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BACKGROUND: Seeking and obtaining effective health care for Long COVID remains a challenge in the USA. Women have particularly been impacted, as they are both at higher risk of developing Long COVID and of facing gendered barriers to having symptoms acknowledged. Long COVID clinics, which provide multidisciplinary and coordinated care, have emerged as a potential solution. To date, however, there has been little examination of U.S. patient experiences with Long COVID clinics and how patients may or may not have come to access care at a Long COVID clinic. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 U.S. women aged 18 or older who had experienced Long COVID symptoms for at least 3 months, who had not been hospitalized for acute COVID-19, and who had seen at least one medical provider about their symptoms. Participants were asked about experiences seeking medical care for Long COVID. Long COVID clinic-related responses were analyzed using qualitative framework analysis to identify key themes in experiences with Long COVID clinics. RESULTS: Of the 30 women, 43.3% (n = 13) had been seen at a Long COVID clinic or by a provider affiliated with a Long COVID clinic and 30.0% (n = 9) had explored or attempted to see a Long COVID clinic but had not been seen at time of interview. Participants expressed five key themes concerning their experiences with seeking care from Long COVID clinics: (1) Access to clinics remains an issue, (2) Clinics are not a one stop shop, (3) Not all clinic providers have sufficient Long COVID knowledge, (4) Clinics can offer validation and care, and (5) Treatment options are critical and urgent. CONCLUSIONS: While the potential for Long COVID clinics is significant, findings indicate that ongoing barriers to care and challenges related to quality and coordination of care hamper that potential and contribute to distress among women seeking Long COVID care. Since Long COVID clinics are uniquely positioned and framed as being the place to go to manage complex symptoms, it is critical to patient wellbeing that they be properly resourced to provide a level of care that complies with emerging best practices.
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COVID-19 , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Investigación Cualitativa , Humanos , Femenino , COVID-19/psicología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Estados Unidos , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/psicología , Anciano , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , SARS-CoV-2 , Instituciones de Atención Ambulatoria , Síndrome Post Agudo de COVID-19 , Entrevistas como Asunto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Introduction: A better understanding of how to promote disease mitigation and prevention behaviors among vulnerable populations, such as cancer survivors, is needed. This study aimed to determine patterns of and factors associated with COVID-19-related preventive behaviors among cancer survivors and assess whether the COVID-19 preventive behaviors of cancer survivors differ from the general population. Methods: In June 2020, an online survey of adults (N = 897) assessed predictors of COVID-19-related preventive behaviors, including socio-demographics, COVID-19 beliefs and perceptions (Health Belief Model [HBM] variables), and cancer statuses (cancer survivors currently in treatment, cancer survivors not currently in treatment, and individuals with no history of cancer). An average score of respondent engagement in eight preventive behaviors was calculated. Differences in HBM variables and preventive behaviors by cancer status were assessed using ANCOVAs. Hierarchical multiple regression analyzed associations among socio-demographics, HBM constructs, cancer statuses, and engagement in COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Results: Participants reported engaging in 3.5 (SD = 0.6) preventive behaviors. Cancer survivors not in treatment engaged in preventive behaviors significantly less than the comparison group. In the final adjusted model, after adding COVID-19 beliefs and perceptions, cancer status was no longer significant. All HBM constructs except perceived susceptibility were significant predictors of preventive behaviors. Conclusions: COVID-19 beliefs and perceptions were more robust predictors preventive behaviors than cancer status. Nonetheless, public health organizations and practitioners should communicate the risk and severity of infection among cancer survivors and emphasize the need to engage in protective behaviors for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases with this vulnerable population.
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COVID-19 , Supervivientes de Cáncer , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Neoplasias , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/psicología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Supervivientes de Cáncer/psicología , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Adulto , Anciano , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Modelo de Creencias sobre la SaludRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 introduced new barriers to health care including cancer screenings. This study evaluated the role of pandemic- and copay-related barriers to colonoscopy and the extent to which home-based testing methods were utilized. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey assessed colorectal cancer (CRC) attitudes and screening early in the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Respondents (342; 50.37% female) were 62.32 (SD = 6.87) years old. Roughly half were White/Caucasian (329; 48.45%); 29.75% were Black/African American (202); and 21.80% were another race (148). Roughly two-thirds were up-to-date with CRC screening (459; 67.59%). In an adjusted model, those with a higher agreement that concerns about COVID-19 delayed scheduling their colonoscopy (OR = .79; 95% CI: .08, .63; P = .045) and concerns about copays delayed scheduling their colonoscopy (OR = .73; 95% CI: .73, .57; P = .02) were less likely to be up-to-date on screening. In another adjusted model, those screened during the pandemic were significantly more likely to be screened via an at-home test (OR = 10.93; 95% CI: 5.95, 20.27; P < .001). DISCUSSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, screening copay-related concerns persisted and were significantly higher among those not up-to-date with CRC screening. Increased at-home testing and addressing copay barriers may increase CRC screening adherence now and in future infectious disease outbreaks.
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COVID-19 , Colonoscopía , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Colonoscopía/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , SARS-CoV-2 , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Pandemias , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Objective: Despite growing concerns that some digital algorithm-reliant fertility awareness-based methods of pregnancy prevention are marketed in an inaccurate, opaque, and potentially harmful manner online, there has been limited systematic examination of such marketing practices. This article therefore provides an empirical examination of how social media influencers have promoted the fertility tracking tool Daysy on Instagram. We investigate: (1) how the tool is framed in relation to pregnancy prevention using Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, and (2) the promotional and disclosure practices adopted by influencers. Materials and Methods: We collected Instagram posts mentioning Daysy made between June 2018 and May 2022 using the tool CrowdTangle. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, we coded a random sample of 400 Daysy posts. This yielded 122 Instagram influencer posts promoting Daysy for pregnancy prevention that we coded for promotional content and HBM constructs. Results: Posts originated primarily from Europe (n = 62, 50.82%) and the United States (n = 37, 30.33%). Findings indicate that barriers to use (n = 18, 15.57%) and the severity of risks from unplanned pregnancy (n = 8, 6.56%) were rarely conveyed, whereas benefits of use (n = 122, 100%) and the severity of risks of hormonal contraception (n = 31, 25.41%) were covered more extensively. Only about one third of posts disclosed any formal relationship to the brand Daysy. Conclusions: With many posts emphasizing benefits and obscuring potential limitations, we argue that accurate and transparent information about the effectiveness and limitations of fertility tracking technologies is critical for supporting informed decision-making and, as such, should remain a public health priority.
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Embarazo no Planeado , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
The current study explores the risk communication conversations on Twitter and Instagram in the context of the 2019 HPV Awareness Day, through the theoretical lenses of the stigma associated with HPV, HPV-related cancer, and the HPV vaccine. Our findings reveal that: 1) self and enacted stigma are present in these social media conversations, via nonprofits and official ambassadors, and via regular people; 2) other categories related to stigma, which can be seen as reactions to stigma and appeals to better individuals and society (i.e. stopping stereotypes) also emerged in these conversations, via official and not official sources, pro and against vaccine discourses; and 3) the same categories emerged from the data via both platforms, but differences exist in terms of narratives and messaging. Practical implications are discussed.
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Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Humanos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Comunicación , NarraciónRESUMEN
Objective: Older adults may be particularly interested in health-related content on Facebook, especially those who have chronic health conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare older adult Facebook users with and without a chronic health condition on their frequency of posting and exposure to health-related content. Methods: Participants, recruited via Qualtrics, were regular Facebook users aged 50 + years. Participants were asked separately if they had seen, posted, and shared: Health-related information; about others'/their own health behaviors (e.g., exercise); and about others'/their own medical condition. Six logistic regression models, controlling for demographics and Facebook login frequency, were run to assess whether viewing and/or posting health-related messages differed by chronic health condition status. Results: Respondents (N = 697; 77.9% female) were on average 61.2 (SD = 7.9) years old and (n = 625; 89.7%) were White. One-half reported a chronic health condition (n = 351; 50.4%). In adjusted models, those with a chronic health condition had a higher likelihood of seeing posts containing health information (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.93) and about others' medical conditions (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.27) at least once a month compared to those with no chronic health conditions. People with and without chronic health conditions did not differ in terms of how often they see others' post about health behaviors. Those with a chronic health condition had a higher likelihood of posting or sharing health information (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.27), posting about their own health behaviors (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.44; p = 0.048), and about their health condition (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.27) at least once a month. Conclusion: Most older adults on Facebook are exposed to and post multiple forms of health-related content. Therefore, Facebook may be an appropriate channel for conducting health-related communication targeting older adults.
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BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors are at greater risk for COVID-19 complications, emphasizing the importance of adherence to COVID-19 prevention. Active coping mechanisms can help manage pandemic stress but disengaged coping practices can have adverse effects. OBJECTIVES: 1) Identify differences in COVID-19 coping styles and COVID-19 preventive behaviors among cancer survivors in active treatment, survivors not in treatment, and a comparison group without a cancer history. 2) Exploring variables that may predict adherence to COVID-19 preventative behaviors. PATIENT INVOLVEMENT & METHODS: This study used an online survey among two categories of cancer survivors - one group in active treatment and one group no longer in treatment - and one group without a cancer history (N = 897 total). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Cancer survivors in treatment were more likely to utilize both active and disengaged coping (p < .001). This could indicate that the additional COVID-19 strain is making survivors more likely to engage in coping in any way possible. Cancer survivors not in treatment were less likely to report intent to carry out COVID- 19 preventative behaviors compared to the comparison group (p = .009). Providers should understand how survivors may use both coping mechanism types because these coping strategies predict both depression and adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors.
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COVID-19 , Supervivientes de Cáncer , Neoplasias , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Pandemias/prevención & control , Adaptación Psicológica , SobrevivientesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Social media platforms have become a popular source for health information despite concerns about the quality of content shared. We examined how oral contraceptive pills and intrauterine devices are framed on the platform Pinterest using the Health Belief Model (HBM), as well as how fertility awareness methods are portrayed as an alternative to hormonal contraception. METHODS: We collected pins in February 2021 using searches for birth control, oral contraceptives, and intrauterine devices. After excluding paid ads and pins not relevant to contraceptive use, we conducted a content analysis of 404 pins using a coding framework grounded in the HBM. We carried out descriptive statistics for all variables in the final sample. RESULTS: Following coding, we found that 54.7% of pins mentioned oral contraceptive pills, 41.58% mentioned intrauterine devices, and 11.63% mentioned fertility awareness methods. Fertility awareness pins had the highest percentage of benefits conveyed (70.21%), followed by intrauterine devices (44.05%), then oral contraceptive pills (38.91%). Pill pins had the highest percentage of barriers conveyed (52.94%) and fertility awareness had the least (25.53%). Side effects were the most mentioned barrier among pill (37.10%) and intrauterine device pins (23.21%). Very few pins were made by (2.48%) or originated with medical institutions (5.45%). CONCLUSIONS: Oral contraceptive pills are often negatively framed on Pinterest, whereas intrauterine devices and fertility awareness methods are more positively framed. This suggests a need for clear communication from clinicians regarding all contraceptive options and their relative merits and risks.
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Anticoncepción , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Femenino , Humanos , Anticoncepción/métodos , Fertilidad , Anticonceptivos Orales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
People's risk perception of COVID-19 is an important predictor for adopting protective behavior. Although risk perceptions, and factors influencing these, may vary between countries, less attention has been paid to differences between adjacent regions from neighboring countries. In the midst of the first wave of the corona outbreak (March-April-May 2020), we measured risk perceptions as perceived threat (consisting of perceived severity and susceptibility) among university students (N = 668) in two connected countries: the Netherlands and Belgium. Theory-based predictor variables included experiential, efficacy-related, socio-cultural, cognitive, and demographic factors. While demographic variables and country were not significant predictors of perceived threat level, all other constructs were. Personal and indirect experiences with COVID-19, as well as higher scores on personal (self) efficacy to carry out recommended preventive behaviors were all associated with higher perceived threat. However, low collective efficacy and lower levels of trust in government were both also significantly associated with higher perceived threat, as was a low level of "lack of COVID-19 knowledge". These results hold implications for suitable risk communication strategies for increasing students' COVID-19 risk perceptions.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Bélgica/epidemiología , Universidades , Estudiantes , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic brought about an urgent need for public health departments to clearly communicate their prevention, testing, and treatment recommendations. Previous research supports that Twitter is an important platform that public health departments use to communicate crisis information to stakeholders. This study aimed to shed light on how international health departments shared relevant information about COVID-19 on Twitter in 2020. We conducted a quantitative content analysis of N = 1,200 tweets from twelve countries, across six continents. COVID-19 prevention behaviors were consistently referenced far more than testing or treatment recommendations across countries. Disease severity and susceptibility were referenced more than recommendation benefits, barriers, and efficacy. Results provide support for how public health departments can better communicate recommendations related to COVID-19 behaviors. Based on these results, implications for public health organizations and public relations practitioners worldwide are discussed, and hands-on action guidelines are provided.
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COVID-19 , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Pediatric overweight and obesity are associated with serious health concerns both during childhood and in adulthood. Visual social media platform Pinterest is often used to curate recipe content, but little is known about how, if at all, parents use the platform as a resource for meal planning for their families. This study focused on (1) describing how Pinterest using parents use the platform related to recipe searches and meal planning and (2) examining the association between parental feeding behaviors and frequency of Pinterest use related to recipes. Survey research firm Qualtrics was used to collect a nationwide sample of 659 Pinterest-using parents with children between ages 3-11 years of age. Data collection was initiated and completed in February of 2019. Measures included both parent and child demographics, Pinterest recipe use and engagement, and parental feeding practices using the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Results showed that 26.9% of the respondents reported using Pinterest daily to read recipes, 17.9% to share recipes; 14.9% to comment on recipes on Pinterest; 10.3% reported creating and posting new recipes; and 13.8% mentioned making a recipe they find on Pinterest daily. Pinterest engagement was significantly negatively associated with parental age and with income insecurity, while positively associated with level of education. Hispanic participants showed higher levels of engagement as compared to White non-Hispanic participants. Among the CFQ subscales, Pressure and Perceived responsibility were significantly positively associated with Pinterest engagement while Monitoring and Restriction were not.
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Padres , Lectura , Humanos , Niño , Adulto , Preescolar , Conducta AlimentariaRESUMEN
Objective. Examine mental health symptom prevalence and rates of campus services utilization among Black male, White male and Black female college students. Participants. 2500 students from an ongoing, student survey at a public university; launched in 2011. Methods. Measures included data for anxiety and depressive symptoms and utilization of campus health services (counseling center, health services, etc.). Descriptive analyses determined prevalence and utilization rates. Mann Whitney U tests compared prevalence. Chi-squared tests compared utilization rates. Results. Anxiety prevalence: greater than 60% of students from each ethnic group reported symptoms; reporting rates decreased significantly for Black men (49.6%); p < 0.001. Depression prevalence: greater than 80% reported symptoms; there were significant differences in reporting between Black men and Black women (72.7% vs. 87.1%, p < 0.001). Utilization: Black men utilized counseling services less than White men (20.4% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.024). Conclusion. Black men report depressive and anxiety symptoms but underutilize campus health resources.
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Salud Mental , Estudiantes , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Universidades , Prevalencia , Estudiantes/psicología , Ansiedad/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Evangelical Christians are among the most hesitant to get the COVID-19 vaccine. This study examined the extent to which COVID-19 vaccination uptake among Evangelicals is explained by demographic characteristics, Health Belief Model constructs, and faith-based support factors. Survey research firm Qualtrics recruited 531 U.S. adults and conducted a survey to explore predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among people who self-identified as Evangelicals in September 2021. A logistic regression showed that those reporting high perceived benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine were more likely to be vaccinated, while those reporting high perceived barriers were less likely to be vaccinated. Those whose healthcare provider asked them about the vaccine were more likely to be vaccinated than those whose healthcare provider did not ask. Finally, while those who reported information seeking from religious leaders were less likely to be vaccinated, those who reported more faith-based support for vaccination were more likely to be vaccinated. In addition to beliefs about benefits and barriers to vaccination, the role of healthcare providers and clergy were important factors influencing vaccination status. Intervention efforts that capitalize on partnerships between health providers and clergy in supportive congregations may be able to reach undecided Evangelicals.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Adulto , COVID-19/prevención & control , Clero , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Vacunación , Vacilación a la VacunaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Social media is widely accessible and increasingly utilized. Social media users develop hashtags and visual, text-based imagery to challenge misrepresentations, garner social support, and discuss a variety of mental health issues. Understanding how Black men are represented on social media and are using social media may be an avenue for promoting their engagement with and uptake of digital mental health interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct a content analysis of posts containing visual and text-based components related to representations of Black men's race, gender, and behaviors. METHODS: An exploratory, descriptive content analysis was conducted for 500 Instagram posts to examine characteristics, content, and public engagement of posts containing the hashtags #theblackmancan and #blackboyjoy. Posts were selected randomly and extracted from Instagram using a social network mining tool during Fall 2018 and Spring 2019. A codebook was developed, and all posts were analyzed by 2 independent coders. Analyses included frequency counts and descriptive analysis to determine content and characteristics of posts. Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were conducted to assess engagement associated with posts via likes, comments, and video views. RESULTS: Of the 500 posts extracted, most were image based (368/500, 73.6%), 272/500 (54.4%) were posted by an individual and 135/500 (27.0%) by a community organization, 269/500 (53.8%) were posted by individuals from Black populations, and 177/500 (35.4%) posts contained images of only males. Posts depicted images of Black men as fathers (100/500, 20.0%), Black men being celebrated (101/500, 20.2%), and Black men expressing joy (217/500, 43.4%). Posts (127/500, 25.4%) also depicted Black men in relation to gender atypical behavior, such as caring for children or styling their children's hair. Variables related to education and restrictive affection did not show up often in posts. Engagement via likes (median 1671, P<.001), comments (P<.001), and views (P<.001) for posts containing #theblackmancan was significantly higher compared with posts containing #blackboyjoy (median 140). Posts containing elements of celebrating Black men (P=.02) and gender atypical behavior (P<.001) also had significantly higher engagement. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies to look at hashtag use of #blackboyjoy and #theblackmancan. Posts containing #blackboyjoy and #theblackmancan promoted positive user-generated visual and text-based content on Instagram and promoted positive interactions among Black and diverse communities. With the popularity of social media and hashtag use increasing, researchers and future interventional research should investigate the potential for such imagery to serve as culturally relevant design components for digital mental health prevention efforts geared towards Black men and the communities they exist and engage with.
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Greater public awareness of long COVID severity and susceptibility is needed to support those with long COVID and encourage preventive behaviors. It is not yet known to what extent health departments have informed the public about long COVID risks or offered guidance and support for those with long COVID. The objective of this research was to determine how and to what extent US state health departments have communicated with the public about long COVID via Facebook. Facebook posts with COVID-19 and long COVID terms made by 50 US state health departments plus Washington, DC, from 1 January 2020 to 31 January 2022, were collected using CrowdTangle. The first long COVID post appeared on 15 July 2020. From 15 July 2020 to 31 January 2022, state health departments made 49,310 COVID-19 posts and 137 long COVID posts. Using quantitative content analysis methods, long COVID posts were coded for health belief model constructs. Among long COVID posts, 75.18% included language about susceptibility, 64.96% severity, and 64.23% benefits of prevention. Cues to preventive action appeared in 54.01% of posts. 19.71% of posts provided guidance for those with long COVID. While health departments posted extensively about COVID-19, posts about long COVID were rare. This represents a missed opportunity to bolster arguments for preventive behaviors and support those experiencing long COVID.
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COVID-19 , Comunicación en Salud , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Síndrome Post Agudo de COVID-19RESUMEN
Social media messages and conversations provide an opportunity to study what users post about cancer risk and preventive behaviors. Personal stories of early detection, treatment, and survivorship are often shared. The purpose of this study was to examine the hereditary breast cancer-focused posts on the understudied visual social media platform Pinterest. Using systematic random sampling, n = 500 Pinterest posts (referred to as "pins") were collected using the keywords "breast cancer" and "genetic testing" in the late 2017. Using a quantitative content analysis, pins were coded for a variety of categories including poster identity, pin characteristics and content, the presence of Health Belief Model constructs, and engagement variables (i.e., repins/saves and comments). The primary findings of this study reveal that most pins were published by individuals and relatively few messages contained specific information about genetic testing. Study results also describe how Pinterest users interact with the content, including higher engagement with information-rich visuals and traditional breast cancer awareness symbols. The information gained from this study may serve as the foundation for better understanding how social media can be used to communicate with women about heritable breast health-related cancers, risks, and protective behaviors. Study results prompt practical recommendations for public health organizations interested in reaching women seeking information about heritable breast cancer on Pinterest.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/prevención & control , Comunicación , Femenino , Humanos , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Objective Sexual and dating violence (SV/DV) on college campuses is a pervasive problem with far-reaching implications for public health. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a widely disseminated SV/DV primary prevention program, the Red Flag Campaign (RFC). Participants and Methods: An online survey was administered to 203 freshmen at a southeastern US university, of whom 82% reported exposure to the RFC in the previous month. Results: College students exposed to the RFC reported greater efficacy for intervening as a bystander compared to those students who were not exposed. These results held when looking at exposure to RFC messages specifically, but not RFC events. Conclusions: This evaluation offers preliminary evidence that the RFC is effective at increasing determinants of prosocial bystander behavior, the enactment of which could reduce SV/DV on college campuses. Implications and recommendations for college personnel implementing the RFC are discussed.
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Violencia de Pareja , Delitos Sexuales , Humanos , Violencia de Pareja/prevención & control , Prevención Primaria , Delitos Sexuales/prevención & control , Estudiantes , UniversidadesRESUMEN
COVID-19 has been spreading fast worldwide, and until effective and safe vaccines have been widely adopted, preventive measures such as social distancing are crucial to keep the pandemic under control. The study's research questions asked which psychosocial factors predict social distancing behavior and whether there are country-level differences in social distancing? Using the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) as a theoretical lens, we examined the predictive effects of threat and efficacy and demographic variables on adherence to the COVID-19 preventive behavior of social distancing using a survey among an international sample of university students. Using path modeling and analysis of covariance, we confirmed the predictive effects of the EPPM on social distancing behavior. Our final model showed that perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 was both directly and indirectly (through response efficacy) associated with social distancing behavior; that perceived severity of COVID-19 yielded a significant indirect effect on social distancing behavior through both self-efficacy and response efficacy; that perceived susceptibility is indirectly and positively associated with social distancing behavior through response efficacy; and that self-efficacy and response efficacy were directly associated with social distancing behavior. Additionally, there were country-level differences in social distancing. Possible explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.
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COVID-19 , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Distanciamiento Físico , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudiantes/psicología , UniversidadesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cancer survivors currently in treatment are more or less likely to endorse COVID-19 related misinformation compared to their counterparts no longer in treatment and those without a cancer history. METHODS: We conducted a Qualtrics survey among 897 adults to determine differences in endorsement of COVID-19 misinformation among cancer survivors in active treatment, cancer survivors no longer in treatment, and a control group with no cancer history. RESULTS: Cancer survivors currently undergoing treatment were more likely to believe misinformation related to COVID-19 than those without a cancer history. Least likely to endorse COVID-19 misinformation were cancer survivor no longer in treatment. CONCLUSION: These results alert healthcare professionals to overall high levels of endorsement of COVID-19 misinformation among cancer survivors on active treatment. Oncologists and other providers working with patients undergoing treatment for cancer should be particularly mindful of the potential elevated beliefs in misinformation among this group. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Since patients undergoing cancer treatment seem to be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 misinformation, oncologists and other healthcare providers working with this patient population should help address patients' concerns about the pandemic and how it relates to their course of treatment.