The genetic dissection of fetal haemoglobin persistence in sickle cell disease in Nigeria.

The clinical severity of sickle cell disease (SCD) is strongly influenced by the level of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) persistent in each patient. Three major HbF loci (BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB, and Xmn1-HBG2) have been reported, but a considerable hidden heritability remains. We conducted a genome-wide association study for HbF levels in 1006 Nigerian patients with SCD (HbSS/HbSß0), followed by a replication and meta-analysis exercise in four independent SCD cohorts (3,582 patients). To dissect association signals at the major loci, we performed stepwise conditional and haplotype association analyses and included public functional annotation datasets. Association signals were detected for BCL11A (lead SNP rs6706648, ß = -0.39, P = 4.96 × 10-34) and HBS1L-MYB (lead SNP rs61028892, ß = 0.73, P = 1.18 × 10-9), whereas the variant allele for Xmn1-HBG2 was found to be very rare. In addition, we detected three putative new trait-associated regions. Genetically, dissecting the two major loci BCL11A and HBS1L-MYB, we defined trait-increasing haplotypes (P < 0.0001) containing so far unidentified causal variants. At BCL11A, in addition to a haplotype harbouring the putative functional variant rs1427407-'T', we identified a second haplotype, tagged by the rs7565301-'A' allele, where a yet-to-be-discovered causal DNA variant may reside. Similarly, at HBS1L-MYB, one HbF-increasing haplotype contains the likely functional small indel rs66650371, and a second tagged by rs61028892-'C' is likely to harbour a presently unknown functional allele. Together, variants at BCL11A and HBS1L-MYB SNPs explained 24.1% of the trait variance. Our findings provide a path for further investigation of the causes of variable fetal haemoglobin persistence in sickle cell disease.

Strategies to improve healthcare services for patients with sickle cell disease in Nigeria: The perspectives of stakeholders.

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) continues to pose physical and psychosocial burdens to patients, caregivers and health workers. Stakeholder engagement in the processes of policy making and implementation is increasingly becoming the cornerstone of best practices in healthcare. Aim and Objectives: To engage stakeholders with a view to assessing the knowledge of SCD; ascertain the challenges associated with accessibility and affordability of healthcare services; improve the quality of care, and thereby effect behavioral change through increasing attendance and follow-up of patients in the clinics. Methodology: A Stakeholders' Engagement meeting organized by the Sickle Pan Africa Research Consortium Nigeria Network (SPARC-NEt) was attended by patients, caregivers and members of patient support groups, healthcare providers and management/policymakers. The engagement was through PowerPoint presentations, structured questionnaires and an interactive session. The structured questionnaire assessed the knowledge of stakeholders about SCD; the quality of healthcare services; challenges with access and affordability; and SCD-related government policies. Results: Three hundred and twelve stakeholders attended the engagement meeting. Of the 133 that participated in the study, medical workers were the most represented. The majority had good knowledge of what causes SCD (96.2%) and the best place to get help during SCD crisis (98.5%). However, knowledge of the specific preventive measures of SCD and its crisis was not optimal. In terms of the role of community engagement and education, only about one-quarter of the study participants, 34 (25.6%) knew about their positive role in reducing the prevalence of SCD and alleviating SCD crises. Challenges identified include inadequate healthcare personnel and facilities, delay in obtaining laboratory results, long waiting time in the clinic, poor communication, absence of holistic consultation, uncoordinated healthcare services, high cost of care, ignorance, non-prioritization of SCD by government, lack of multisectoral collaboration and partnership with NGOs and international organizations. Strategies proffered to improve healthcare services include, community/stakeholder engagement and health education, sickle cell daycare services, access to a willing and dedicated multidisciplinary workforce, collaboration with support groups and government policies and programs. Conclusion: There is need for regular stakeholder engagement to improve access to healthcare services for SCD patients in Nigeria.

Sickle cell disease clinical phenotypes in Nigeria: A preliminary analysis of the Sickle Pan Africa Research Consortium Nigeria database.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disease with multiple phenotypic expressions. Previous studies describing SCD clinical phenotypes in Nigeria were localized, with limited data, hence the need to understand how SCD varies across Nigeria. METHOD: The Sickle Pan African Research Consortium (SPARCO) with a hub in Tanzania and collaborative sites in Tanzania, Ghana and Nigeria, is establishing a single patient-consented electronic database with a target of 13,000 SCD patients. In collaboration with the Sickle Cell Support Society of Nigeria, 20 hospitals, with paediatric and adult SCD clinics, are participating in patient recruitment. Demographic and clinical information, collected with uniform case report forms, were entered into Excel spreadsheets and uploaded into Research Electronic Data Capture software by trained data clerks and frequency tables generated. RESULT: Data were available on 3622 patients enrolled in the database, comprising 1889 (52.9%) females and 1434 (39.6%) children ≤15 years. The frequencies of Hb SS, Hb SC and Hb Sß thalassemia in this data set were 97.5%, 2.5% and 0% respectively. Sixty percent, 23.8%, 5.9%, 4.8% and 2.5% have had bone pain crisis, dactylitis, acute chest syndrome, priapism and stroke respectively. The most frequent chronic complications were: leg ulcers (6.5%), avascular necrosis of bone (6.0%), renal (6.3%) and pulmonary hypertension (1.1%). Only 13.2% had been hospitalized while 67.5% had received blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: These data on the spectrum of clinical phenotypes of SCD are useful for planning, improving the management of SCD across Nigeria and provide a foundation for genomic research on SCD.

New effective 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane functionalized magnetic sporopollenin-based silica coated graphene oxide adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous environment.

A new effective adsorbent, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane functionalized magnetic sporopollenin (MSp@SiO2NH2) based silica-coated graphene oxide (GO), (GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2) was successfully synthesized and applied for the first time in the removal of hazardous Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The properties of the composite were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and vibrating-sample magnetometery (VSM). Evaluation of GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2 adsorption performance at optimum conditions revealed that the adsorbent has a maximum adsorption capacity of 323.5 mg/g for Pb(II) using 50-200 mg/L initial Pb(II) ions concentrations. Initial and final concentrations of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-ASS). The adsorption behavior of Pb(II) ions onto GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2 was studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms models. The values of coefficient of determination showed that the adsorption best fitted the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9994). Kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption of Pb(II) ion followed a pseudo-second-order rate model (R2 = 1.00) and thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The effect of co-existing ions on Pb(II) ion adsorption were also studied and found to have considerable effects only at higher matrix concentration. The adsorbent can be reused up to ten times and retain its good adsorption capacity. In addition, GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2 showed great potential for Pb(II)removal from industrial wastewater samples.

Towards 2030 Target for Hepatitis B and C Viruses Elimination: Assessing the Validity of Predonation Rapid Diagnostic Tests versus Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay in State Hospitals in Kaduna, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 25% of the estimated global 325 million people with chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections. Weak blood transfusion systems facilitate the spread of both hepatitis B and C virus infections. This is worsened by the absence of sustainable quality assurance programs and perennial shortage of sensitive screening kits. We aim to compare the validity of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) with the World Health Organization-recommended quality-assured enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening method for these viruses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study on consecutive blood donor samples. Two hundred and sixty-four blood donor samples screened for hepatitis B and C viruses using RDTs were retested at a National blood transfusion service, Kaduna, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using OpenEpi version 3.01 to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of RDTs versus ELISA. RESULTS: The sensitivities of the RDTs at 95% confidence interval (CI) were low - 40% (19.8-64.3) and 50.0% (18.8-81.2) - for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody, respectively. The specificities and 95% CI were high - 99.9% (97.8-99.9) and 100.0% (98.5-100) for HBsAg and HCV antibody, respectively. CONCLUSION: Predonation RDTs screening of blood donor samples for hepatitis B virus and HCV in hospital donation units performed poorly compared to quality-assured ELISA screening in Kaduna. The risk of transmitting viral hepatitis through blood transfusion still exists. We recommend quality-assured ELISA screening of all donated units for HBsAg and HCV antibody to reduce the risk of these transfusion-transmitted infections.

HemoTypeSC, a low-cost point-of-care testing device for sickle cell disease: Promises and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a neglected burden of growing importance. >312,000 births are affected annually by sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Early interventions such as newborn screening, penicillin prophylaxis and hydroxyurea can substantially reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with SCD. Nevertheless, their implementation in African countries has been mostly limited to pilot projects. Recent development of low-cost point-of-care testing (POCT) devices for sickle haemoglobin (HbS) could greatly facilitate the diagnosis of those affected. METHODS: We conducted the first multi-centre, real-world assessment of a low-cost POCT device, HemoTypeSC, in a low-income country. Between September and November 2017, we screened 1121 babies using both HemoTypeSC and HPLC and confirmed discordant samples by molecular diagnosis. FINDINGS: We found that, in optimal field conditions, the sensitivity and specificity of the test for SCA were 93.4% and 99.9%, respectively. All 14 carriers of haemoglobin C were successfully identified. Our study reveals an overall accuracy of 99.1%, but also highlights the importance of rigorous data collection, staff training and accurate confirmatory testing. It suggests that HPLC results might not be as reliable in a resource-poor setting as usually considered. INTERPRETATION: The use of such a POCT device can be scaled up and routinely used across multiple healthcare centres in sub-Saharan Africa, which would offer great potential for the identification and management of vast numbers of individuals affected by SCD who are currently undiagnosed. FUNDING US: Imperial College London's Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research (grant #WMNP P43370).

Towards 2030 target for hepatitis B and C viruses elimination: assessing the validity of predonation rapid diagnostic tests versus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in state hospitals in Kaduna, Nigeria

ntroduction: Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 25% of the estimated global 325 million people with chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections. Weak blood transfusion systems facilitate the spread of both hepatitis B and C virus infections. This is worsened by the absence of sustainable quality assurance programs and perennial shortage of sensitive screening kits. We aim to compare the validity of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) with the World Health Organization-recommended quality-assured enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening method for these viruses. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on consecutive blood donor samples. Two hundred and sixty-four blood donor samples screened for hepatitis B and C viruses using RDTs were retested at a National blood transfusion service, Kaduna, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using OpenEpi version 3.01 to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of RDTs versus ELISA. Results: The sensitivities of the RDTs at 95% confidence interval (CI) were low ­ 40% (19.8­64.3) and 50.0% (18.8­81.2) ­ for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody, respectively. The specificities and 95% CI were high ­ 99.9% (97.8­99.9) and 100.0% (98.5­100) for HBsAg and HCV antibody, respectively. Conclusion: Predonation RDTs screening of blood donor samples for hepatitis B virus and HCV in hospital donation units performed poorly compared to quality-assured ELISA screening in Kaduna. The risk of transmitting viral hepatitis through blood transfusion still exists. We recommend quality-assured ELISA screening of all donated units for HBsAg and HCV antibody to reduce the risk of these transfusion-transmitted infections

Clinical feature and management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a tertiary hospital in Northwest Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a rare bleeding disorder that may remit spontaneously. Life-threatening bleeding may require transfusion support, steroids, and other immunosuppressive therapy or splenectomy. OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical presentation and laboratory features of ITP at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analytic study of case notes and bone marrow (BM) records of patients diagnosed with ITP at Haematology Department, ABUTH, Zaria, from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2012. RESULTS: There were nine cases (six females, three males), aged 6-20 (mean 11.11) years. The presentations were epistaxis 8 (88.9%), purpura 4 (44.4%), gum bleeding 4 (44.4%), menorrhagia 2 (22.2%), and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) 1 (11.1%). Only 1 (11.1%) had clinical splenomegaly. Platelet count of <20 × 109/L was found in 4 (44.4%) while 6 (66.7%) had packed cell volume of <25%. All the nine cases had BM megakaryocytic hyperplasia. Six patients had blood transfusion support while 7 (77.8%) patients received oral prednisolone therapy with time to cessation of bleeding of 12-16 (mean of 8) weeks. One case had spontaneous remission while another had anti-D due to relapse after steroid therapy; this resulted in transient rise in platelet counts. None had other immunosuppressive therapy or splenectomy. Six (66.7%) cases were lost to follow-up after achieving remission and one died of ICH. CONCLUSION: ITP is not common in our center though its clinical presentations are varied. However, prednisolone and blood transfusion therapy are central to the management of these patients with favorable outcome.

Preliminary Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Testing Device (SickleSCAN™) in Screening for Sickle Cell Disease.

Sickle cell disease affects about 150,000 births annually in Nigeria. Early diagnosis is hampered by factors such as centralized and urban localization of laboratories, high cost of diagnostic equipment and inadequate skilled manpower to operate them. The need for a low-cost, portable, easy-to-use diagnostic test for sickle cell disease is critical, especially in resource-poor countries. In this study, we evaluated the performance characteristics of a novel point-of-care testing device (SickleSCAN™), and its acceptability and feasibility, as a possible screening tool for sickle cell disease. In the first phase, we assessed the performance characteristics of SickleSCAN™ by evaluating 57 subjects comprising both children and adults attending a primary health center, for Hb SS (ßS/ßS; HBB: c.20A>T), Hb SC (ßS/ßC; HBB: c.19G>A) and Hb AS (ßA/ßS) using SickleSCAN™, cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Performance characteristics such as diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were compared to HPLC as a standard method. We subsequently undertook a second phase wherein the acceptability and feasibility of the device for sickle cell disease screening, was evaluated using semi-structured and structured questionnaires among 197 healthcare personnel and 221 subjects, respectively. Sickle cell disease was carried by 3.4% of the subjects. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and test efficiency of SickleSCAN™ for sickle cell disease (Hb SS and Hb SC), were 100.0, 98.2 and 98.2%, respectively. Findings from this study showed SickleSCAN™ to be a viable screening tool that can easily be applied in community-based screening for early diagnosis of sickle cell disease with little expertise and low cost.

Prevalence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) among Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Facility in Northern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a great source of morbidity in sub-Saharan African region. However, the magnitude of this problem remains largely uninvestigated despite having the largest number of population with HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HAND among patients attending a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 1 year. They were assessed using the International HIV Dementia Scale, Word Recall Test, Stick Design Test, Subjective Cognitive Complaint Questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Drug Abuse Screening Test, Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression Scale, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living, and neurological examination. The CD4 count and viral load were determined for all the participants. A consensus diagnosis was made on each case based on the Frascati criteria. Data obtained were analyzed using "SPSS" for Windows version 15. RESULTS: A total of 418 HIV-positive patients participated in the study, of which 325 (77.8%) are females. The mean age (standard deviation) of the participants was 37.2 (9.3) years. The prevalence of HAND was 21.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.6%-25.4%), of which 9.6% were asymptomatic. The significant predictors of HAND in this study are duration of illness (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33 P < .001), detectable viral load (OR = 0.19, P < .001), CD4 count (OR = 0.99, P < .001), education (OR = 0.94, P = .011), stopping medication (OR = 3.55 P = .01), and severity of illness (OR = 1.24, P = .005). CONCLUSION: One-fifth of the HIV-positive patients in this study had HAND. Various sociodemographic and clinical features were related to the prevalence of HAND.

Blood transfusion services for patients with sickle cell disease in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Safe, timely red blood cell transfusion saves lives and chronic transfusion therapy (CTT) prevents or limits morbidities such as stroke, therefore improving quality of life of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: This questionnaire-based study assessed the ability of sickle cell centers in Nigeria to provide safe blood to patients with SCD between March and August 2014. RESULTS: Out of the 73 hospitals contacted, responses were obtained from 31. Twenty four (78%) hospitals were unable to transfuse patients regularly due to blood scarcity. Packed red blood cells were available in 14 (45%), while only one provided leukocyte-depletion. Most centers assessed donor risk and screened for HIV in 30 (97%), hepatitis B in 31(100%) and hepatitis C in 27 (87%) hospitals. Extended phenotyping and alloantibody screening were not available in any center. A quarter of the hospitals could monitor iron overload, but only using serum ferritin. Access to iron chelators was limited and expensive. Seventeen (55%) tertiary hospitals offered CTT by top-up or manual exchange transfusion; previous stroke was the most common indication. CONCLUSION: Current efforts of Nigerian public hospitals to provide safe blood and CTT fall short of best practice. Provision of apheresis machines, improvement of voluntary non-remunerated donor drive, screening for red cell antigens and antibodies, and availability of iron chelators would significantly improve SCD care in Nigeria.

Coexistence of JAK2 and BCR-ABL mutation in patient with myeloproliferative neoplasm.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) classifies myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) into BCR-ABL positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML Ph(+)) and Ph(-) MPN. The JAK2 V617F mutation is specific for Ph(-) MPN and occurs in approximately 50% of primary myelofibrosis. Earlier reports suggest that the occurrence of JAK2 and BCR-ABL mutations are mutually exclusive. However, recent reports have documented the coexistence of BCR-ABL and JAK2 mutation in the same patient mostly following treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We thus report a 60-year-old male with atypical clinical and laboratory features of MPN and the presence of both BCR-ABL and JAK2 Mutations.

Pattern of Blood Transfusion Request and Utilization at a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Provision of adequate safe blood is challenging in developing countries due to paucity of voluntary blood donors; poor facilities for storage and blood component preparation as well as inappropriate blood ordering and utilization. Appraisal of pattern of blood transfusion requests and utilization helps highlight shortcomings that could be addressed toward judicious use of blood. Aims: To determine the pattern of blood transfusion requests and utilization at a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: Blood request forms and cross-match worksheets at the blood bank of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto were analyzed over a 3-month period. Number of blood units requested; cross-matched; or transfused and the cross-match to transfusion ratio (CTR) for clinical units were computed. Results: Of the 1703 units of blood requested for 986 patients; 94.42 (1608) were cross-matched but only 34.51 (555) were transfused giving a CTR of 2.90 for the hospital. The CTR for the various clinical units were: O and G - 3.40; Surgery - 3.11; Trauma center - 2.74; Emergency - 2.61; Medicine - 2.02; and Pediatrics - 1.97. Conclusions: The overall CTR of the hospital is high indicating suboptimal transfusion practice. Introducing transfusion guidelines and type and screen with abbreviated cross-match method can help toward apt requisition and utilization of blood thereby reducing wastages

Effect of Plasma Storage on Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time at a Nigerian Public Laboratory

Background: Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) are the tests used in the investigation and monitoring of hemostatic disorders. Plasma is used to perform these tests immediately or stored for later use. The time and storage temperature have been shown to affect the results of these tests. Thus; all coagulation laboratories need guidelines for plasma storage to ensure reliable results. Objective: To determine the effect of varying storage times and temperatures on plasma PT and APTT. Materials and Methods: PT and APTT were run on plasma from 40 healthy adults using a semi-automated coagulometer. PT and APTT were measured at 0; 4; 6; and 24 h on samples stored at room temperature; refrigerated samples; and frozen samples. The values at 0 h were compared with the values at 4; 6; and 24 h. Results: PT and APTT values were within the reference ranges at 0 h. For refrigerated plasma; PT values at 4 h were within normal; but at 6 and 24 h; they were significantly deranged (P 0.05). PT was significantly different at 4; 6; and 24 h for both room temperature and frozen plasma (P 0.05). The APTT showed significant differences between 0 h value and values at 4; 6; and 24 h for all the varying temperature conditions. Conclusion: For reliable PT and APTT results; samples should be processed and run immediately after collection. However; plasma for PT can be stored at 2o-4oC for only 4 h

Modifications influencing Widal test reactivity in a novel microplate assay.

Reliability of the Widal tube agglutination test has been the subject of many controversies over the years. This study was performed to assess the effect of certain modifications on the performance of Widal test in a novel microplate assay. Sera from 37 patients (21 males; 16 females) (mean age 28 +/- 7 years) were tested in the Immunology Unit at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh. Among them were 26 patients with suspected typhoid fever and 11 had bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis of Salmonella infection. The modifications included either the use of 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), absorption of sera with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or heat inactivation of sera. Compared with Widal tube agglutination test, microplate assay with SRBC absorption of the sera from patients with suspected typhoid fever was not only associated with enhancement of detection titers for both H (p < or = 0.001) and O (p < or = 0.005) Salmonella agglutinins but also the percentage of reactivity. The presence of BSA augmented detection titers for Salmonella H agglutinins (p < or = 0.02) only. Heat inactivation of sera however was found to be associated with reduction in the detectable titers for both H (p < or = 0.03) and O (p < or = 0.01) agglutinins. Increased titers of Salmonella agglutinins were also evident in 11 patients with confirmed diagnosis of Salmonella infection. The novel microplate agglutination assay using the SRBC absorption was associated with enhancement in Widal test reactivity and appears to be a useful alternative for the diagnosis of Salmonella infection.

Morbidity and Mortality Patterns of Hospitalised Adult HIV/AIDS Patients in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A 4-year Retrospective Review from Zaria, Northern Nigeria.

Background. This study, undertaken in major tertiary hospital in northern Nigeria, examined the morbidity and mortality patterns of hospitalised adult HIV/AIDS patients in the HAART era. Methods. Between January 2006 and December 2009, admission records and causes of deaths of hospitalised medical HIV-infected patients were retrieved and analysed according to antiretroviral (ART) status. Results. Of the 207 HIV/AIDS patients reviewed, majority were newly diagnosed (73.4%), and most were hospitalised and died from various AIDS-defining illnesses, mainly disseminated tuberculosis and sepsis. Immune-inflammatory-reconstitution-syndrome, ART-toxicity and ART-failure, contributed to morbidity and mortality in patients receiving ART. Sixty six (31.9%) patients died, with higher mortality in males and in those with lower CD4-cell count, lower PCV, and shorter hospital stay. However, hospital stay ≤3 days and severe anaemia (PCV < 24%) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion. In the current HAART era, late presentation and tuberculosis continue to fuel the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa, with emerging challenges due to ART-related complications.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerins vaccination at birth causing tuberculous granulomatous lymphadenitis.

A rare but severe complication of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination is the development of BCG disease, which can result in necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis. Symptoms can present as late as several months following the BCG vaccination. The key finding in BCG disease is the formation of caseating granulomas in draining lymph nodes; detection of BCG organisms from tissue samples are evident.