intact CxxC motifs. Overexpression of Samp1 zinc finger mutants produced an abnormal dominant phenotype characterized by disrupted organization of a selective subset NE proteins, including emerin, Sun1, endogenous Samp1 and, in some cases, lamin A/C, but not lamin B, Sun2 or nucleoporins. Silencing of Samp1 expression showed that emerin depends on Samp1 for its correct localization in the NE. Our results demonstrate that Samp1 is functionally associated with the LINC complex protein Sun1 and proteins of the A-type lamina network.
Asunto(s)
Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Lamina Tipo A/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Humanos , Lamina Tipo A/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Membrana Nuclear/genética , Membrana Nuclear/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Estructura Terciaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
We have recently characterized a novel transmembrane protein of the inner nuclear membrane of mammalian cells. The protein has two very interesting features. First, despite being an integral membrane protein it is able to concentrate in the membranes colocalizing with the mitotic spindle in metaphase and anaphase. Hence, the protein was named Samp1, Spindle associated membrane protein 1. Secondly, it displays a functional connection to centrosomes. This article discusses various aspects of Samp1 in relation to possible cellular function(s).
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Membrana Nuclear/metabolismo , Huso Acromático/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Posicionamiento de Cromosoma , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/química , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
Here, we characterize a transmembrane protein of the nuclear envelope that we name spindle-associated membrane protein 1 (Samp1). The protein is conserved in metazoa and fission yeast and is homologous to Net5 in rat and Ima1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We show that, in human cells, the protein is a membrane-spanning polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa. This is consistent with a predicted polypeptide of 392 amino acids that has five transmembrane segments and its C-terminus exposed to the nucleoplasm. During interphase, Samp1 was specifically distributed in the inner nuclear membrane. Post-transcriptional silencing of Samp1 expression resulted in separation of centrosomes from the nuclear envelope, indicating that it is functionally connected to the cytoskeleton. At the onset of mitosis, most of the protein dispersed out into the ER, as expected. However, during mitosis, a significant fraction of the protein specifically localized to the polar regions of the mitotic spindle. We demonstrate for the first time, in human cells, the existence of a membranous structure overlapping with the mitotic spindle. Interestingly, another integral inner nuclear membrane protein, emerin, was absent from the spindle-associated membranes. Thus, Samp1 defines a specific membrane domain associated with the mitotic spindle.