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Low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) is the predominant material used in industrial food processing equipment. Such equipment is vulnerable to the corrosive environment produced by various production stages. Different processes, such as sulphonation and carbonation, are used in the processing of sugar in the sugar industry, creating a corrosive atmosphere. The corrosion behavior of low carbon steel (AISI 1010) is strongly influenced by grain size variations, which in turn affect the microstructural mechanical properties of the material. The mechanical behavior and performance of metallic materials, including their corrosion resistance, is determined by grain size which is an important parameter for this phenomena. The impact of low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) microstructure on corrosion behavior is discussed in this work. Heat treatment produces two different types of microstructure from the same material, which are then analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) have both been used to study characteristics including morphology and content. By supplying an appropriate corrosive medium, the corrosion performance of several microstructures of low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) was assessed, and corrosion rates were calculated using weight-loss and electrochemical techniques. Results show that the creation of a protective coating with a higher charge transfer resistance is caused by the adsorption process. The variety in phases and grain sizes may contribute to the corrosion stability of different microstructures, and as a result, the corrosion rate lowers as average grain sizes are reduced. Employing the galvanic effect, pearlite increases the rate of ferrite corrosion. The study's findings support the notion that quenching low-carbon steel (AISI 1010) results in a finer grain structure and greater corrosion resistance.
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This study explores the impacts of heat transportation on hybrid (Ag + MgO) nanofluid flow in a porous cavity using artificial neural networks (Bayesian regularization approach (BRT-ANN) neural networks technique). The cavity considered in this analysis is a semicircular shape with a heated and a cooled wall. The dynamics of flow and energy transmission in the cavity are influenced by various features such as the effect of magnetize field, porosity and volume fraction of nanoparticles. To explore the outcomes of these features on hybrid nanofluid thermal and flow transport, a BRT-ANN model is developed. The ANN model is trained using a dataset generated through numerical scheme. The trained ANN model is then used to predict the heat and flow transport characteristics for various input parameters. The accuracy of the ANN simulation is confirmed through comparison of the predicted results with the results obtained through numerical simulations. By maintaining the corrugated wall uniformly heated, we inspected the levels of isotherms, streamlines and heat transfer distribution. A graphical illustration highlights the characteristics of the Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers, permeability component in porous material, drag force and rate of energy transport. According to the percentage analysis, nanofluids (Ag + MgO/H2O) are prominent to enhance the thermal distribution of traditional fluids. The study demonstrates the potential of ANNs in predicting the impacts of various factors on hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transport, which can be useful in designing and optimizing heat transfer systems.
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Advanced techniques are used to enhance the efficiency of the energy assets and maximize the appliance efficiency of the main resources. In this view, in this study, the focus is paid to the solar collector to cover thermal radiation through optimization and enhance the performance of the solar panel. Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) consist of a base liquid glycol (C3H8O2) in which nanoparticles of copper (Cu) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are doped as fillers. The flow of the stagnation point is considered in the presence of the Riga plate. The state of the solar thermal system is termed viva stagnation to control the additional heating through the flow variation in the collector loop. The inclusion of entropy generation and Bejan number formation are primarily conceived under the influence of physical parameters for energy optimization. The computational analysis is carried out utilizing the control volume finite element method (CVFEM), and Runge-Kutta 4 (RK-4) methods. (FEATool Multiphysics) software has been used to find the solution through (CVFEM). The results are further validated through a machine learning neural networking procedure, wherein the heat transfer rate is greatly upgraded with a variation of the nanoparticle's volume fraction. We expect this improvement to progress the stability of heat transfer in the solar power system.
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The present article examines the consequences of a magnetic field, Hall current, and thermal radiation on the spinning flow of hybrid nanofluid (HNF) across a revolving disc. The core objective of the study is to improve the energy transference rate through hybrid nano liquid for industrial and engineering operations. The HNFs have advanced thermophysical characteristics. Therefore, in the current study, a superior class of nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Al2O3) are added to the base fluid. The modeled equations are demoted to a dimensionless set of Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity conversion and are analytically solved by engaging the homotopy analysis method. The physical constraints' effect on energy, velocity, motile microorganism, and mass profiles have been drawn and discussed. For accuracy, the results are compared to the published studies, which ensures the accuracy and reliability of the technique and results. It is observed that the energy communication rate lessens with the flourishing values of thermal radiation and for Hall current. Furthermore, it is noted that due to its carbon-carbon bonding in CNTs, it has a greater tendency for energy propagation than Al2O3nanoparticles.
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The flow at a time-independent separable stagnation point on a Riga plate under thermal radiation and electro-magnetohydrodynamic settings is examined in this research. Two distinct base fluids-H2O and C2H6O2 and TiO2 nanostructures develop the nanocomposites. The flow problem incorporates the equations of motion and energy along with a unique model for viscosity and thermal conductivity. Similarity components are then used to reduce these model problem calculations. The Runge Kutta (RK-4) function yields the simulation result, which is displayed in graphical and tabular form. For both involved base fluid theories, the nanofluids flow and thermal profiles relating to the relevant aspects are computed and analyzed. According to the findings of this research, the C2H6O2 model heat exchange rate is significantly higher than the H2O model. As the volume percentage of nanoparticles rises, the velocity field degrades while the temperature distribution improves. Moreover, for greater acceleration parameters, TiO2/ C2H6O2has the highest thermal coefficient whereas TiO2/ H2O has the highest skin friction coefficient. The key observation is that C2H6O2 base nanofluid has a little higher performance than H2O nanofluid.
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Aceleración , Nanocompuestos , Placas Óseas , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
The current investigation employs a numerical simulation to demonstrate the impact of hall current on unsteady free convective flow caused by hybrid-nanofluid over a revolving sphere approaching the stagnation point. The prominent characteristics of Lorentz force as a result of magnetic field coupling with hybrid nanofluid is also explored. The process of energy and mass transmission is inspected with nonlinear thermal radiations, non-uniform energy supply, dissipation and nonlinear chemical reaction. In current flow model, a unique class of nanofluid known as the hybrid nanofluid is being used, which contain GO (graphene oxide) and MoS 2 (molybdenum disulfide) with water. The angular speed of both the sphere and free stream changes frequently with time. Employing adequate dimensionless variables, the partial-differential patterns strongly non-linear that represent the situational analysis are morphed into non-linear ordinary differential patterns. The analytical outcomes of ordinary differential pattern have been developed via OHAM technique. Utilizing tables and graphs, various aspects of such controllable physical characteristics have been highlighted and explored in depth. For varying values of M , φ , δ , S c and K n ,the variations in C f x , C f z , N u and S h in MoS 2 -GO/H 2 O are the greatest as contrasted to MoS 2 /H 2 O. The results are also compared to those reported existing literature and they are noticed to be in very close agreement.
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This study looks at the natural convections of Cu + Al2O3/H2O nanofluid into a permeable chamber. The magnetic field is also executed on the flow field and the analysis has been approached numerically by the control volume method. The study of hybrid nanofluid heat in terms of the transfer flux was supplemented with a wide range of parameters of hybrid nanofluid fractions, Rayleigh numbers Hartmann numbers and porosity factor. It's also determined that the flow and thermal distribution are heavily affected by the concentration of the nanoparticles. The concentration of nanoparticles increases the transport of convective energy inside the enclosure. The primary findings demonstrate that a rise in both the Rayleigh number and Darcy number leads to an improvement in convective heat transfer within the enclosure. However, the porosity has a negligible effect. Additionally, the rotation in a clockwise direction has a beneficial impact on the dispersion of heat transfer throughout the cavity. Furthermore, it is concluded that hybrid nanofluids are more reliable than conventional fluids in improving thermal properties.
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Research on ionic liquids (ILs) and biochars (BCs) is a novel site of scientific interest. An experiment was designed to assess the effect of 1-propanenitrile imidazolium trifluoro methane sulfonate ([C2NIM][CF3SO3]) ionic liquid (IL) and IL-BC combination on the wheat plant. Three working standards of the IL; 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L, prepared in deionized water, were tested in the absence and presence of BC on wheat seedling. Results indicated significant decrease in seed germination (%), length, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents of wheat seedlings at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of the IL. An admirable increase in phenolic and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) contents of wheat seedlings was noted at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of the IL. The application of BC significantly ameliorated the negative effects of IL on the selected parameters of wheat. It is inferred that the undesirable effects of the IL on wheat growth can be positively restored by addition of BC.
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Líquidos Iónicos , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Clorofila A , Triticum , PlantonesRESUMEN
We formulated a Coronavirus (COVID-19) delay epidemic model with random perturbations, consisting of three different classes, namely the susceptible population, the infectious population, and the quarantine population. We studied the proposed problem to derive at least one unique solution in the positive feasweible region of the non-local solution. Sufficient conditions for the extinction and persistence of the proposed model are established. Our results show that the influence of Brownian motion and noise on the transmission of the epidemic is very large. We use the first-order stochastic Milstein scheme, taking into account the required delay of infected individuals.
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COVID-19 , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos , Procesos Estocásticos , Simulación por Computador , COVID-19/epidemiología , Modelos Biológicos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
In the pump of different machines, the vacuum pump oil (VPO) is used as a lubricant. The heat rate transport mechanism is a significant requirement for all industries and engineering. The applications of VPO in discrete fields of industries and engineering fields are uranium enrichment, electron microscopy, radio pharmacy, ophthalmic coating, radiosurgery, production of most types of electric lamps, mass spectrometers, freeze-drying, and, etc. Therefore, in the present study, the nanoparticles are mixed up into the VPO base liquid for the augmentation of energy transportation. Further, the MHD flow of a couple stress nanoliquid with the applications of Hall current toward the rotating disk is discussed. The Darcy-Forchheimer along with porous medium is examined. The prevalence of viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, and Joule heating impacts are also considered. With the aid of Cattaneo-Christov heat-mass flux theory, the mechanism for energy and mass transport is deliberated. The idea of the motile gyrotactic microorganisms is incorporated. The existing problem is expressed as higher-order PDEs, which are then transformed into higher-order ODEs by employing the appropriate similarity transformations. For the analytical simulation of the modeled system of equations, the HAM scheme is utilized. The behavior of the flow profiles of the nanoliquid against various flow parameters has discoursed through the graphs. The outcomes from this analysis determined that the increment in a couple-stress liquid parameter reduced the fluid velocity. It is obtained that, the expansion in thermal and solutal relaxation time parameters decayed the nanofluid temperature and concentration. Further, it is examined that a higher magnetic field amplified the skin friction coefficients of the nanoliquid. Heat transport is increased through the rising of the radiation parameter.
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Estro , Farmacia , Animales , Calor , Industrias , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
The growth of hybrid nanofluids can be connected to their enhanced thermal performance as pertains to the dynamics of automobile coolant among others. In addition to that, the thermal characteristics of water-based nanofluids carrying three different types of nanoparticles are incredible. Keeping in view this new idea, the current investigation explores ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet. Joule heating and viscous dissipation are addressed in the heat equation. Three distinct kinds of nanoparticles, namely, magnesium oxide, copper, and MWCNTs, are suspended in water to form a ternary hybrid nanofluid with the combination MgO-Cu-MWCNTs-H2O. To stabilize the flow of the ternary hybrid nanofluid, transverse magnetic and electric fields have been considered in the fluid model. The production of entropy has been analyzed for the modeled problem. A comparative study for ternary, hybrid, and traditional nanofluids has also been carried out by sketching statistical charts. The equations that govern the problem are shifted to dimension-free format by employing transformable variables, and then they are solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). It has been revealed in this work that the flow of fluid opposes by magnetic parameter and supports by electric field the volumetric fraction of ternary hybrid nanofluid, while thermal profiles are gained by the growing values of these parameters. Boosting values of the electric field, magnetic parameters, and Eckert number support the Bejan number and oppose the production of entropy. Statistically, it has been established in this work that a ternary hybrid nanofluid has a higher thermal conductivity than hybrid or traditional nanofluids.
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The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the various parameters on the flow of thin film motion on an inclined extending surface. Maxwell fluid is used as a base fluid, and magnesium oxide (MgO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are used as nanocomponents. The width of the thin film is considered variable and varied according to the stability of the proposed model. The magnetic field is used in the vertical track to the flow field. The entropy generation and Bejan number are examined under the influence of various embedded parameters. The outputs of the liquid film motion, thermal profile, and concentration field are also shown with the help of their respective graphs based on the collected data. The solution of the model involves key features such as entropy generation, Bejan number, drag force, and heat transfer rate. Brinkman number, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, thickness parameter ß, and unsteadiness parameter S are also deliberated graphically. The percentage improvement for the enhancement of heat transfer has been calculated and compared for both the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluids. The results are validated through comparison with the existing literature.
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The energy transmission through micropolar fluid have a broad range implementation in the field of electronics, textiles, spacecraft, power generation and nuclear power plants. Thermal radiation's influence on an incompressible thermo-convective flow of micropolar fluid across a permeable extensible sheet with energy and mass transition is reported in the present study. The governing equations consist of Navier-Stokes equation, micro rotation, temperature and concentration equations have been modeled in the form of the system of Partial Differential Equations. The system of basic equations is reduced into a nonlinear system of coupled ODE's by using a similarity framework. The numerical solution of the problem has been obtained via PCM (Parametric Continuation Method). The findings are compared to a MATLAB built-in package called bvp4c to ensure that the scheme is valid. It has been perceived that both the results are in best agreement with each other. The effects of associated parameters on the dimensionless velocity, micro-rotation, energy and mass profiles are discussed and depicted graphically. It has been detected that the permeability parameter gives rise in micro-rotation profile.
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In this research, COVID-19 model is formulated by incorporating harmonic mean type incidence rate which is more realistic in average speed. Basic reproduction number, equilibrium points, and stability of the proposed model is established under certain conditions. Runge-Kutta fourth order approximation is used to solve the deterministic model. The model is then fractionalized by using Caputo-Fabrizio derivative and the existence and uniqueness of the solution are proved by using Banach and Leray-Schauder alternative type theorems. For the fractional numerical simulations, we use the Adam-Moulton scheme. Sensitivity analysis of the proposed deterministic model is studied to identify those parameters which are highly influential on basic reproduction number.
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COVID-19 , Número Básico de Reproducción , COVID-19/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , PandemiasRESUMEN
This research work aims to scrutinize the mathematical model for the hybrid nanofluid flow in a converging and diverging channel. Titanium dioxide and silver TiO2 and Ag are considered as solid nanoparticles while blood is considered a base solvent. The couple-stress fluid model is essentially use to describe the blood flow. Therefore, the couple-stress term was used in the recent study with the existence of a magnetic field and a Darcy-Forchheiner porous medium. The heat absorption/omission and radiation terms were also included in the energy equation for the sustainability of drug delivery. An endeavor was made to link the recent study with the applications of drug delivery. It has already been revealed by the available literature that the combination of TiO2 with any other metal can destroy cancer cells more effectively than TiO2 separately. Both the walls are stretchable/shrinkable, whereas flow is caused by a source or sink with α as a converging/diverging parameter. Governing equations were altered into the system of non-linear coupled equations by using the similarity variables. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) was applied to obtain the preferred solution. The influences of the modeled parameters have been calculated and displayed. The confrontation of wall shear stress and hybrid nanofluid flow increased as the couple stress parameter rose, which indicates an improvement in the stability of the base fluid (blood). The percentage (%) increase in the heat transfer rate with the variation of nanoparticle volume fraction was also calculated numerically and discussed theoretically.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Hemodinámica , Hidrodinámica , Modelos Teóricos , Nanopartículas , Nanotecnología/métodos , Algoritmos , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Plata , Estrés MecánicoRESUMEN
The current study provides a detailed analysis of steady two-dimensional incompressible and electrically conducting magnetohydrodynamic flow of a couple stress hybrid nanofluid under the influence of Darcy-Forchheimer, viscous dissipation, joule heating, heat generation, chemical reaction, and variable viscosity. The system of partial differential equations of the current model (equation of motion, energy, and concentration) is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations by adopting the suitable similarity practice. Analytically, homotopy analysis method (HAM) is employed to solve the obtained set of equations. The impact of permeability, couple-stress and magnetic parameters on axial velocity, mean critical reflux condition and mean velocity on the channel walls are discussed in details. Computational effects show that the axial mean velocity at the boundary has an inverse relation with couple stress parameter while the permeability parameter has a direct relation with the magnetic parameter and vice versa. The enhancement in the temperature distribution evaluates the pH values and electric conductivity. Therefore, the [Formula: see text] hybrid nanofluids are used in this study for medication purpose.
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Fractional calculus characterizes a function at those points, where classical calculus failed. In the current study, we explored the fractional behavior of the stagnation point flow of hybrid nano liquid consisting of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles across a stretching sheet. Silver Ag and Titanium dioxide TiO2 nanocomposites are one of the most significant and fascinating nanocomposites perform an important role in nanobiotechnology, especially in nanomedicine and for cancer cell therapy since these metal nanoparticles are thought to improve photocatalytic operation. The fluid movement over a stretching layer is subjected to electric and magnetic fields. The problem has been formulated in the form of the system of PDEs, which are reduced to the system of fractional-order ODEs by implementing the fractional similarity framework. The obtained fractional order differential equations are further solved via fractional code FDE-12 based on Caputo derivative. It has been perceived that the drifting velocity generated by the electric field E significantly improves the velocity and heat transition rate of blood. The fractional model is more generalized and applicable than the classical one.
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To enhance the surface properties of solids the mechanism of thin films is frequently used. Penetration, degradation, stiffness, illumination, diffusion, absorption, and electric performance are all characteristics of a bulk substance medium that a thin film can improve. In nanotechnology, thin film processing can be extremely useful. Therefore, the time-dependent nonlinearly convective stream of thin film nanoliquid over an inclined stretchable sheet with magnetic effect is investigated in current work. The features of mass and heat transport processes are explained using important factors like thermophoresis and Brownian movement. Nonlinear partial differential equations are obtained to model the time-dependent liquid film flow over an inclined surface, which are then turned into couple ordinary differential equations utilizing appropriate alterations. The results of the computation of the model problem are collected using an analytical approach Homotopy Analysis Method and presented the final finding numerically and graphically. During the flow assessment, the impact of individual flow factors such as magnetic, Brownian, and thermophoresis parameters on regular profiles (temperature, velocity, and concentration) are analyzed and found to be quite remarkable. Furthermore, the consequence of M and Nt factors on the velocity, concentration and thermal distribution leads to diminishing conduct. On the other hand, the thermal profile of the liquid film rises in response to the thermophoresis factor. The % wise variation in the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number versus physical parameters has been obtained and discussed.
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This investigation describes the hydromagnetic flow of gravity-driven couple stress hybrid nanofluid past a heated plate. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used to characterize the hybrid nanofluid. The heated plate is placed vertically with an application of homogenous-heterogeneous reactions to the assumed flow system. The homogeneous reaction governs by isothermal cubic autocatalytic kinetics while the heterogeneous reaction governs by the first order kinetics. For current study the couple stress hybrid nanofluid is presumed to be conducted electrically with impact of non-uniform magnetic effects. An appropriate set of dimensionless quantities has employed to governing equations and then has solved by homotopy analysis method. The influence of emerging parameters encountered in this work has discussed in detail with the help of graphs. In this study it has examined that, flow of fluid reduces with upsurge in magnetic parameter and volumetric concentrations, whereas thermal and concentration characteristics augment with increase in volumetric concentrations. Moreover, growth in Prandtl number leads to a reduction in thermal characteristics and growth in Schmidt number result a reduction in concentration profile. The impact of various emerging parameters has also studied numerically upon physical quantities. It has established that, with augmentation in values of buoyancy parameter there is a growth in the values of skin friction. A comparison has also carried out between current and established results with a fine agreement in both results.
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In this paper, we consider a fractional COVID-19 epidemic model with a convex incidence rate. The Atangana-Baleanu fractional operator in the Caputo sense is taken into account. We establish the equilibrium points, basic reproduction number, and local stability at both the equilibrium points. The existence and uniqueness of the solution are proved by using Banach and Leray-Schauder alternative type theorems. For the fractional numerical simulations, we use the Toufik-Atangana scheme. Optimal control analysis is carried out to minimize the infection and maximize the susceptible people.