Epidemiology, treatment and outcomes of primary renal sarcomas in adult patients.

To assess epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and overall survival of adult patients with renal sarcomas, the 2004-2016 SEER and NCDB databases were queried for adult patients diagnosed with renal sarcoma, calculating average annual age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) as well as overall survival (OS). In n = 1279 included renal sarcoma patients, AAIR remained constant over the study period (average 0.53 cases/1million; AAPC = 0.7, p = 0.6). Leiomyosarcoma (AAIR 0.14 cases/1 million) and malignant rhabdoid tumors (0.06 cases/1 million) were most common. Sarcoma histiotypes demonstrated considerable heterogeneity regarding demographic and cancer-related variables. Patients presented with advanced local extent (T3 33.3%; T4 14.2%) or distant metastases (29.1%) and commonly underwent surgical resection (81.6%). Longer OS was independently associated with younger age, female sex, lower comorbidity index, low T stage, negative surgical margins, absence of tumor necrosis or distant metastases and leiomyosarcoma histiotype (multivariable p < 0.05 each). Treatment efficacy varied according to sarcoma histiotype (interaction p < 0.001). Accounting for 0.25% of renal malignancies, renal sarcomas include 43 histiotypes with distinct epidemiology, clinical presentation, outcomes and sensitivity to systemic therapy, thereby reflecting soft-tissue sarcoma behavior. Renal sarcoma treatment patterns follow recommendations by renal cancer guidelines with surgical resection as the cornerstone of therapy.

The ion transporter Na+-K+-ATPase enables pathological B cell survival in the kidney microenvironment of lupus nephritis.

The kidney is a comparatively hostile microenvironment characterized by highsodium concentrations; however, lymphocytes infiltrate and survive therein in autoimmune diseases such as lupus. The effects of sodium-lymphocyte interactions on tissue injury in autoimmune diseases and the mechanisms used by infiltrating lymphocytes to survive the highsodium environment of the kidney are not known. Here, we show that kidney-infiltrating B cells in lupus adapt to elevated sodium concentrations and that expression of sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) correlates with the ability of infiltrating cells to survive. Pharmacological inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase and genetic knockout of Na+-K+-ATPase γ subunit resulted in reduced B cell infiltration into kidneys and amelioration of proteinuria. B cells in human lupus nephritis biopsies also had high expression of Na+-K+-ATPase. Our study reveals that kidney-infiltrating B cells in lupus initiate a tissue adaption program in response to sodium stress and identifies Na+-K+-ATPase as an organ-specific therapeutic target.

Can primary hepatocellular carcinoma histomorphology predict extrahepatic metastasis?

Studies comparing the histomorphologic features and phenotypic heterogeneity between primary and its corresponding metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the histomorphologic features and heterogeneity between primary and metastatic HCC. A total of 39 cases with both primary and metastatic tissues were identified from pathology archives (2000-2019). The common sites of metastasis included lung (28.21%), abdominal cavity (25.64%), lymph nodes (20.51%), bone (17.95%), soft tissue (15.38%), and adrenal gland (10.26%). Both the primary and metastatic tumors showed heterogeneity in intratumoral histologic patterns (87.18% and 76.92%, respectively). The most common histologic pattern was solid in both primary (61.54%) and metastases (56.41%), followed by macrotrabecular in primary (17.95%) and metastases (10.26%). Among HCC-subtypes, macrotrabecular-massive HCC was the most common subtype in both primary and metastases (28.21% each). Primary tumors in noncirrhotic livers were more likely to have larger size and microvascular invasion than those in cirrhotic livers. The histomorphology (histologic pattern, subtype, and grade) between the primary and metastases was discordant in about 50% cases (48.72%, 48.72%, and 51.28%, respectively). Our findings exhibit significant intratumoral heterogeneity and histomorphologic discordance between primary and metastatic HCCs. The solid and macrotrabecular histologic patterns and the macrotrabecular-massive subtype were the most common histomorphologic features seen in primary tumors associated with metastasis. Further studies to identify and explore different pathways that promote HCC metastasis and to compare the differences between primary and metastatic tumors on a larger cohort are needed to better understand the pathogenesis of metastasis.

Nox2 and Cyclosporine-Induced Renal Hypoxia.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate oxidase 2 (Nox2) plays an important role in cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced chronic hypoxia. METHODS: We tested this hypothesis in Fisher 344 rats, C57BL/6 J wild type and Nox2-/- mice, and in liver transplant recipients with chronic CsA nephrotoxicity. We used noninvasive molecular imaging (blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) and molecular diagnostic tools to assess intrarenal oxygenation and perfusion, and the molecular phenotype of CsA nephrotoxicity. RESULTS: We observed that chemical and genetic inhibition of Nox2 in rats and mice resulted in the prevention of CsA-induced hypoxia independent of regional perfusion (blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, pimonidazole, HIF-1α). Nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate oxidase 2 knockout was also associated with decreased oxidative stress (Nox2, HIF-1α, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxynonenal), and fibrogenesis (α-smooth muscle actin, picrosirius red, trichrome, vimentin). The molecular signature of chronic CsA nephrotoxicity using transcriptomic analyses demonstrated significant changes in 40 genes involved in injury repair, metabolism, and oxidative stress in Nox2-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of kidney biopsies from liver transplant recipients with chronic CsA nephrotoxicity showed significantly greater Nox2, α-smooth muscle actin and picrosirius levels compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that Nox2 is a modulator of CsA-induced hypoxia upstream of HIF-1α and define the molecular characteristics that could be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity.

Tubular expression of heat-shock protein 27 inhibits fibrogenesis in obstructive nephropathy.

Morphological changes that occur during kidney injury involve actin skeleton remodeling. Here we tested whether heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27), a small stress response protein involved in cytoskeletal remodeling, protects the kidney from tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Tubular cell HSP27 immunostaining was significantly increased in human kidneys with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, supporting the clinical relevance of our studies. To develop an animal model for mechanistic studies, we generated transgenic mice that specifically overexpress human HSP27 in renal tubules, under the kidney androgen-regulated protein promoter, and determined the effects of HSP27 overexpression on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tubulointerstitial fibrosis following unilateral ureteral obstruction. This was associated with decreased fibrogenesis as evidenced by significant declines in phosphorylated p38MAPK, collagen III, α-smooth muscle actin, 4-hydroxynonenal, and reduced trichrome staining following obstruction. Notably, E-cadherin and ß-catenin remained at the cell membrane of tubular cells in transgenic mice with an obstructed ureter. Monocyte/macrophage infiltration, however, was not significantly affected in these transgenic mice. Thus, tubular HSP27 inhibits fibrogenesis in obstructive nephropathy. Further studies are needed to determine pathways regulating the interactions between HSP27 and the E-cadherin-ß-catenin complex.