Antibiotic-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: a single-center retrospective study over ten years.

Objective: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are rare but life-threatening, with antibiotics being the main cause. This retrospective study from a single center was designed to analyze the culprit drugs, clinical features and treatment outcomes of antibiotic-induced SCARs. Methods: We analyzed cases of antibiotic-induced SCARs in a tertiary hospital in China between January 2013 and January 2024, including Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome-toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS-TEN) overlap, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP). Descriptive analysis of the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis were carried out. Results: Among 354 cases of SCARs, 63 validated antibiotic-related cases were included. Cephalosporins (31.7%), penicillins (25.4%), and quinolones (19.0%) were the most common triggers for SCARs. Overall, liver (50.8%), lungs (31.7%), and kidneys (23.8%) were the most frequently affected organ in SCARs cases. Eight patients (28.6%) in the SJS/SJS-TEN overlap group and 8 patients (80.0%) in the TEN group received combination therapy of corticosteroids and IVIG. Patients with SCARs caused by penicillins or cephalosporins could receive alternative treatments such as lincomamides, quinolones, and tetracyclines. The mortality rate in the TEN group was the highest at 20.0%, followed by the SJS/SJS-TEN overlap group (7.1%), and no deaths were observed in the DRESS and AGEP groups. Conclusion: The identification of the culprit antibiotics and the application of alternative antibiotic therapies are crucial for the management of antibiotic-induced SCARs. If complicated underlying conditions and complications like advanced age, cancer and pneumonia coexist with SCARs, patients might be more at risk for mortality.

DFT studies of solvent effect in hydrogen abstraction reactions from different allyl-type monomers with benzoyl radical.

Inert allyl-type monomers have been widely documented due to reduce degradation chain transfer. Recently, we and others discovered that the [3 + 2] cyclization reaction process by a photo-driven radical reaction, which can accelerate the polymerization. It was discovered that allyl ether monomers had much higher reactivity than other allyl monomers in the suspension photopolymerization initiated by Type I photoinitiator. Since the hydrogen abstraction reaction (HAR) is the initial step of cyclization, and in order to clarify the influence of solvents effect, three allyl-type monomers were employed, containing "O", "N" and "S" atom as hydrogen donors. The benzoyl radical obtained from cleavage of photoinitiator was chosen as hydrogen acceptors. We explored the hydrogen abstraction reaction in different solvents (methanol, water and DMSO) by quantum chemistry for geometry and energy. An investigation was undertaken regarding the structural orbital by electrostatic potential (ESP) and topological analysis (ELF and LOL). The findings were also combined with the distortion model and transition state theory. We obtained the molecular interactions used independent gradient method in the Hirshfeld molecular density partition (IGMH). The Eckart's correction allowed to examine the driving factors of the hydrogen abstraction reaction tunnels and these reactions constant rates are determined in the range of 500-2500 K depending on the modified Arrhenius form in different solvents effect. Our results can provide an answer for the different reactivities.

Impacts of the zero mark-up policy on hospitalization expenses of T2DM and cholecystolithiasis inpatients in SC province, western China: an interrupted time series analysis.

Background: Since 2009, a series of ambitious health system reforms have been launched in China, including the zero mark-up drug policy (ZMDP); the policy was intended to reduce substantial medicine expenses for patients by abolishing the 15% mark-up on drugs. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of ZMDP on medical expenditures from the perspective of disease burden disparities in western China. Method: Two typical diseases including Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in internal medicine and cholecystolithiasis (CS) in surgery were selected from medical records in a large tertiary level-A hospital in SC Province. The monthly average medical expenses of patients from May 2015 to August 2018 were extracted to construct an interrupted time series (ITS) model to evaluate the impact of policy implementation on the economic burden. Results: A total of 5,764 cases were enrolled in our study. The medicine expenses for T2DM patients maintained a negative trend both before and after the intervention of ZMDP. It had declined by 74.3 CNY (P < 0.001) per month on average in the pre-policy period and subsequently dropped to 704.4 CNY (P = 0.028) immediately after the policy. The level change of hospitalization expenses was insignificant (P = 0.197), with a reduction of 677.7 CNY after the policy, while the post-policy long-term trend was significantly increased by 97.7 CNY (P = 0.035) per month contrasted with the pre-policy period. In addition, the anesthesia expenses of T2DM patients had a significant increase in the level under the impact of the policy. In comparison, the medicine expenses of CS patients significantly decreased by 1,014.2 CNY (P < 0.001) after the policy, while the total hospitalization expenses had no significant change in level and slope under the influence of ZMDP. Furthermore, the expenses of surgery and anesthesia for CS patients significantly increased by 320.9 CNY and 331.4 CNY immediately after the policy intervention. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the ZMDP has been an effective intervention to reduce the excessive medicine expenses for both researched medical and surgical diseases, but failed to show any long-term advantage. Moreover, the policy has no significant impact on relieving the overall hospitalization burden for either condition.

The Microbiota in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Update on the Potential Function of Probiotics.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a kind of chronic diffuse connective tissue illness characterized by multisystem and multiorgan involvement, repeated recurrence and remission, and the presence of a large pool of autoantibodies in the body. Although the exact cause of SLE is not thoroughly revealed, accumulating evidence has manifested that intake of probiotics alters the composition of the gut microbiome, regulating the immunomodulatory and inflammatory response, which may be linked to the disease pathogenesis. Particularly, documented experiments demonstrated that SLE patients have remarkable changes in gut microbiota compared to healthy controls, indicating that the alteration of microbiota may be implicated in different phases of SLE. In this review, the alteration of microbiota in the development of SLE is summarized, and the mechanism of intestinal microbiota on the progression of immune and inflammatory responses in SLE is also discussed. Due to limited reports on the effects of probiotics supplementation in SLE patients, we emphasize advancements made in the last few years on the function and mechanisms of probiotics in the development of SLE animal models. Besides, we follow through literature to survey whether probiotics supplements can be an adjuvant therapy for comprehensive treatment of SLE. Research has indicated that intake of probiotics alters the composition of the gut microbiome, contributing to prevent the progression of SLE. Adjustment of the gut microbiome through probiotics supplementation seems to alleviate SLE symptoms and their cardiovascular and renal complications in animal models, marking this treatment as a potentially novel approach.

Density Functional Theory Guide for an Allyl Monomer Polymerization Mechanism: Photoinduced Radical-Mediated [3 + 2] Cyclization.

Polymerization of allyl ether monomers has previously been considered a free-radical addition polymerization mechanism, but it is difficult to achieve because of the high electron density of their double bond. To interpret the mechanism of photopolymerization, we therefore proposed a radical-mediated cyclization (RMC) reaction, which has been validated by results from quantum chemistry calculations and real-time infrared observation. Our RMC reaction begins with the radical abstracting one allylic hydrogen atom from the methylene group of allyl ether to generate an allyl ether radical with a delocalized π3 3 bond. Then, the radical reacts with the double bond of a second allyl ether molecule to form a five-membered cyclopentane-like ring (CP) radical. The CP radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from a third ether molecule. At last, a new allyl ether radical is generated and the next circulation as chain propagation begins. The distortion/interaction model was employed to explore the transient state of reaction, and real-time infrared was chosen to clarify the RMC reaction mechanism initiated by different photoinitiators. These results demonstrated that the RMC mechanism can give new insights into these fundamental processes.

Atmospheric Chemistry of Allylic Radicals from Isoprene: A Successive Cyclization-Driven Autoxidation Mechanism.

The atmospheric chemistry of isoprene has broad implications for regional air quality and the global climate. Allylic radicals, taking 13-17% yield in the isoprene oxidation by •Cl, can contribute as much as 3.6-4.9% to all possible formed intermediates in local regions at daytime. Considering the large quantity of isoprene emission, the chemistry of the allylic radicals is therefore highly desirable. Here, we investigated the atmospheric oxidation mechanism of the allylic radicals using quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that the allylic radicals can barrierlessly combine with O2 to form peroxy radicals (RO2•). Under ≤100 ppt NO and ≤50 ppt HO2• conditions, the formed RO2• mainly undergo two times "successive cyclization and O2 addition" to finally form the product fragments 2-alkoxy-acetaldehyde (C2H3O2•) and 3-hydroperoxy-2-oxopropanal (C3H4O4). The presented reaction illustrates a novel successive cyclization-driven autoxidation mechanism. The formed 3-hydroperoxy-2-oxopropanal product is a new isomer of the atmospheric C3H4O4 family and a potential aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol precursor. Under >100 ppt NO condition, NO can mediate the cyclization-driven autoxidation process to form C5H7NO3, C5H7NO7, and alkoxy radical-related products. The proposed novel autoxidation mechanism advances our current understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of both isoprene and RO2•.

Formation of Low-Volatile Products and Unexpected High Formaldehyde Yield from the Atmospheric Oxidation of Methylsiloxanes.

With stricter regulation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originating from fossil fuel-based vehicles and industries, the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs) and the transformation mechanism of VCPs have become increasingly important to quantify air quality. Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS) are an important class of VCPs and high-production chemicals. Using quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling, we investigated the reaction mechanism of peroxy radicals of VMS, which are key intermediates in determining the atmospheric chemistry of VMS. L2-RSiCH2O2• and D3-RSiCH2O2• derived from hexamethyldisiloxane and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, respectively, were selected as representative model systems. The results indicated that L2-RSiCH2O2• and D3-RSiCH2O2• follow a novel Si-C-O rearrangement-driven autoxidation mechanism, leading to the formation of low volatile silanols and high yield of formaldehyde at low NO/HO2• conditions. At high NO/HO2• conditions, L2-RSiCH2O2• and D3-RSiCH2O2• react with NO/HO2• to form organic nitrate, hydroperoxide, and active alkoxy radicals. The alkoxy radicals further follow a Si-C-O rearrangement step to finally form formate esters. The novel Si-C-O rearrangement mechanism of both peroxy and alkoxy radicals are supported by available experimental studies on the oxidation of VMS. Notably, the high yield of formaldehyde is estimated to significantly contribute to formaldehyde pollution in the indoor environment, especially during indoor cleaning.

Atmospheric oxidation mechanism and kinetics of isoprene initiated by chlorine radicals: A computational study.

The reaction with chlorine radicals (·Cl) has been considered to be one of indispensable sinks for isoprene. However, the mechanism of ·Cl initiated isoprene reaction was not fully understood. Herein, the reaction of isoprene with ·Cl, and ensuing reactions of the resulting isoprene relevant radicals were investigated by combined quantum chemistry calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that ·Cl addition to two terminal C-atoms of two double bonds of isoprene, forming IM1-1 and IM1-4, are more favorable than H-abstractions from isoprene. Interestingly, the predicted reaction rate constant for the direct H-abstraction pathway is much lower than that of the indirect one, clarifying a direct H-abstraction mechanism for previously experimental observation. The IM1-1 and IM1-4 have distinct fate in their subsequent transformation. The reaction of IM1-1 ends after the one-time O2 addition. However, IM1-4 can follow auto-oxidation mechanism with two times O2 addition to finally form highly oxidized multi-functional molecules (HOMs), C5H7ClO3 and ·OH. More importantly, the estimated contribution of ·Cl on HOMs (monomer only) formation from isoprene is lower than that of ·OH in addition pathway, implying overall HOMs yield from atmospheric isoprene oxidation could be overestimated if the role of ·Cl in transforming isoprene is ignored.

Downregulation of miR-200c stabilizes XIAP mRNA and contributes to invasion and lung metastasis of bladder cancer.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that XIAP promotes bladder cancer metastasis through upregulating RhoGDIß/MMP-2 pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to the XIAP upregulation was unclear. In current studies, we found that XIAP was overexpressed in human high grade BCs, high metastatic human BCs, and in mouse invasive BCs. Mechanistic studies indicated that XIAP overexpression in the highly metastatic T24T cells was due to increased mRNA stability of XIAP that was mediated by downregulated miR-200c. Moreover, the downregulated miR-200c was due to CREB inactivation, while miR-200c downregulation reduced its binding to the 3'-UTR region of XIAP mRNA. Collectively, our results demonstrate the molecular basis leading to XIAP overexpression and its crucial role in BC invasion.

ISO, via Upregulating MiR-137 Transcription, Inhibits GSK3ß-HSP70-MMP-2 Axis, Resulting in Attenuating Urothelial Cancer Invasion.

Our most recent studies demonstrate that miR-137 is downregulated in human bladder cancer (BC) tissues, while treatment of human BC cells with isorhapontigenin (ISO) elevates miR-137 abundance. Since ISO showed a strong inhibition of invasive BC formation in the N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN)-induced invasive BC mouse model, the elucidation of a potential biological effect of miR-137 on antagonizing BC invasion and molecular mechanisms underlying ISO upregulation of miR-137 are very important. Here we discovered that ectopic expression of miR-137 led to specific inhibition of BC invasion in human high-grade BC T24T and UMUC3 cells, while miR-137 deletion promoted the invasion of both cells, indicating the inhibitory effect of miR-137 on human BC invasion. Mechanistic studies revealed that ISO treatment induced miR-137 transcription by promoting c-Jun phosphorylation and, in turn, abolishing matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) abundance and invasion in BC cells. Moreover, miR-137 was able to directly bind to the 3' UTR of Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) mRNA and inhibit GSK3ß protein translation, consequently leading to a reduction of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) translation via targeting the mTOR/S6 axis. Collectively, our studies discover an unknown function of miR-137, directly targeting the 3' UTR of GSK3ß mRNA and, thereby, inhibiting GSK3ß protein translation, mTOR/S6 activation, and HSP70 protein translation and, consequently, attenuating HSP70-mediated MMP-2 expression and invasion in human BC cells. These novel discoveries provide a deep insight into understanding the biomedical significance of miR-137 downregulation in invasive human BCs and the anti-cancer effect of ISO treatment on mouse invasive BC formation.

p63α protein up-regulates heat shock protein 70 expression via E2F1 transcription factor 1, promoting Wasf3/Wave3/MMP9 signaling and bladder cancer invasion.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the sixth most common cancer in the United States and is the number one cause of death among patients with urinary system malignancies. This makes the identification of invasive regulator(s)/effector(s) as the potential therapeutic targets for managing BC a high priority. p63 is a member of the p53 family of tumor suppressor genes/proteins, plays a role in the differentiation of epithelial tissues, and is believed to function as a tumor suppressor. However, it remains unclear whether and how p63 functions in BC cell invasion after tumorigenesis. Here, we show that p63α protein levels were much higher in mouse high-invasive BC tissues than in normal tissues. Our results also revealed that p63α is crucial for heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression and subsequently increases the ability of BC invasion. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that p63α can transcriptionally up-regulate Hsp70 expression, thereby promoting BC cell invasion via the Hsp70/Wasf3/Wave3/MMP-9 axis. We further show that E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) mediates p63α overexpression-induced Hsp70 transcription. We also found that p63α overexpression activates E2F1 transcription, which appears to be stimulated by p63α together with E2F1. Collectively, our results demonstrate that p63α is a positive regulator of BC cell invasion after tumorigenesis, providing significant insights into the biological function of p63α in BC and supporting the notion that p63α might be a potential target for invasive BC therapy.

RhoGDIß promotes Sp1/MMP-2 expression and bladder cancer invasion through perturbing miR-200c-targeted JNK2 protein translation.

Our most recent studies demonstrate that RhoGDIß is able to promote human bladder cancer (BC) invasion and metastasis in an X-link inhibitor of apoptosis protein-dependent fashion accompanied by increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 protein expression. We also found that RhoGDIß and MMP-2 protein expressions are consistently upregulated in both invasive BC tissues and cell lines. In the present study, we show that knockdown of RhoGDIß inhibited MMP-2 protein expression accompanied by a reduction of invasion in human BC cells, whereas ectopic expression of RhoGDIß upregulated MMP-2 protein expression and promoted invasion as well. The mechanistic studies indicated that MMP-2 was upregulated by RhoGDIß at the transcriptional level by increased specific binding of the transcription factor Sp1 to the mmp-2 promoter region. Further investigation revealed that RhoGDIß overexpression led to downregulation of miR-200c, whereas miR-200c was able directly to target 3'-UTR of jnk2mRNA and attenuated JNK2 protein translation, which resulted in attenuation of Sp1mRNA and protein expression in turn, inhibiting Sp1-dependent mmp-2 transcription. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that RhoGDIß overexpression inhibits miR-200c abundance, which consequently results in increases of JNK2 protein translation, Sp1 expression, mmp-2 transcription, and BC invasion. These findings, together with our previous results showing X-link inhibitor of apoptosis protein mediating mRNA stabilization of both RhoGDIß and mmp-2, reveal the nature of the MMP-2 regulatory network, which leads to MMP-2 overexpression and BC invasion.

XIAP RING domain mediates miR-4295 expression and subsequently inhibiting p63α protein translation and promoting transformation of bladder epithelial cells.

The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) contains three N-terminal BIR domains that mediate anti-apoptosis and one C-terminal RING finger domain whose function(s) are not fully defined. Here we show that the RING domain of XIAP strongly inhibits the expression of p63α, a known tumor suppressor. XIAP knockdown in urothelial cells or RING deletion in knockin mice markedly upregulates p63α expression. This RING-mediated p63α downregulation is critical for the malignant transformation of normal urothelial cells following EGF treatment. We further show that the RING domain promotes Sp1-mediated transcription of miR-4295 which targets the 3'UTR of p63α mRNA and consequently inhibits p63α translation. Our results reveal a previously unknown function of the RING of XIAP in promoting miR-4295 transcription, thereby reducing p63α translation and enhancing urothelial transformation. Our data offer novel insights into the multifunctional effects of the XIAP RING domain on urothelial tumorigenesis and the potential for targeting this frequently overexpressed protein as a therapeutic alternative.

p85α promotes nucleolin transcription and subsequently enhances EGFR mRNA stability and EGF-induced malignant cellular transformation.

p85α is a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) that is a key lipid enzyme for generating phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-trisphosphate, and subsequently activates signaling that ultimately regulates cell cycle progression, cell growth, cytoskeletal changes, and cell migration. In addition to form a complex with the p110 catalytic subunit, p85α also exists as a monomeric form due to that there is a greater abundance of p85α than p110 in many cell types. Our previous studies have demonstrated that monomeric p85α exerts a pro-apoptotic role in UV response through induction of TNF-α gene expression in PI3K-independent manner. In current studies, we identified a novel biological function of p85α as a positive regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and cell malignant transformation via nucleolin-dependent mechanism. Our results showed that p85α was crucial for EGFR and nucleolin expression and subsequently resulted in an increase of malignant cellular transformation by using both specific knockdown and deletion of p85α in its normal expressed cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that p85α upregulated EGFR protein expression mainly through stabilizing its mRNA, whereas nucleolin (NCL) was able to bind to egfr mRNA and increase its mRNA stability. Consistently, overexpression of NCL in p85α-/- cells restored EGFR mRNA stabilization, protein expression and cell malignant transformation. Moreover, we discovered that p85α upregulated NCL gene transcription via enhancing C-Jun activation. Collectively, our studies demonstrate a novel function of p85α as a positive regulator of EGFR mRNA stability and cell malignant transformation, providing a significant insight into the understanding of biomedical nature of p85α protein in mammalian cells and further supporting that p85α might be a potential target for cancer prevention and therapy.