In recent years, newer drugs, such as ibrutinib, have shown promising improvements in the survival of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite their effectiveness, concerns about their cost have arisen, prompting the need for an evaluation of their cost-effectiveness. However, recent assessments of ibrutinib's cost-effectiveness for treating CLL in India reveal divergent conclusions. The discord centers on divergent cost-effectiveness thresholds, comparator regimens, cost calculations, and outcome valuation approaches. Such discrepancies affect public health decisions and patient care. The recommendation calls for adherence to methodological guidelines by future studies, fostering consistent findings to empower policy makers and clinicians in leveraging economic evidence for informed decision making in CLL treatment strategies.
OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to map taxonomy frameworks, descriptions, and applications of immersive technologies in the dental literature. DATA: The Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines was followed, and the protocol was registered at open science framework platform (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/H6N8M). SOURCES: Systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases, and complemented by manual search. STUDY SELECTION: A total of 84 articles were included, with 81% between 2019 and 2023. Most studies were experimental (62%), including education (25%), protocol feasibility (20%), in vitro (11%), and cadaver (6%). Other study types included clinical report/technique article (24%), clinical study (9%), technical note/tip to reader (4%), and randomized controlled trial (1%). Three-quarters of the included studies were published in oral and maxillofacial surgery (38%), dental education (26%), and implant (12%) disciplines. Methods of display included head mounted display device (HMD) (55%), see through screen (32%), 2D screen display (11%), and projector display (2%). Descriptions of immersive realities were fragmented and inconsistent with lack of clear taxonomy framework for the umbrella and the subset terms including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), augmented virtuality (AV), extended reality, and X reality. CONCLUSIONS: Immersive reality applications in dentistry are gaining popularity with a notable surge in the number of publications in the last 5 years. Ambiguities are apparent in the descriptions of immersive realities. A taxonomy framework based on method of display (full or partial) and reality class (VR, AR, or MR) is proposed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding different reality classes can be perplexing due to their blurred boundaries and conceptual overlapping. Immersive technologies offer novel educational and clinical applications. This domain is fast developing. With the current fragmented and inconsistent terminologies, a comprehensive taxonomy framework is necessary.
BACKGROUND: Physical behaviors such physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep are associated with mortality, but there is a lack of epidemiological data and knowledge using device-measured physical behaviors. PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of baseline data collection using the Prospective Physical Activity, Sitting, and Sleep consortium (ProPASS) protocols in the specific context of Saudi Arabia. ProPASS is a recently developed global platform for collaborative research that aims to harmonize retrospective and prospective data on device-measured behaviors and health. Using ProPASS methods for collecting data to perform such studies in Saudi Arabia will provide standardized data from underrepresented countries. METHOD: This study explored the feasibility of baseline data collection in Saudi Arabia between November and December 2022 with a target recruitment of 50 participants aged ≥ 30 years. Established ProPASS methods were used to measure anthropometrics, measure blood pressure, collect blood samples, carry out physical function test, and measure health status and context of physical behaviors using questionnaires. The ActivPal™ device was used to assess physical behaviors and the participants were asked to attend two sessions at (LHRC). The feasibility of the current study was assessed by evaluating recruitment capability, acceptability, suitability of study procedures, and resources and abilities to manage and implement the study. Exit interviews were conducted with all participants. RESULT: A total of 75 participants expressed an interest in the study, out of whom 54 initially agreed to participate. Ultimately, 48 participants were recruited in the study (recruitment rate: 64%). The study completion rate was 87.5% of the recruited participants; 95% participants were satisfied with their participation in the study and 90% reported no negative feelings related to participating in the study. One participant reported experiencing moderate skin irritation related to placement of the accelerometer. Additionally, 96% of participants expressed their willingness to participate in the study again. CONCLUSION: Based on successful methodology, data collection results, and participants' acceptability, the ProPASS protocols are feasible to administer in Saudi Arabia. These findings are promising for establishing a prospective cohort in Saudi Arabia.
Exercise , Feasibility Studies , Sitting Position , Sleep , Humans , Saudi Arabia , Male , Female , Adult , Sleep/physiology , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Sedentary Behavior , Cohort Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires
CONTEXT: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals have greater access to genital surgery (GS) with improved insurance coverage and access to trained surgeons and interdisciplinary gender affirming providers. OBJECTIVE: To determine perioperative medical and behavioral health outcomes in transfeminine (TF) individuals undergoing GS with use of a specific gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) algorithm based on individualized risk factor assessment. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study from 2017-2022. Pre- and post-operative data collected included clinical and biochemical assessment, GAHT regimens, validated behavioral health measures, and post-operative complications. SETTING: Single-center tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: 183 TF individuals, grouped into estradiol continued (Group 1) vs estradiol temporarily discontinued for 2-6 weeks preoperatively (Group 2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence, non-VTE postoperative complication incidence, and change in behavioral health assessments. RESULTS: The majority of individuals continued estradiol perioperatively [Group 1; 138 (75.4%)]. Individuals who temporarily held estradiol preoperatively [Group 2; 45 (24.6%)] were statistically older (p < 0.01), had higher incidence of cardiometabolic comorbidities (p < 0.01), and higher Caprini scores (p < 0.01). Group 1 was statistically more likely to use oral estradiol (p < 0.01). One episode (0.05%) of VTE occurred (Group 1). There was no significant difference in postoperative complications or behavioral health measures between groups. CONCLUSION: An individualized algorithm for preoperative hormone management for TF GS resulted in perioperative continuation of GAHT for the majority of individuals without significantly increasing the risk for post-operative surgical complications while maintaining stable behavioral health measures perioperatively.
Aim: The aim of the study is to know about the awareness of probiotics among undergraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: We conducted cross-sectional research where we had distributed a questionnaire consisting of ten open-ended questions, among 150 dental students through emails. The questions were based on the utilization of probiotics in dentistry. The data obtained was statistically analyzed with the help of Chi-square test. Results: In our study, we noted that most of the participants were aware of the term probiotics and had general ideas but were not fully aware of its pathogenesis. Around 83.2% of the participants were aware of probiotics and general concepts. We also noted that only 42.5% of the students agreed that probiotics can be used in the management of halitosis as well as periodontitis. Conclusion: We concluded that most of the dental students had a lack of awareness as well as were not familiar with the usage of probiotics in dentistry.
BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors experience a decrement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) resulting from the disease as well as adverse effects of therapy. We evaluated the HRQoL of cancer patients, stratified by primary cancer site, stage, treatment response and associated adverse events, along with its determinants. METHODS: Data were collected from 12,148 patients, sampled from seven purposively chosen leading cancer hospitals in India, to elicit HRQoL using the EuroQol questionnaire comprising of 5-dimensions and 5-levels (EQ-5D-5L). Multiple linear regression was used to determine the association between HRQoL and various socio-demographic as well as clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Majority outpatients (78.4%) and inpatients (81.2%) had solid cancers. The disease was found to be more prevalent among outpatients (37.5%) and inpatients (40.5%) aged 45-60 years and females (49.3-58.3%). Most patients were found to be in stage III (40-40.6%) or stage IV (29.4-37.3%) at the time of recruitment. The mean EQ-5D-5 L utility score was significantly higher among outpatients [0.630 (95% CI: 0.623, 0.637)] as compared to inpatients [0.553 (95% CI: 0.539, 0.567)]. The HRQoL decreased with advancing cancer stage among both inpatients and outpatients, respectively [stage IV: (0.516 & 0.557); stage III (0.609 & 0.689); stage II (0.677 & 0.713); stage I (0.638 & 0.748), p value < 0.001]. The outpatients on hormone therapy (B = 0.076) showed significantly better HRQoL in comparison to patients on chemotherapy. However, palliative care (B=-0.137) and surgery (B=-0.110) were found to be associated with significantly with poorer HRQoL paralleled to chemotherapy. The utility scores among outpatients ranged from 0.305 (bone cancer) to 0.782 (Leukemia). Among hospitalized cases, the utility score was lowest for multiple myeloma (0.255) and highest for testicular cancer (0.771). CONCLUSION: Older age, lower educational status, chemotherapy, palliative care and surgery, advanced cancer stage and progressive disease were associated with poor HRQoL. Our study findings will be useful in optimising patient care, formulating individualized treatment plan, improving compliance and follow-up.
Multiple Myeloma , Testicular Neoplasms , Male , Female , Humans , Quality of Life , Surveys and Questionnaires , Educational Status
Thyroid storm due to gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) with metastatic choriocarcinoma is a rare but potentially life-threatening endocrine emergency. We report on a woman with molar pregnancy and metastatic choriocarcinoma who presented with thyroid storm (Burch-Wartofsky point scale of 45) a few weeks after the evacuation of GTD. She was initially managed with intravenous hydrocortisone, oral propylthiouracil (PTU), and esmolol infusion. After stabilization in the intensive care unit, 10 cycles of chemotherapy with etoposide, methotrexate, leucovorin, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (EMA-CO) were initiated for stage 4 choriocarcinoma with brain and lung metastases. She underwent a hysterectomy soon after completing chemotherapy and received an additional 3 cycles of chemotherapy after the hysterectomy. As human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels normalized, thyroid function reverted to normal as well. At the last follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, euthyroid (without antithyroid medication), had a normal hCG titer of 1.7 mIU/mL (normal nonpregnant reference is <â¯5â mIU/mL), and the lung and brain lesions had resolved entirely. Management of thyroid storm in the presence of untreated metastatic choriocarcinoma requires a high index of suspicion and a multidisciplinary team approach to prevent complications and improve survival.
PURPOSE: Denosumab is clinically superior to zoledronic acid (ZA) for preventing and delaying time to first and subsequent skeletal-related events (SREs) among patients with breast cancer (BC) with bone metastases. We evaluated the cost and health benefits of denosumab and ZA (once every 4 weeks and once every 12 weeks) among four different molecular subtypes of BC with bone metastases in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Markov model was developed in Microsoft Excel to estimate lifetime health consequences and resulting costs among cohort of 1,000 patients with BC with bone metastasis, for three intervention scenarios, namely denosumab (once every 4 weeks), ZA (once every 4 weeks), and ZA (once every 12 weeks). The health outcomes were measured in terms of SREs averted and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. The cost of each intervention scenario was measured using both the health system and the patient's perspectives. Indirect costs because of lost productivity were not included. The future costs and outcomes were discounted at the standard rate of 3%. RESULTS: Over a lifetime, the incremental number of SREs averted with use of denosumab once every 4 weeks (compared with ZA once every 4 weeks and once every 12 weeks) among patients with luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-enriched, and triple negative breast cancer were estimated as 0.39, 0.26, 0.25, and 0.19, respectively. The number of QALYs lived were slightly higher in the denosumab arm (1.45-2.80) compared with ZA once every 4 weeks and once every 12 weeks arms (1.44-2.78). However, denosumab once every 4 weeks was not found to be a cost-effective alternative for either of the four molecular subtypes of breast cancer. ZA once every 12 weeks was found to be a cost-effective option with an average cost-effectiveness ratio ranging between â¹68,254 and â¹73,636. CONCLUSION: ZA once every 12 weeks is the cost-effective treatment option for BC with bone metastases in India. The present study findings hold significance for standard treatment guidelines under India's government-funded health insurance program.
Bone Density Conservation Agents , Bone Neoplasms , Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Denosumab/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Diphosphonates/therapeutic use , Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use , Cost-Effectiveness Analysis , Imidazoles/therapeutic use , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy , Bone Neoplasms/metabolism , Zoledronic Acid/therapeutic use
BACKGROUND: Survival outcomes for multiple myeloma have improved dramatically since the introduction of novel therapeutic agents. While these drugs are highly effective in improving survival outcomes and quality of life in patients with multiple myeloma, they come at a significant cost. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of bortezomib-based triplet or quadruplet drug regimens in isolation and followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) in the Indian context. METHODS: A Markov model was developed to assess the health and economic outcomes of novel drug regimens with and without AHSCT for the treatment of NDMM in India. We estimated the lifetime quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs in each scenario. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were computed and compared against the current willingness-to-pay threshold of a one-time per capita gross domestic product of â¹146,890 (US$1,927.70) for India. Parameter uncertainty was assessed through Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Among seven treatment sequences, the VCd (bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone) alone arm has the lowest cost and health benefits as compared to four treatment sequences, namely VTd (bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone) alone, VRd (bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone) alone, VRd plus AHSCT and DVRd (Daratumumab, bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone) plus AHSCT. It was found that VTd plus AHSCT and VCd plus AHSCT arms were extendedly dominated (ED) by combination of two alternative treatments. Among the five non-dominated strategies, VRd has a lowest incremental cost of â¹ 2,20,093 (US$2,888) per QALY gained compared to VTd alone followed by VRd plus AHSCT [â¹3,14,530 (US$4,128) per QALY gained] in comparison to VRd alone. None of the novel treatment sequences were found to be cost-effective at the current WTP threshold of â¹1,46,890 (US$1,927.7). CONCLUSION: At the current WTP threshold of one-time per capita GDP (â¹ 146,890) of India, VRd alone and VRd plus AHSCT has 38.1% and 6.9% probability to be cost-effective, respectively. Reduction in current reimbursement rates of novel drugs, namely VRd, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide plus dexamethasone under national insurance program and societal cost of transplant by 50%, would make VRd plus AHSCT and VTd plus AHSCT cost-effective at an incremental cost of â¹40,671 (US$34) and â¹97,639 (US$1,281) per QALY gained, respectively.
INTRODUCTION: Physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep, that is, 24-h movement behaviors, often change in the transition from work to retirement, which may affect cardiometabolic health. This study investigates the longitudinal associations between changes in 24-h movement behaviors and cardiometabolic biomarkers during the retirement transition. METHODS: Retiring public sector workers (n = 212, mean age 63.5 years, SD 1.1) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging study used a thigh-worn Axivity accelerometer and filled out a diary to obtain data on daily time spent in sedentary behavior (SED), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sleep before and after retirement (one year in-between). Cardiometabolic biomarkers, including LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total:HDL-cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting glucose and insulin, were measured. Associations between changes in 24-h movement behaviors and cardiometabolic biomarkers were analyzed using compositional robust regression and isotemporal substitution analysis. RESULTS: Increasing LPA in relation to remaining behaviors was associated with an increase in HDL-cholesterol and decrease in total:HDL-cholesterol ratio (p < 0.05 for both). For instance, reallocation of 30 min from sleep/SED to LPA was associated with an increase in HDL-cholesterol by 0.02 mmol/l. Moreover, increasing MVPA in relation to remaining behaviors was associated with a decrease in triglycerides (p = 0.02). Reallocation of 30 min from SED/sleep to MVPA was associated with 0.07 - 0.08 mmol/l decrease in triglycerides. Findings related to LDL-cholesterol, CRP, fasting glucose and insulin were less conclusive. CONCLUSIONS: During the transition from work to retirement, increasing physical activity at the expense of passive behaviors was associated with a better lipid profile. Our findings suggest that life transitions like retirement could be utilized more as an optimal time window for promoting physical activity and health.
MicroRNA as potential biomarker for early diagnosis, differentiating various stages, interpreting the success of postoperative curative surgery and predicting early relapse of Colorectal cancer.In the realm of medical research, the quest to find effective biomarkers for various diseases has always been a top priority. Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, is no exception. The emergence of microRNA (mRNA) as a potential biomarker for CRC has sparked immense interest among scientists and clinicians alike. mRNA, a molecule responsible for translating genetic information into functional proteins, presents a promising avenue for early detection and personalized treatment of this deadly disease. By analyzing the specific patterns and levels of mRNA expression in CRC cells, researchers have the ability to identify signatures that can aid in accurate diagnosis, predict patient prognosis, and even guide targeted therapies. This breakthrough in molecular biology not only enhances our understanding of CRC but also holds the potential to revolutionize the field of cancer diagnostics and treatment. In this article, we will delve deeper into the potential of mRNA as a biomarker for CRC, exploring its benefits and challenges in the field of cancer research.
Biomedical Research , Colorectal Neoplasms , MicroRNAs , Humans , MicroRNAs/genetics , Biomarkers , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , RNA, Messenger/genetics
Homozygous Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) variants G1 and G2 cause APOL1-mediated kidney disease, purportedly acting as surface cation channels in podocytes. APOL1-G0 exhibits various single nucleotide polymorphisms, most commonly haplotype E150K, M228I and R255K ("KIK"; the Reference Sequence is "EMR"), whereas variants G1 and G2 are mostly found in a single "African" haplotype background ("EIK"). Several labs reported cytotoxicity with risk variants G1 and G2 in KIK or EIK background haplotypes, but used HEK-293 cells and did not verify equal surface expression. To see if haplotype matters in a more relevant cell type, we induced APOL1-G0, G1 and G2 EIK, KIK and EMR at comparable surface levels in immortalized podocytes. G1 and G2 risk variants (but not G0) caused dose-dependent podocyte death within 48h only in their native African EIK haplotype and correlated with K+ conductance (thallium FLIPR). We ruled out differences in localization and trafficking, except for possibly greater surface clustering of cytotoxic haplotypes. APOL1 surface expression was required, since Brefeldin A rescued cytotoxicity; and cytoplasmic isoforms vB3 and vC were not cytotoxic. Thus, APOL1-EIK risk variants kill podocytes in a dose and haplotype-dependent manner (as in HEK-293 cells), whereas unlike in HEK-293 cells the KIK risk variants did not.
Podocytes , Humans , Podocytes/metabolism , Haplotypes , Apolipoprotein L1/genetics , Apolipoprotein L1/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , Genetic Variation
PURPOSE: Targeted therapies, such as crizotinib and ceritinib, have shown promising results in treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with specific oncogenic drivers like anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-ros (ROS1) oncogene, etc. This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of these therapies for patients with NSCLC in India. METHODS: The Markov model consisted of three health states: progression-free survival, progressive disease, and death. Lifetime costs and consequences were estimated for three treatment arms: crizotinib, ceritinib, and chemotherapy for patients with ALK- and ROS1-positive NSCLC. Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with crizotinib and ceritinib was compared to chemotherapy and assessed using a willingness-to-pay threshold of one-time per capita gross domestic product in India. RESULTS: The total lifetime cost per patient for ALK-positive NSCLC was â¹332,456 ($4,054 US dollars [USD]), â¹1,284,100 ($15,659 USD), and â¹2,337,779 ($28,509 USD) in the chemotherapy, crizotinib, and ceritinib arms, respectively. The mean QALYs lived per patient were 1.20, 2.21, and 3.34, respectively. For patients with ROS1-positive NSCLC, the total cost was â¹323,011 ($3,939 USD) and â¹1,763,541 ($21,507 USD) for chemotherapy and crizotinib, with mean QALYs lived per patient of 1.16 and 2.73, respectively. Nearly 92% and 81% reduction in the price of ceritinib and crizotinib is required to make it a cost-effective treatment option for ALK- and ROS1-positive NSCLC, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study findings suggest that the prices of ceritinib and crizotinib need to be reduced significantly to justify their value for inclusion in India's publicly financed health insurance scheme for treatment of patients with locally advanced/metastatic ALK- and ROS1-positive NSCLC, respectively.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Lung Neoplasms , Pyrimidines , Sulfones , Humans , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase , Crizotinib/therapeutic use , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/therapeutic use
PURPOSE: To determine the visual outcome and postoperative complications of cataract surgery in patients with ocular surface disorders (OSDs). SETTING: Tertiary eyecare center in North India. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. METHODS: Patients with various OSDs with stabilized ocular surfaces who underwent cataract surgery during this period and had a minimum postoperative follow-up of 6 weeks were included. The primary outcome measures were postoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at 6 weeks, best CDVA achieved, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: The study included 20 men and 24 women. A total of 55 eyes were evaluated: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) 35 eyes, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) 4 eyes, 8 eyes with dry eye disease (DED), 6 eyes with chemical injury and 2 eyes with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). The mean duration of OSD was 33.9 ± 52.17 months. The median preoperative CDVA was 2.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.45 to 2.0). The median CDVA ever achieved was 0.50 (IQR, 0.18 to 1.45) at 2 months and the median CDVA at 6 weeks was 0.6 (IQR, 0.3 to 1.5). Maximum improvement in CDVA was noted in patients with DED and SJS and the least in OCP. Phacoemulsification was performed in 47.27% eyes with intraoperative complications noted in 9% eyes. Postoperative surface complications occurred in 12 (21.82%) eyes. Other postoperative complications occurred in 9 (16%) eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery outcome can be visually rewarding in patients with OSDs provided ocular surface integrity is adequately maintained preoperatively and postoperatively.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Androgen-deprivation therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). However, the intensification of treatment with either docetaxel or novel anti-androgens (abiraterone-acetate plus prednisone [AAP], enzalutamide, and apalutamide) is being recommended based on the improved clinical outcomes and quality of life among patients. This study aimed to determine the most cost-effective drug for treatment intensification for patients with mHSPC in India. METHODS: A Markov model was developed with four health states: progression-free survival, progressive disease, best supportive care, and death. Lifetime costs and consequences were estimated for four treatment sequences: AAP-first, enzalutamide-first, apalutamide-first, and docetaxel-first. Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with a given treatment option was compared against the next best alternative and assessed for cost effectiveness using a willingness to pay threshold of 1 × per capita gross domestic product in India. RESULTS: We estimated that the total lifetime cost per patient was â¹1,367,454 (US$17,487), â¹2,168,885 (US$27,735), â¹7,678,501 (US$98,190), and â¹1,358,746 (US$17,375) in the AAP-first, enzalutamide-first, apalutamide-first, and docetaxel-first treatment sequence, respectively. The mean quality-adjusted life-years lived per patient were 4.78, 5.03, 3.22, and 2.61, respectively. The AAP-first sequence incurs an incremental cost of â¹4014 (US$51) per quality-adjusted life-year gained as compared with the docetaxel-first sequence, with a 87% probability of being cost effective at the willingness-to-pay threshold of 1 × per-capita gross domestic product of India. The use of AAP-first also incurs an incremental net monetary benefit of â¹396,491 (US$5070) as compared with the docetaxel-first treatment sequence. Nearly a 48% reduction in the price of enzalutamide is required to make it a cost-effective treatment sequence as compared with AAP-first in India. CONCLUSIONS: We concur with the inclusion of standard-dose AAP in India's publicly financed health insurance scheme for the intensification of treatment in mHSPC as it is the only cost-effective sequence among the various novel anti-androgens when compared with the docetaxel-first treatment sequence. Furthermore, a systematic reduction in the price of enzalutamide would further help to improve clinical outcomes among patients with mHSPC.
Benzamides , Nitriles , Phenylthiohydantoin , Prostatic Neoplasms , Male , Humans , Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Docetaxel/therapeutic use , Cost-Effectiveness Analysis , Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use , Quality of Life , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Hormones/therapeutic use
Although the brain is very accessible to nutrition and oxygen, it can be difficult to deliver medications to malignant brain tumours. To get around some of these issues and enable the use of therapeutic pharmacological substances that wouldn't typically cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been developed. It is a cutting-edge strategy that gets beyond the blood-brain barrier and enables targeted drug administration to treat different neurological conditions such as brain tumours, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Utilizing pressure gradients to spread the medicine across the target area is the main idea behind this diffusion mechanism. Through one to several catheters positioned stereotactically directly within the tumour mass, around the tumour, or in the cavity created by the resection, drugs are given. This method can be used in a variety of drug classes, including traditional chemotherapeutics and cutting-edge investigational targeted medications by using positive-pressure techniques. The drug delivery volume must be optimized for an effective infusion while minimizing backflow, which causes side effects and lowers therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, this technique provides a promising approach for treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS).
Introduction: Misoprostol is widely used in the medical management of missed abortions. However, pretreatment with Mifepristone has shown to be effective but still not recommended to be used in missed abortions. Aims and Objectives: To compare the outcome of medically managed missed abortion or blighted ovum using combination regime (Mifepristone and Misoprostol) vs Misoprostol alone. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective single-centre study performed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, HIMSR and HAHC hospital, New Delhi, over, for one year. All the patients with diagnosed missed abortions were randomized into two groups (Group A and Group B). Group A was given Mifepristone 200 mg orally followed by Misoprostol 800 microgram per vaginal. Group B was given Misoprostol 800 microgram per vaginal. All the patients were observed for 24 hours for the expulsion of products of conception following the given regime. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Results: Both groups were comparable in demographic characteristics. On applying Fisher's exact test, it has been observed that the odds of nonexpulsion of the product of conception, time taken in expulsion, and surgical evacuation because of excessive bleeding were significantly higher in Group B (Misoprostol) compared with Group A (Mifepristone followed by Misoprostol). The cost-effective analysis showed that the cost is higher among Misoprostol Group B compared with combination drugs of Group A (Mifepristone + Misoprostol), but this result is not significant. Conclusion: Mifepristone can be considered before Misoprostol in missed abortions. This regime might decrease the need for surgical evacuation.
OBJECTIVE: To provide a gestation age- and weight-specific mathematical formula for predicting the optimal depth of spinal needle insertion. METHODS: The study included 127 neonates between 28 and 40 weeks of gestation and weighing 700 to 4000 grams, and a total of 202 ultrasound examinations were performed. Anterior and posterior borders were delineated using ultrasound and measured as spinal canal depth in lateral decubitus position at L3- L4 vertebral interspace. The mid-spinal canal depth (MSCD) was calculated. RESULTS: Spinal canal dimensions showed an increasing trend with an increase in weight and post-menstrual age of the babies. The best correlation was found between weight and MSCD with an r2 of 0.85, which is given by the formula MSCD (cm) = 0.2 X weight in kg + 0.45. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the spinal canal depth using the formula may facilitate accurate needle placement, thereby decreasing traumatic lumbar puncture.
Spinal Canal , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Humans , Spinal Canal/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography
BACKGROUND: Device-based measurements of physical behavior, using the current methods, place a large burden on participants. The Motus system could reduce this burden by removing the necessity for in-person meetings, replacing diaries written on paper with digital diaries, and increasing the automation of feedback generation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the development of the Motus system and evaluate its potential to reduce participant burden in a two-phase usability evaluation. METHODS: Motus was developed around (1) a thigh-worn accelerometer with Bluetooth data transfer; (2) a smartphone app containing an attachment guide, a digital diary, and facilitating automated data transfer; (3) a cloud infrastructure for data storage; (4) an analysis software to generate feedback for participants; and (5) a web-based app for administrators. We recruited 19 adults with a mean age of 45 (SD 11; range 27-63) years, of which 11 were female, to assist in the two-phase evaluation of Motus. A total of 7 participants evaluated the usability of mockups for a smartphone app in phase 1. Participants interacted with the app while thinking aloud, and any issues raised were classified as critical, serious, or minor by observers. This information was used to create an improved and functional smartphone app for evaluation in phase 2. A total of 12 participants completed a 7-day free-living measurement with Motus in phase 2. On day 1, participants attempted 20 system-related tasks under observation, including registration on the study web page, reading the information letter, downloading and navigating the smartphone app, attaching an accelerometer on the thigh, and completing a diary entry for both work and sleep hours. Task completion success and any issues encountered were noted by the observer. On completion of the 7-day measurement, participants provided a rating from 0 to 100 on the System Usability Scale and participated in a semistructured interview aimed at understanding their experience in more detail. RESULTS: The task completion rate for the 20 tasks was 100% for 13 tasks, >80% for 4 tasks, and <50% for 3 tasks. The average rating of system usability was 86 on a 0-100 scale. Thematic analysis indicated that participants perceived the system as easy to use and remember, and subjectively pleasing overall. Participants with shift work reported difficulty with entering sleep hours, and 66% (8/12) of the participants experienced slow data transfer between the app and the cloud infrastructure. Finally, a few participants desired a greater degree of detail in the generated feedback. CONCLUSIONS: Our two-phase usability evaluation indicated that the overall usability of the Motus system is high in free-living. Issues around the system's slow data transfer, participants with atypical work shifts, and the degree of automation and detail of generated feedback should be addressed in future iterations of the Motus system. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/35697.
