A global perspective on socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular health.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in the world. From 2005 to 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) planned an initiative to reduce the mortality rate of CVD by 2030 by addressing health, finance, transport, education, and agriculture in these communities. Plans were underway by many countries to meet the goals of the WHO initiative. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic derailed these goals, and many health systems suffered as the world battled the viral pandemic. The pandemic made health inequities even more prominent and necessitated a different approach to understanding and improving the socioeconomic determinants of health. The WHO initiated a special initiative to improve SDOH globally. This paper is an update on what other regions across the globe are doing to decrease, more specifically, the impact of socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular health. Our review highlights how countries and regions like Canada, the United States, India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa are uniquely impacted by various socioeconomic factors and how these countries are attempting to counter these obstacles by creating policies and protocols to facilitate an infrastructure that promotes screening and treatment of CVD. Ultimately, interventions directed towards populations that have been economically and socially marginalized may aid in reducing the disease and financial burden associated with CVD.

Expanded endoscopic endonasal approach for resection of residual parasellar growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma in a patient with kissing internal carotid arteries: Technical nuances.

Background: Growth hormone (GH)--secreting pituitary adenomas can be aggressive and difficult to manage. Surgical resection for GH-secreting tumors remains the gold standard with increasing use of expanded endoscopic endonasal (EEA) techniques. Certain anatomical considerations make postsurgical biochemical remission challenging. Case Description: We describe the case of a 43-year-old male presenting with acromegaly after a lack of biochemical remission from a previous surgery. Resection of the residual tumor invading the retrogenu compartment of the cavernous sinus was challenging for several reasons: (a) its location adjacent to the right parasellar horizontal internal carotid artery (ICA) with involvement of the medial wall, (b) the large kissing bilateral ICAs reducing the intercarotid distance, and (c) potential scar tissue. EEA was undertaken with key surgical steps, including wide bilateral sphenoidotomies, right middle clinoidectomy to access the clinoidal ICA and the retrogenu compartment, identification of the top of the paraclival ICA by drilling across the sella floor, division of the sellar floor dura to increase the intercarotid distance and transcavernous mobilization of medial wall, and the tumor capsule away from the horizontal parasellar ICA and across to the diaphragm and pituitary gland. Postoperatively, biochemical remission was achieved with no new endocrine deficits. Conclusion: These surgical nuances permit biochemical remission in complex revisional cases with acromegaly.

Natural history of non-functioning pituitary microadenomas: results from the UK non-functioning pituitary adenoma consortium.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal approach to the surveillance of non-functioning pituitary microadenomas (micro-NFPAs) is not clearly established. Our aim was to generate evidence on the natural history of micro-NFPAs to support patient care. DESIGN: Multi-centre, retrospective, cohort study involving 23 endocrine departments (UK NFPA consortium). METHODS: Clinical, imaging, and hormonal data of micro-NFPA cases between January, 1, 2008 and December, 21, 2021 were analysed. RESULTS: Data for 459 patients were retrieved [median age at detection 44 years (IQR 31-57)-152 males/307 females]. Four hundred and nineteen patients had more than two magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) [median imaging monitoring 3.5 years (IQR 1.71-6.1)]. One case developed apoplexy. Cumulative probability of micro-NFPA growth was 7.8% (95% CI, 4.9%-8.1%) and 14.5% (95% CI, 10.2%-18.8%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively, and of reduction 14.1% (95% CI, 10.4%-17.8%) and 21.3% (95% CI, 16.4%-26.2%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Median tumour enlargement was 2 mm (IQR 1-3) and 49% of micro-NFPAs that grew became macroadenomas (nearly all >5 mm at detection). Eight (1.9%) patients received surgery (only one had visual compromise with surgery required >3 years after micro-NFPA detection). Sex, age, and size at baseline were not predictors of enlargement/reduction. At the time of detection, 7.2%, 1.7%, and 1.5% patients had secondary hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, and hypoadrenalism, respectively. Two (0.6%) developed hypopituitarism during follow-up (after progression to macroadenoma). CONCLUSIONS: Probability of micro-NFPA growth is low, and the development of new hypopituitarism is rare. Delaying the first follow-up MRI to 3 years and avoiding hormonal re-evaluation in the absence of tumour growth or clinical manifestations is a safe approach for micro-NFPA surveillance.

Polyvascular Disease in the Gulf Region: Concealed Marker of Poor Outcomes in Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Polyvascular disease (PolyVD) is the presence of atherosclerosis in multiple vascular territories and is associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Our study aims to draw attention to the prevalence and outcomes of PolyVD in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the Gulf region. Highlighting the disease burden of PolyVD in our population will lead to more vigilant surveillance, better clinical outcomes, and improved quality of life. Data from 685 adults who presented with ACS from January 2015 to June 2020 was reviewed retrospectively. We evaluated lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) using ABI and carotid duplex. Thirty-five percent (n = 238) of patients had PolyVD. 70% patients with LEAD and 65% patients with CVD were asymptomatic. PolyVD was associated with an increased likelihood (aOR,1.69 [1.02-2.81]; P = 0.03) of MACCE at 1-year. Since the progression of atherosclerosis is an insidious process, most patients remain asymptomatic before presenting with fatal vascular events.

A Case Report of Hypophosphatemia Leading to the Diagnosis of Mesothelioma.

Hypophosphatemia can be commonly encountered as an electrolyte imbalance and is defined as a value less than 0.8 mmol/l (2.5 mg/dl). It can be an incidental finding, but it is not uncommon to see it presenting with varied symptoms. It is good to have a clear diagnostic approach to this so adequate treatment can be instated. We present a 66-year-old gentleman who presented with hypophosphatemia. Investigations confirmed renal phosphate wasting secondary to fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23). Imaging showed right pleural effusion, and pleural biopsy confirmed malignant mesothelioma. This may just be an association rather than the cause of his hypophosphatemia. It does however highlight the importance of further investigations for patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia.

2020 Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations on Antithrombotic Management for High-risk Chronic Coronary Syndrome.

The unique characteristics of patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) in the Asia-Pacific region, heterogeneous approaches because of differences in accesses and resources and low number of patients from the Asia-Pacific region in pivotal studies, mean that international guidelines cannot be routinely applied to these populations. The Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology developed these consensus recommendations to summarise current evidence on the management of CCS and provide recommendations to assist clinicians treat patients from the region. The consensus recommendations were developed by an expert consensus panel who reviewed and appraised the available literature, with focus on data from patients in Asia-Pacific. Consensus statements were developed then put to an online vote. The resulting recommendations provide guidance on the assessment and management of bleeding and ischaemic risks in Asian CCS patients. Furthermore, the selection of long-term antithrombotic therapy is discussed, including the role of single antiplatelet therapy, dual antiplatelet therapy and dual pathway inhibition therapy.

Robotic Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes from the Past two Decades.

Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (TECAB) was introduced in 1998 and has over a period of two decades gradually emerged from single-vessel revascularization to multivessel bypass grafting. Dedicated centers have continuously evolved and further developed this minimally invasive method of coronary bypass surgery. A literature review was conducted to assess intra- and postoperative outcomes of TECAB. PubMed returned 19 comprehensive articles on TECAB. Investigation was focused on perioperative outcome parameters, i.e.: operative time, conversion to larger incision, revision for bleeding, atrial fibrillation, stroke, acute renal failure, and mortality. Outcome from the analysis of 2,397 reported cases showed an average operative time of 291 ± 57 minutes (range 112 to 1,050), conversion rate to larger incisions at 11.5%, and perioperative mortality at 0.8%. Pooled data demonstrated 4.2% operative revision rate due to postoperative hemorrhage, 1.0% stroke incidence, 1.6% acute renal failure, and 13.3% de novo atrial fibrillation. The mean length of hospital stay measured 5.8 ± 1.7 days. Conversion rates and operative times decreased over time. According to data in the literature, coronary bypass surgery carried out in completely endoscopic fashion utilizing robotic assistance can require relatively extensive operative times and conversion rates are somewhat higher than in other robotic cardiac surgery. However, major postoperative events lie in an acceptable range. TECAB remains the surgical revascularization method with the least tissue trauma and represents an opportunity for coronary artery bypass grafting via port access. Rates of major complications are at least similar to conventional surgical access procedures.

Successful Bail-Out Stenting for Iatrogenic Right Coronary Artery Dissection in a Young Male.

Catheter-induced coronary artery dissection is a serious complication of coronary angiography. Percutaneous intervention is usually indicated in case of large spiral dissections, however, wiring into the true lumen can be challenging. This case reports the novel use of intravascular ultrasound-guided rescue percutaneous coronary intervention for stenting an iatrogenic spiral dissection of the right coronary artery. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Long-term results after robotically assisted coronary bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Robotically-assisted coronary bypass grafting (CABG) was introduced in 1998 and dedicated centers have continuously applied and developed this minimally invasive method of coronary bypass surgery. While short-term results are relatively well published, data on long-term outcome are limited. In this literature review, we assessed the outcomes after robotic CABG following the first postoperative year. METHODS: We searched PubMed for articles containing the terms "robotic" or "robotically assisted" and "coronary bypass". A total of 11 papers contained long-term results. We specifically investigated survival, graft patency, freedom from angina and re-intervention, as well as freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: Five-year survival after robotic CABG was consistently consistently greater than 90% and graft patency between 3 and 5 years was reported to be above 90%. Fifteen percent to 26% of patients re-experienced angina at 3 to 5 years postoperatively. Long-term freedom from re-intervention reached the range and the 5-year freedom from MACCE rate was approximately 75%. CONCLUSIONS: According to data in the literature, long-term results after CABG carried out with the assistance of a surgical robot appear to be in line with results achieved after conventional CABG.

Robotically assisted percutaneous coronary intervention: benefits to the patient and the cardiologist.

Robotic percutaneous interventional systems represent the future of interventional cardiology. Robotic technology significantly reduces operator exposure to ionizing radiation, and improves ergonomics in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, thereby preventing orthopedic injuries. It may enable more accurate stent implantation and reduce the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy. Robotics has the potential of converting the current 'high-risk' catheterization laboratory into a safe, physician- and patient-friendly environment.

Design of a workstation and its evaluation under the influence of noise and illumination for an assembly task.

OBJECTIVE: An experimental research was conducted to design a workstation for a lock manufacturing assembly. PARTICIPANTS: Two experiments were conducted in the present study. Nine male subjects in the age range of 18-35 years participated in the first experiment. For the second experiment, nine subjects in each of the three age groups (viz. 17-22, 23-28 and 29-35 years) volunteered for experimental investigations. METHOD: The designed workstation was evaluated under varying levels of noise and illumination for workers of different age groups. Three different workstations were evaluated. The task was performed by a worker in two different sitting positions and three settings of arms position. RESULTS: It was found that workstation type, backrest support and arms positions were all having a statistically significant effect on task performance. Workstation with work surface to seat height ratio of 1.82 was found to be better when the task was performed using backrest and arms were supported on the work surface. This workstation was evaluated for three different age groups of workers under different levels of noise and illumination. The results of the study showed that age of the worker, illumination level and level of noise were all contributing significantly towards task performance. CONCLUSIONS: The design of a workstation for assembly task would help greatly in creating a better working environment and enhancing the productivity of workers exposed to environmental stressors like noise and illumination.

Fatal electrocution by a support metal wire.

Electrocution is not an uncommon cause of death. A case of fatal electrocution by a metal wire that was used as a support for the insulated television cable wire is reported. Electric current flowed through the metal wire when it touched the residential power line. Electrical injury caused because of contact with the live metal wire is described with histopathological findings. This case reports the circumstances that led to accidental fatal electrocution in an outdoor setting during the rainy season. Significance of death scene investigation to confirm the cause and manner of death in cases of fatal electrocution is highlighted. Public awareness programs to lay emphasis on electrical safety in domestic environment need to be introduced to prevent fatalities resulting from ignorance and/or negligence.

Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on platelet activation in acute myocardial infarction: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin mitigates myocardial damage and improves ventricular performance after experimental ischemic injury. This study assessed safety and efficacy markers relevant to the biological activity of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: We conducted a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial to determine the effects of intravenous rHuEpo (200 U/kg daily for 3 consecutive days) on measures of platelet and endothelial cell activation, soluble Fas ligand, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) expression of angiogenesis signaling proteins in 44 subjects with acute MI treated with aspirin and clopidogrel after successful percutaneous coronary intervention. RESULTS: Recombinant human erythropoietin did not alter bleeding time, platelet function assay closure time, von Willebrand factor levels, soluble P-selectin, or soluble Fas ligand levels when compared with placebo. By contrast, rHuEpo significantly increased expression of erythropoietin receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flt-1, and phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in PBMCs when compared with placebo (all Ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In acute MI patients treated with aspirin and clopidogrel, short-term administration of rHuEpo did not alter markers of platelet and endothelial cell activation associated with thrombosis, yet did increase expression of angiogenesis signaling proteins in PBMCs when compared with placebo. These data provide preliminary evidence of safety and biologic activity of rHuEpo at this dosing and support continued enrollment in ongoing efficacy trials.

Physiological effect of vibrations on tractor drivers under variable ploughing conditions.

The vibration conditions to which tractor operators are subjected are complex and varied with multi axis translation and rotational vibration inputs to different parts of the body. Working under such conditions may lead to human fatigue and other driving related hazards. The present research was carried out to study the operators under varying conditions of vibration while driving a tractor with and without farm equipment on different fields. Test runs were conducted in wet and dry fields to determine the levels of vibration generated at different engine speeds. On the basis of this study three levels of vibration namely 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 m/s(2) were selected. Five subjects, all males, with no experience in the field of tractor driving participated in the study. The data were analyzed on the basis of three factor repeated measure kind of experimental design. The results showed that the main effects of farm equipment and the vibration level were statistically significant but the effect of field type was found to be statistically non-significant. The results of the study call upon the ergonomists to design and develop a tractor where the driver may be relieved of vibration induced stresses. Front loading of farm equipment is recommended for improved visibility and better working posture.

Contractile reserve and calcium regulation are depressed in myocytes from chronically unloaded hearts.

BACKGROUND: Chronic cardiac unloading of the normal heart results in the reduction of left ventricular (LV) mass, but effects on myocyte contractile function are not known. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cardiac unloading and reduction in LV mass were induced by heterotopic heart transplantation to the abdominal aorta in isogenic rats. Contractility and [Ca(2+)](i) regulation in LV myocytes were studied at both 2 and 5 weeks after transplantation. Native in situ hearts from recipient animals were used as the controls for all experiments. Contractile function indices in myocytes from 2-week unloaded and native (control) hearts were similar under baseline conditions (0.5 Hz, 1.2 mmol/L [Ca(2+)](o), and 36 degrees C) and in response to stimulation with high [Ca(2+)](o) (range 2.5 to 4.0 mmol/L). In myocytes from 5-week unloaded hearts, there were no differences in fractional cell shortening and peak-systolic [Ca(2+)](i) at baseline; however, time to 50% relengthening and time to 50% decline in [Ca(2+)](i) were prolonged compared with controls. Severe defects in fractional cell shortening and peak-systolic [Ca(2+)](i) were elicited in myocytes from 5-week unloaded hearts in response to high [Ca(2+)](o). However, there were no differences in the contractile response to isoproterenol between myocytes from unloaded and native hearts. In 5-week unloaded hearts, but not in 2-week unloaded hearts, LV protein levels of phospholamban were increased (345% of native heart values). Protein levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase and the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger were not changed. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic unloading of the normal heart caused a time-dependent depression of myocyte contractile function, suggesting the potential for impaired performance in states associated with prolonged cardiac atrophy.

Effects of vibration, feed force and exposure duration on operators performing drilling task.

It has been shown that vibration level, feed force, and exposure duration cause unfavourable effects on the work performance when hand-held vibrating tools are used by operators. Present study analyzed the effects of these variables on the heart rate and blood pressure of the operators carrying out the drilling task. Under three different levels of vibration (0.3, 0.5, and 1 m/s2), the operators performed the drilling for 3 minutes with three different levels of feed force (100, 200, and 300 N) in study 1, and for three different durations (10, 15, and 20 min) with a feed force of 200 N in study 2. Thirty male subjects participated in the two studies and data were analyzed on the basis of two factor repeated measure kind of experimental design. Results showed that in the kind of drilling task undertaken the level of vibration was statistically significant. However, the main effects of feed force and vibration exposure duration were statistically insignificant. These findings are discussed in the light of previous researches conducted on the subject.