Distanciamento social pela covid-19: rede de apoio social, atividades e sentimentos de idosos que moram só / Social distancing due to covid-19: social support network, activities and feelings of aged individuals who live alone / Distanciamiento social debido al covid-19: red de apoyo social, actividades y sentimientos de ancianos que viven solos

RESUMO Objetivo: to analyze the social support network, the activities performed, and the factors associated with the presence of negative feelings of aged individuals who live alone during social distancing due to COVID-19. Método: a cross-sectional study conducted with 119 aged individuals who live alone in the Macro-region of Triângulo Sul, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data were collected at the homes and with instruments validated in the country. Descriptive and multiple binary regression analyses were performed (p<0.05). Resultados: 97.5% had a social support network for health needs and for maintaining social distancing (79.8%). The activity most frequently performed was household chores (77.3%). The presence of negative feelings was associated with the female gender (p<0.001) and with fewer activities (p=0.012). Conclusão: the data contribute to the development of health actions, revealing situations in the daily life of aged individuals that are exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as aspects related to the negative feelings experienced by aged individuals who live alone.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the sociodemographic profile of interpersonal violence associated with alcohol consumption in São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Method: a cross-sectional study carried out through notifications of suspected or confirmed cases of interpersonal violence from the Notifiable Diseases Information System submitted between 2016 and 2019. Collection took place between March and June 2020. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were performed in the statistical analysis. Results: 27,775 notifications were obtained, whose prevalent profile was female victims (60.6%), aged between 20 and 34 years old (41.4%), brown- or black-skinned (51%), and with complete high school (18.8%). Physical violence was more frequent (81.9%), perpetrated by an intimate partner (20.3%), motivated by sexism (9.9%) and generational conflict (11.2%). In sexual violence, rape prevailed with 69.4% and there was a low supply of emergency contraception methods (14.7%). Conclusion: the study contributes to reflections and subsidies in the planning of public policies to control the problem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la red de apoyo social, las actividades realizadas y los factores asociados a la presencia de sentimientos negativos de ancianos que viven solos durante el distanciamiento social debido al COVID-19. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 119 ancianos que viven solos en la Macro-región de Triângulo Sul, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron en los domicilios y con instrumentos validados en el país. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de regresión binaria múltiple (p<0,05). Resultados: El 97,5% contaba con una red de apoyo social para necesidades de salud y para mantener el distanciamiento social (79.8%). La actividad más frecuente fue la de tareas domésticas (77,3%). La presencia de sentimientos negativos se asoció al sexo femenino (p<0,001) y a una menor cantidad de actividades realizadas (p=0,012). Conclusión: los datos contribuyen en la elaboración de acciones de salud, evidenciando situaciones en la vida diaria de los ancianos que se vieron agravadas durante la pandemia de COVID-19, como ser los aspectos relacionados a los sentimientos negativos experimentados por los ancianos que viven solos.

Fatores associados à independência de comunicação entre idosos da comunidade / Factors associated with the independence of communication among older adults / Factores asociados a la independencia de comunicación entre ancianos de la comunidade

Objetivos: descrever a média total de independência geral e por domínios de comunicação dos idosos da comunidade e verificar as variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde associadas à maior média de independência de comunicação entre os idosos. Métodos: estudo transversal e analítico, desenvolvido entre 808 idosos da comunidade. Procederam-se às análises: descritiva, bivariada e regressão linear múltipla (p<0,05). Resultados: verificou-se necessidade mínima de auxílio na comunicação (6,43±0,77); quanto aos domínios obteve maior escore de independência de comunicação nas necessidades básicas (6,88±0,51) e menor na leitura, escrita e conceitos numéricos (5,96±1,63). A maior média de independência de comunicação associou-se à faixa etária 60├80 (p<0,001); ter escolaridade (p<0,001); renda maior que um salário mínimo (p<0,001); à ausência do declínio cognitivo (p<0,001) e do indicativo de sintomas depressivos (p=0,014). Conclusão: a escolaridade, menor idade, maior renda e a ausência do declínio cognitivo e do indicativo de sintomas depressivos contribuíram para maior independência de comunicação.

Objectives: to describe the total mean of independence and communication domains of the elderly in the community, and to verify the sociodemographic and health variables associated with the highest mean of independence of communication among the elderly. Methods: A cross - sectional and analytical study developed among 808 elderly people in the community. The analyzis were: descriptive, bivariate and linearly multiple regression (p<0.05). Results: There was a minimum need for assistance in communication (6.43 ± 0.77); concerning the domains, it obtained a higher score of communication independence in basic needs (6.88 ± 0.51) and lower in reading, writing and numerical concepts (5.96 ± 1.63). The highest average of communication independence was associated with the age group 60├80 (p<0.001); having schooling (p<0.001); income greater than a minimum wage (p<0.001); the absence of cognitive decline (p<0.001) and indicative of depressive symptoms (p=0.014). Conclusion: Schooling, lower age, higher income and the absence of cognitive decline and indicative of depressive symptoms contributed to greater communication independence.

Objetivos: describir el promedio general de independencia y los ámbitos de comunicación de los ancianos de la comunidad y verificar las variables sociodemográficas y de salud asociadas a la mayor media de independencia de comunicación entre los ancianos. Métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico, desarrollado entre 808 ancianos de la comunidad. Se realizaron los análisis: descriptiva, bivariada y regresión linealmente dolara (p<0,05). Resultados: Se verificó la mínima ayuda de comunicación (6,43 ± 0,77); En cuanto a los dominios, una puntuación más alta de independencia de comunicación en necesidades básicas (6,88 ± 0,51) y menor en lectura, escritura y conceptos numéricos (5,96 ± 1,63). Un promedio mayor de independencia de comunicación se asoció a la franja etaria 60├80 (p<0,001); tener escolaridad (p<0,001); el ingreso mayor que un salario mínimo (p<0,001); la ausencia del cognitivo (p<0,001) y del indicativo de síntomas depresivos (p=0,014). Conclusión: La escolaridad, menor edad, menor renta y la ausencia del cognitivo y del indicador de síntomas depresivos contribuyeron a una mayor independencia de comunicación.

Elderly individuals living by themselves: knowledge and measures to prevent the novel coronavirus.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the occurrence of COVID-19 and the health services used by elderly individuals living by themselves; identify the knowledge held by elderly individuals regarding the transmission, signs and symptoms of COVID-19, as well as factors associated with poor knowledge of preventive measures according to sociodemographic and clinical variables. METHOD: cross-sectional survey conducted by telephone or mobile with 123 elderly individuals living by themselves in the Health Macro-Region of Triângulo Sul in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Descriptive analysis was performed along with bivariate and multiple linear regression (p<0.05). RESULTS: most elderly individuals did not present COVID-19 signs and symptoms (97.5%), were aware of how it is transmitted (86.6%), and of its signs and symptoms (90.8%). The elderly individuals were familiar with four preventive measures on average. After social distancing began, 85.7% of them left home and implemented three preventive measures on average, the most frequent of which was the use of face masks (99.0%). Being a man (p=0.001), 80 years old or older (p=0.045), and having fewer years of schooling (p=0.010) were associated with having less knowledge regarding the COVID-19 preventive measures. CONCLUSION: the elderly individuals were knowledgeable on COVID-19, but did not implement all the preventive measures. Male elderly individuals living by themselves with a low educational level are more vulnerable to COVID-19.

Elderly individuals living by themselves: knowledge and measures to prevent the novel coronavirus / Idosos que moram sozinhos: conhecimento e medidas preventivas frente ao novo coronavírus / Adultos mayores que viven solos: conocimiento y medidas preventivas ante el nuevo coronavirus

Objective: to describe the occurrence of COVID-19 and the health services used by elderly individuals living by themselves; identify the knowledge held by elderly individuals regarding the transmission, signs and symptoms of COVID-19, as well as factors associated with poor knowledge of preventive measures according to sociodemographic and clinical variables. Method: cross-sectional survey conducted by telephone or mobile with 123 elderly individuals living by themselves in the Health Macro-Region of Triângulo Sul in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Descriptive analysis was performed along with bivariate and multiple linear regression (p<0.05). Results: most elderly individuals did not present COVID-19 signs and symptoms (97.5%), were aware of how it is transmitted (86.6%), and of its signs and symptoms (90.8%). The elderly individuals were familiar with four preventive measures on average. After social distancing began, 85.7% of them left home and implemented three preventive measures on average, the most frequent of which was the use of face masks (99.0%). Being a man (p=0.001), 80 years old or older (p=0.045), and having fewer years of schooling (p=0.010) were associated with having less knowledge regarding the COVID-19 preventive measures. Conclusion: the elderly individuals were knowledgeable on COVID-19, but did not implement all the preventive measures. Male elderly individuals living by themselves with a low educational level are more vulnerable to COVID-19.

Objetivo: descrever a ocorrência da COVID-19 e o local de atendimento entre idosos que moram sozinhos; identificar o conhecimento dos idosos sobre a transmissão, sinais e sintomas e medidas preventivas da COVID-19 e verificar os fatores associados ao menor conhecimento das medidas preventivas segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Método: inquérito telefônico e transversal desenvolvido com 123 idosos que moram sozinhos na Macrorregião de Saúde do Triângulo Sul no Estado de Minas Gerais. Realizaram-se análises: descritiva, bivariada e regressão linear múltipla (p<0,05). Resultados: a maioria dos idosos não apresentou sinais e sintomas da COVID-19 (97,5%), conhecia sua forma de transmissão (86,6%) e os sinais e sintomas (90,8%). Os idosos conheciam, em média, quatro medidas preventivas da COVID-19. Após o início do distanciamento social, 85,7% saíram do domicílio e realizaram, em média, três medidas preventivas, sendo mais frequente o uso de máscaras (99,0%). O menor conhecimento sobre as medidas preventivas da COVID-19 associou-se ao sexo masculino (p=0,001), faixa etária de 80 anos ou mais (p=0,045) e menor escolaridade (p=0,010). Conclusão: os idosos possuíam conhecimento sobre a COVID-19, porém, não realizavam todas as medidas preventivas. Além disso, idosos que moram sozinhos do sexo masculino, longevos e com baixa escolaridade estão mais vulneráveis à COVID-19.

Objetivo: describir la incidencia de COVID-19 y el local de atención entre los adultos mayores que viven solos; identificar el conocimiento de los adultos mayores sobre la trasmisión, señales y síntomas y medidas preventivas de COVID-19 y comprobar los factores asociados al menor conocimiento de las medidas preventivas según variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Método: encuesta telefónica y trasversal, desarrollada con 123 adultos mayores que viven solos en la Macroregión Sanitaria del Triângulo Sul en el estado de Minas Gerais. Fueron aplicados análisis: descriptivo, bivariado y regresión lineal múltiple (p<0,05). Resultados: la mayoría de los adultos mayores no presentaron señales y síntomas de COVID-19 (97,5%), conocía su forma de trasmisión (86,6%) y los señales y síntomas (90,8%). Los adultos mayores conocían en promedio cuatro medidas preventivas de COVID-19. Tras el inicio del distanciamiento social, el 85.7% salió del hogar y practicó en promedio tres medidas de prevención, siendo más frecuente el uso de mascarillas (99,0%). El menor conocimiento sobre las medidas preventivas de COVID-19 se asoció con el sexo masculino (p=0,001), el rango de edad de 80 años o más (p=0,045) y menor escolaridad (p=0,010). Conclusión: los adultos mayores tenían conocimiento sobre la COVID-19, pero no aplicaban todas las medidas preventivas. Además, los adultos mayores que viven solos, mayores y con baja escolaridad son más vulnerables a la COVID-19.

Prevalence and factors associated with abuse and likely dependence of alcohol among elderly / Prevalencia y factores asociados al exceso y probable dependencia de alcohol entre ancianos / Prevalência e fatores associados ao abuso e provável dependência de álcool entre idosos

ABSTRACT Objective: verify the prevalence of abuse and probable alcohol dependence in the elderly; describe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the elderly; and verify the factors associated with alcohol abuse and probable dependence in the elderly. Method: cross-sectional study, observational, domiciliary survey type, conducted with 614 elderly people living in the urban area of the city of Uberaba, Brazil. The Mini Mental State Examination, sociodemographic instrument, Older Americans Resources and Services Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test - Geriatric Version were used. Statistical analysis was performed in the Statiscal Package for Social Sciences. Results: the prevalence of abuse and probable alcohol dependence was 26.5%. Among the elderly with abuse and probable dependence on alcohol, there was predominance of males, 60 -- 70 years old, who lived with a spouse or partner, had 1 -- 5 years of schooling, individual monthly income from 1 -- 3 minimum wages, five or more morbidities and no indication of depressive symptoms. Abuse and probable alcohol dependence were associated with males and the presence of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: the study reinforces the need to identify early abuse and probable alcohol dependence in the elderly and to invest in health action strategies for the purpose of health promotion, disease prevention and rehabilitation of the elderly.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprobar la prevalencia del exceso y probable dependencia de alcohol en ancianos; describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los ancianos, y verificar los factores asociados al exceso y probable dependencia de alcohol en ancianos. Método: estudio transversal, observacional, tipo encuesta domiciliaria, realizado con 614 ancianos residentes en la zona urbana del municipio de Uberaba, Brasil. Se utilizaron el Mini Examen de Estado Mental, el instrumento sociodemográfico, la encuesta Older Americans Resources and Services, la Escala Abreviada de Depresión Geriátrica y el Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test - Geriatric Version. El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo en el Statiscal Package for Social Sciences. Resultados: la prevalencia del exceso y probable dependencia del alcohol fue de 26,5%. Entre los ancianos con exceso y probable dependencia de alcohol se pudo comprobar un predominio del sexo masculino, entre 60 -- 70 años, vivían con su esposo(a) o compañero(a), tenían de 1 -- 5 años de estudios, ingreso mensual individual de 1 -- 3 salarios mínimos, cinco o más morbilidades y ausencia de síntomas indicadores depresivos. El exceso y probable dependencia de alcohol se asoció al sexo masculino y a la presencia de síntomas indicadores de depresión. Conclusión: el estudio refuerza la necesidad de identificar precozmente el exceso y probable dependencia de alcohol en ancianos, e invertir en estrategias de acciones de salud con la finalidad de promover salud, prevenir enfermedades y rehabilitar al anciano.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a prevalência do abuso e provável dependência do álcool em idosos; descrever as características sociodemográficas e clínicas e dos idosos; e verificar os fatores associados ao abuso e provável dependência do álcool em idosos. Método: estudo transversal, observacional, tipo inquérito domiciliar, realizado com 614 idosos residentes na zona urbana do município de Uberaba, Brasil. Foram utilizados o Mini Exame de Estado Mental, instrumento sociodemográfico, Questionário Older Americans Resources and Services, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica Abreviada e Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test - Geriatric Version. Realizou-se análise estatística no Statiscal Package for Social Sciences. Resultados: a prevalência do abuso e provável dependência do álcool foi de 26,5%. Entre os idosos com abuso e provável dependência do álcool, verificou-se predomínio do sexo masculino, 60 -- 70 anos, moravam com esposo(a) ou companheiro(a), tinham 1 -- 5 anos de escolaridade, renda mensal individual de 1 -- 3 salários mínimos, cinco ou mais morbidades e ausência de indicativo de sintomas depressivos. O abuso e provável dependência do álcool foram associados ao sexo masculino e a presença de indicativo de sintomas depressivos. Conclusão: o estudo reforça a necessidade de identificar precocemente o abuso e provável dependência do álcool em idosos e investir em estratégias de ações de saúde com a finalidade de promoção a saúde, a prevenção de doença e reabilitação do idoso.